Design and validation of a questionnaire for the evaluation of educational experiences in the metaverse in Spanish students (METAEDU).

The aim of this study is to design and validate an instrument that allows the evaluation of educational experiences and formative assessment in the metaverse from a holistic perspective. Hence, a research design based on the development of a scale has been used. Three hundred and sixty-two Spanish secondary school students participated in the study, selected through purposive sampling. The instrument created has been subjected to an analysis of content validity, validity by expert judgment, construct validity, and reliability. For data analysis, the SPSS and AMOS programs have been used. An exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis have been performed to determine the construct validity. In addition, the Cronbach's alpha has been calculated to verify the internal consistency of the tool. The results reveal several findings that position the resulting questionnaire as a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate educational experiences and practices in the metaverse. In short, this study has led to the development of a comprehensive evaluation tool at the service of educators or any institution interested in implementing its educational praxis within the metaverse, a field of research that has yet to be explored.

Impact of the Pandemic on STEAM Disciplines in the Sixth Grade of Primary Education.

The demand for professionals entering the labor market requires knowledge and disciplines in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics (STEAM). Schools are the first link to train competent students for today's society. However, the pandemic has conditioned the teaching-learning methodologies based on promoting STEAM in educational centers, which is the reason that leads us to carry out this study. The main objective of the research is to evaluate the STEAM dimensions in the sixth grade of primary education in times of pandemic. The study method is based on a quasi-experimental, descriptive and correlational design with an experimental group and a control group. The data are collected through a validated questionnaire, pre-test and post-test, which develops an assessment of student collaboration in STEAM activities. The sample is made up of 142 Spanish students, of which 68 belong to the control group and 74 to the experimental group. The conclusions of the study highlight that the active methodologies, based on computational thinking and on makerspaces of the future classroom, influenced the STEAM dimensions of the experimental group before the pandemic. However, the pandemic and the health restrictions in face-to-face classes led to a negative assessment of the experimental group in the STEAM dimensions.

Projection of E-Learning in Higher Education: A Study of Its Scientific Production in Web of Science.

E-learning is conceived as a purely virtual training approach. Different learning styles have been proliferated in recent years, especially now, due to the impact of COVID-19 in the educational field. The aim of this study is to discover the evolution of e-learning in higher education (ELHI) in scientific literature indexed on the Web of Science. Co-word analysis and bibliometric analysis was performed. A total matrix of 1261 documents was analyzed through SciMAT software. The results revealed that studies on ELHI are written in English and presented by conference papers. The main source of publication for the conferences is EDULEARN proceedings, while the journal source is Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. Spain is the country with the highest volume of production. It is concluded that research on ELHI use does not have an established line of research, due to its recent creation and the lack of related research. The bibliometric analysis specifies that the research is oriented towards knowing the level of acceptance and application of the pedagogical method in the teaching and learning processes.

Adaptation and Validation of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire for Spanish Adolescents.

This work adapts and validates the scale of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ), which is used to measure motivation. For this, an instrumental design was carried out with the purpose of analyzing the psychometric properties of the instrument. The sample consisted of 307 participants enrolled in compulsory secondary education. Reliability with fit indices were good in model B (proposed) with composite reliability, global reliability index, and Cronbach's alpha. The original model (A) presented small problems that had to be adjusted when carrying out the translation. We concluded that adaptation and subsequent validation of the MSLQ instrument into a Spanish context was positive. In this sense, adequate adjustment rates have been achieved. However, in its contextual adequacy, the need arises to modify the presentation of the items alluding to intrinsic motivation due to the difficulty of measuring such a construct. Among the implications reached in this study is the possibility of having a validated instrument for the Spanish adolescent context to measure motivation on educational aspects. Furthermore, this tool can serve as the basis for the design of other instruments that measure this construct in other age ranges.

STEAM in education: a bibliometric analysis of performance and co-words in Web of Science.

BACKGROUND: Emerging methodologies that apply and integrate science, technology, engineering, art, and math (STEAM) in education have appeared in recent years as a pedagogical alternative providing more holistic and attractive education. METHOD: The research methodology used in this work is of a bibliometric nature. Specifically, an academic performance analysis and a co-word analysis has been carried out. The term STEAM was analyzed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The WoS programs Analyze Results, Creation Citation Report, and SciMAT were used. A total of 1116 manuscripts were analyzed. RESULTS: The results show that studies in the field education of STEAM began in 2006 and have continued uninterruptedly up to the present day, although interest generated in the scientific community has been irregular. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that STEAM studies have not had an established and robust line of research over time, although it can be observed that the trends in this aspect are focused on the scientific branch of education. In addition, the topics of study on STEAM include points related to gender differences, the influence of STEAM on people of different races, the skills developed by students, and training teachers to implement teaching and learning processes with STEAM.

Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the Teaching and Learning Experiences Questionnaire.

Training processes are mainly based on the pedagogical methods applied by teachers. In many cases, these pedagogical methods are adapted to the social, economic, and cultural environment of the students themselves. In this study, we used a psychometric analysis based on the analysis of structural equations to detect the psychometric properties through classical goodness-of-fit indices. The objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and validate the instrument called the Teaching and Learning Experiences Questionnaire (ETLQ) for the population of Spanish adolescents in secondary education. The rrecommendations in the literature were followed for its translation and adaptation into Spanish. The results indicate that, after translation and adaptation, the model remained in 11 factors with acceptable goodness-of-fit indices. We conclude that the process of translation, adaptation, and validation of the ETLQ has produced a valid and reliable tool due to the psychometric findings revealed in the present work.

Gamification and flipped learning and their influence on aspects related to the teaching-learning process.

Nowadays, education is going through a moment of methodological transformation. Two of the active methodologies with excellent projection within the educational field are gamification and flipped learning. This study analyzed the methodological contrast between gamification and flipped learning in the subject of Physical Education in three different educational stages to determine the most influential methodology in the training process. Research design was a quasi-experimental research with a sample of 356 students in Spain. Data collection took place with a questionnaire. The results show that gamification as a teaching and learning methodology is better valued at an early stage, while the more aged participants better value the flipped learning methodology. Both methodologies have shown great potential in the development of educational processes in Physical Education. Gamification indeed seems to have positive effects on students from the lower stages. On the other hand, flipped learning produces positive effects on the group stages, pre-university students.

Eficacia contrastada de la Realidad Aumentada en el aprendizaje de la reanimación cardiopulmonar / Compared effectiveness of Augmented Reality in learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introducción: La incidencia de la tecnología en la educación ha propiciado el desarrollo de nuevos recursos innovadores para afrontar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, por lo que la Realidad Aumentada se muestra como una de las tecnologías con mayor proyección, tanto en el sector educativo, en general, como en la educación médica, en particular. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de eficacia de una metodología sustentada en Realidad Aumentada frente a una tradicional en el aprendizaje de la reanimación cardiopulmonar, en dos grupos de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: El estudio comenzó en el curso 2017-2018. Se estableció un diseño experimental con grupo control, de tipo descriptivo y correlacional, en una muestra de 58 discentes de un centro universitario de España. Se desplegó un programa formativo en dos grupos con metodologías diferentes -Realidad Aumentada frente a tradicional-. Se empleó un cuestionario -derivado de la Escala de Autoeficacia general en reanimación cardiopulmonar- validado por el método Delphi y de pertinente fiabilidad (α = 0,86) para recoger los datos. Resultados: La metodología innovadora con Realidad Aumentada aplicada en el grupo experimental obtuvo mejores resultados en la motivación, la participación, la interacción con los contenidos, el rol activo de los participantes y mayores resultados de aprendizaje sobre el grupo que siguió una metodología tradicional sin empleo de la tecnología educativa. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos demostraron la eficacia de la Realidad Aumentada en el aprendizaje de las pautas de reanimación cardiopulmonar en discentes universitarios. Por tanto, se recomienda el uso de esta tecnología educativa para alcanzar la efectividad en el aprendizaje de este tipo de contenidos relacionados con la educación sanitaria(AU)

Introduction: The impact of technology on education has led to the development of new innovative resources to cope with the teaching and learning processes, a reason why augmented reality is shown as one of the technologies with the greatest projection, both in the educational sector, in general, as well as in medical education, in particular. Objective: To identify the level of effectiveness of a methodology based on augmented reality compared to a traditional one in learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in two groups of university students. Methods: The study began in the academic year 2017-2018. An experimental design of descriptive and correlational type and with a control group was established in a sample of 58 students from a university center in Spain. A training program was implemented in two groups with different methodologies: augmented reality versus a traditional one. A questionnaire, derived from the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, validated using the Delphi method with relevant reliability α=0.86, was used to collect the data. Results: The innovative methodology with augmented reality applied in the experimental group showed better results regarding motivation, participation, interaction with the contents, and the active role of the participants; as well as higher learning results over the group that followed a traditional methodology without using any educational technologies. Conclusions: The findings showed the effectiveness of augmented reality in learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines among university students. Therefore, the use of this educational technology is recommended to achieve effectiveness in learning this type of content related to health education(AU)

Evolution of the Autism Literature and the Influence of Parents: A Scientific Mapping in Web of Science.

Parents interventions are relevant to address autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The objective of this study is to analyze the importance and evolution of ASD and its relationship with the parents (ASD-PAR) in the publications indexed in Web of Science. For this, a bibliometric methodology has been used, based on a scientific mapping of the reported documents. We have worked with an analysis unit of 1381 documents. The results show that the beginnings of scientific production date back to 1971. There are two clearly differentiated moments in scientific production. A first moment (1971-2004), where the production volume is low. A second moment (2005-2019), where the volume of production increases considerably. Therefore, it can be said that the subject began to be relevant for the scientific community from 2005 to the present. The keyword match rate between set periods marks a high level of match between periods. It is concluded that the main focus of the research on ASD-PAR is on the stress that is generated in families with children with ASD, in addition to the family problems that the fact that these children also have behavior problems can cause.

Documentary Analysis of the Scientific Literature on Autism and Technology in Web of Science.

The objective of the study is to track the progression of the scientific literature on autism and the technology applied to this disorder. A bibliometric methodology has been used, based on a co-word analysis. The Web of Science database was chosen to perform the analysis of the literature. A unit of analysis of 1048 publications was configured. SciMAT software was used mainly for document analysis. The results indicate that the first studies appeared in 1992, but it was not until 2009 that the research volume increased considerably. The area of knowledge where these studies were compiled was rehabilitation, which marks the truly therapeutic nature of this type of study. One of the authors with the most studies, as well as the most relevant research, was Sarkar, N. Manuscripts were usually research articles written in English. It could be concluded that research in this field of study focused mainly on interventions carried out through the use of technological resources, with students or young people who present with ASD. This line of research, although not the only one, was the most relevant and the one that had aroused the most interest among the scientific community.

Trends in Autism Research in the Field of Education in Web of Science: A Bibliometric Study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is conceived as a neurodevelopmental disorder. The scientific literature welcomes studies that reflect the possible singularities that people with ASD may present both in their daily lives and at an educational level. The main objective of this study is to analyze the scientific production on the term autism in Web of Science, focused on the educational field, in order to identify the research trends in this field of study. The intention is to offer researchers who study autism in the educational field some clear research directions. A bibliometric-type methodology was developed using the scientific mapping technique. For this purpose, a performance analysis and a co-word analysis were carried out. Work was conducted with an analysis unit of 5512 documents. The results show that the volume of production has been irregular from the beginning to the present. The collection of documents on the subject began to be relevant, in terms of the volume of production, from 2007, and this has persisted to the present. It is concluded that there are two lines of research. The first is the line focused on mothers of children with ASD and the second is the line of research focused on young people with ASD. In addition, since 2012, new lines of research have been generated, focused on the diagnosis and inclusion of these students in educational centers.

Effectiveness of Diet Habits and Active Life in Vocational Training for Higher Technician in Dietetics: Contrast between the Traditional Method and the Digital Resources.

Vocational training of students in diet habits and active lifestyle habits has recently become an important issue, given the health problems caused as a result of a poor diet. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of different training actions (traditional method and digital resources) carried out in a program of dietary habits and active lifestyle at the vocational training stage. A quasi-experimental design of the pre-post type was developed. A sample of 177 participants was chosen. The instrument to collect the data was the validated ECHAES questionnaire. The results show that all study groups demonstrated similar averages across all dimensions, except in the digital resource post-test design, where the averages were higher than the rest. There was a significant relationship between the traditional teaching method and the post-test digital resources design in all dimensions. There was also a significant relationship between the pre-test and post-test of the traditional teaching method and the digital resource group in the dimensions. It can be concluded that both the traditional and the innovative method lead to learning in the vocational training student, although the values achieved by the group where the innovative method was adopted were much higher than in the traditional group.

Effects on Personal Factors Through Flipped Learning and Gamification as Combined Methodologies in Secondary Education.

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the effects of a flipped and gamified program on the autonomy, competence, relation with others, satisfaction/enjoyment, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and boredom of students of Physical Education. METHOD: The study used a control group and an experimental group to compare pretest and posttest data in both of them. Instruments used were the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale, Sport Motivation Scale, and Sport Satisfaction Instrument, all of them validated in academic literature. RESULTS: On one hand, data indicated that autonomy has been increased with the application of these teaching methodologies. On the other hand, students' satisfaction, enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation have improved based on the interaction with gamification and flipped learning. Finally, with all dimensions, it seems that academic performance has been improved, although not in a significative way. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Results of the study provide to educational researchers valuable information for a better understanding of how flipped learning and gamification influence personal performance of Physical Education students.

Nomophobia: impact of cell phone use and time to rest among teacher students.

Nomophobia is one of the modern pathologies that has been born as a consequence of the impact that portable technologies have had on society and the dependence generated among citizens, especially towards smartphones. This phobia manifests itself and is intensified by the loss of immediate access to information, to the network of contacts, as well as by the impossibility of contacting or being contacted by other people. All this ends up interfering with the development of the person's daily life (physical, physiological, psychological, social problems, among others). Although the research is in an incipient phase, the problem has not been studied with the teaching population, so we present a pioneering study with this group, the main objective being to analyze the prevalence of nomophobia in future teachers of Early Childhood and Primary Education, as well as to check the incidence of rest time in the levels of nomophobia. The study follows a descriptive, correlational, transversal and predictive design and a quantitative methodology. The standardized nomophobia questionnaire NMP-Q was used on a sample of n = 849 future teachers. The results show average levels of nomophobia in most of the variables. However, the higher levels of nervousness, fear or anxiety stand out due to the inability to communicate instantaneously. Also, a higher prevalence of the problem is observed in the sector of the sample that claims to sacrifice rest time due to the use of their mobile phone. Although these numbers are not alarming, we must take into account that in some variables the prevalence is slightly higher, making it necessary to make educational interventions in this regard and to promote education for the responsible and critical use of media and technologies.

Percepciones docentes sobre el blended learning en las cooperativas de enseñanza del sur de España / Teachers' perceptions of blended learning in teaching cooperatives in southern Spain / Percepções dos professores sobre o ensino misto em cooperativas de ensino no sul da Espanha

Resumen Introducción: las nuevas metodologías emergentes y su aplicación educativa se han convertido en una realidad dentro de los espacios de aprendizaje, siendo el b-learning una de las metodologías más recurrentes durante la última década. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente trabajo radica en conocer el grado de empleo de la metodología b-learning en los docentes de las cooperativas de enseñanza. Materiales y métodos: la investigación se ha llevado a cabo a través de un estudio descriptivo y correlacional, utilizándose un cuestionario de corte ad hoc de cinco dimensiones. Resultados: los resultados muestran un incremento progresivo de la incorporación de la innovación dentro de las aulas y un ímpetu formativo por parte de los docentes en materia tecnológica. Conclusiones: los docentes perciben el blended learning cada vez de manera más positiva, a pesar de disponer de escasos recursos digitales y de encontrar dificultades en propiciar un rol activo del discente. Asimismo, se ha constatado la existencia de niveles intermedios de confianza hacia la tecnología, especialmente entre el profesorado de mayor edad.

Abstract Introduction: new emerging methodologies and their educational application have become a reality within learning spaces, with b-learning being one of the most recurrent methodologies during the last decade. Objective: the objective of this work is to know the degree of use of the b-learning methodology in the teachers of the teaching cooperatives. Materials and methods: the research was carried out through a descriptive and correlational study, using a five-dimensional ad hoc cut-off questionnaire. Results: the results show a progressive increase in the incorporation of innovation within the classrooms and a formative impetus on the part of the teachers in technological matters. Conclusions: teachers perceive blended learning more and more positively, in spite of having scarce digital resources and finding difficulties in propitiating an active role of the student. Likewise, it has been verified the existence of intermediate levels of confidence in technology, especially among older teachers.

Resumo Introdução: novas metodologias emergentes e sua aplicação educacional tornaram-se uma realidade dentro dos espaços de aprendizagem, sendo o b-learning uma das metodologias mais recorrentes na última década. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer o grau de utilização da metodologia b-learning nos professores das cooperativas de ensino. Materiais e métodos: a pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um estudo descritivo e correlacional, utilizando um questionário de corte ad hoc em cinco dimensões. Resultados. os resultados mostram um aumento progressivo na incorporação de inovação dentro das salas de aula e um impulso formativo por parte dos professores em questões tecnológicas. Conclusões: os professores percebem o blended learning de maneira cada vez mais positiva, apesar de ter recursos digitais escassos e encontrar dificuldades em propiciar um papel ativo do aluno. Da mesma forma, verificou-se a existência de níveis intermediários de confiança em tecnologia, especialmente entre os professores mais velhos.

Dietary Intervention through Flipped Learning as a Techno Pedagogy for the Promotion of Healthy Eating in Secondary Education.

Technological progress in the educational field has led to the application of active and innovative teaching methods, such as flipped learning, including in the field of dietary education. This is considered a mixed formative approach that combines face-to-face and outside the classroom education. The objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of flipped learning methodology on a traditional training practice in dietary training, both in the sixth grade of primary education and in the fourth level of secondary education. A quasi-experimental design was adopted with two experimental groups, two control groups and only posttest. The final sample was composed of 115 students divided into four groups, two of each educational stage mentioned. A didactic unit consisting of six sessions in all groups was applied. Two different training methodologies were followed according to the nature of the group (control-traditional; experimental-flipped learning). The results reveal that flipped learning is effective both in primary education and in secondary education, being more influential in student development in this last stage. It is concluded that the flipped learning approach has meant an improvement of the academic indicators evaluated after a diet education program.

Internet Addiction in the Web of Science Database: A Review of the Literature with Scientific Mapping.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) is a major element of today's society with great potential that can offer both advantages and disadvantages. Addiction to the Internet and social networks is a growing problem in all age groups. Education is the context in which to work and train in the correct use of these media. The objective of the study focuses on knowing the scientific production and the performance of the concepts "addiction" and "internet" (ADIN). A bibliometric methodology complemented with the scientific mapping technique was followed. Different processes related to the quantification, analysis, evaluation, and estimation of scientific documents were carried out. The literature was analyzed by specific programs such as SciMAT, Analyze Results, and Creation Citation Report. The unit of analysis was specified in 5644 scientific publications extracted from Web of Science (WoS), belonging to the period of years between 1996 and 2019. The results showed that the evolution in the study of the addiction to the Internet is constant and continuous, with articles in English being the most used means to present the information on the part of the investigators. In addition, the subject of study was based on time, given that the coincidence of key words between the periods analyzed was high. In conclusion, the importance of promoting healthy living habits that include responsible use of the Internet are discussed.

Evaluating Activation and Absence of Negative Effect: Gamification and Escape Rooms for Learning.

Innovation has allowed for and developed new ways of teaching and learning. Gamification is among the new training methodologies, which is a didactic approach based on the game structure with an attractive component for students. Within gamification, flipped learning and problem-based learning, escape rooms can be found as a technical aspect, which is focused on providing enigmas and tracks for the various educational content that students have assimilated through learning based on problem solving. The aim of this study is to identify how the use of gamification with the use of educational escape rooms affects activation and absence of a negative effect on students. 61 Master students of the Autonomous City of Ceuta participated in this case study. They were divided into three study groups (1 control group; 2 experimental groups) that followed different formative actions (control group-traditional; experimental groups-escape rooms). To achieve the objectives, a mixed research design based on quantitative and qualitative techniques was followed. The instrument used for data collection was the GAMEX (Gameful Experience Scale). The results reveal that the students who had taken a gamified formative action through escape rooms obtained better assessment results in the indicators concerning motivation, teamwork, commitment, activation, and absence of a negative effect on the learning process than those with the traditional methodology.

Nomophobia: An Individual's Growing Fear of Being without a Smartphone-A Systematic Literature Review.

This review examines the current literature focused on nomophobia (objectives, methodological design, main variables, sample details, and measurement methods) in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. To this end, we conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. The initial sample consisted of 142 articles, of which 42 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. The findings show that the current research is in an exploratory phase, with a greater predominance of descriptive, nonexperimental, and cross-sectional studies that explore the prevalence of nomophobia mainly in adolescents and university students. The most widely used measurement instrument is the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) proposed by Yildrim and Correia. In addition, the research suggests that nomophobia negatively affects personality, self-esteem, anxiety, stress, academic performance, and other physical and mental health problems. We are therefore faced with a health problem, which negatively affects a person, causing psychological problems and physical and behavioral changes.

Scientific Mapping of Gamification in Web of Science.

Education is a constantly changing field. The new teaching processes are developed today and all teachers should be prepared. Gamification is one of the methodologies with the greatest impact on the learning process. The objective of the study is to analyze the relevance and progression that the concepts "gamification" and "learning" have acquired in the scientific literature of Web of Science. This research has been based on a bibliometric methodology. A classic bibliometric and thematic analyses have been carried out. A 1230 document matrix analysis has been selected. For descriptive bibliometrics, the Bibliometrix library is used, while Scimat is used for the thematic analysis. Both tools are widely used in this type of study. Results indicate that growth on the study of these topics is booming. There are also authors who accumulate most of the documents, such as Martí Parreño. English is positioned as the predominant language. The topics studied have evolved from how classic games affect learning to the study of video games and their impact on performance. It is concluded that these types of studies are still relevant and with a great future prospect. Furthermore, research focuses especially on video games, on the effects of technology on learning and on the study of flipped learning experiences.