Incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo / Increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate

Introducción: La industria nacional ha desarrollado un candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Ante su posible introducción en el sistema de salud debe valorarse el costo incremental que acarrearía. Objetivo: Estimar el incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos desde la perspectiva social para el año 2021. Se estudiaron ocho policlínicos de La Habana y se entrevistaron 38 familiares de lactantes. Se estimó el costo institucional, el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto mediante microcosteo. Se estimó el costo incremental para un esquema de tres dosis (2p+1), concomitantes con otras vacunas. Resultados: El costo total para el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en estos policlínicos estuvo entre los 337 000,00 CUP y los 513 000,00 CUP, con un costo por dosis entre 33,11 CUP y 47,30 CUP. El 31,6 por ciento de las familias reportó gastos en transportación de entre 5,00 CUP y 40,00 CUP. La introducción de la vacuna representaría un incremento entre 8,43 por ciento y 18,99 por ciento del costo base del Programa Nacional de Inmunización en los policlínicos. El costo por dosis sería de entre 34,17 CUP y 47,82 CUP, para un incremento de entre 0,28 CUP y 1,33 CUP. Conclusiones: La mayor parte del costo del Programa Nacional de Inmunización lo asume el Estado. La aplicación de la vacuna cubana contra neumococo solo aumentaría muy levemente el costo por dosis(AU)

Introduction: The national industry has developed a vaccine candidate against pneumococcus. Given its possible introduction into the health system, the incremental cost that it would entail must be assessed. Objective: To estimate the increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate. Methods: Study of cost description from the social perspective for the year 2021. Eight polyclinics in Havana were studied and 38 relatives of infants were interviewed. Institutional cost, out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs were estimated through microcost. The incremental cost was estimated for a three-dose schedule (2p+1), concomitant with other vaccines. Results: The total cost for the National Immunization Program in these polyclinics was between 337,000.00 CUP and 513,000.00 CUP, with a cost per dose between 33.11 CUP and 47.30 CUP. 31.6percent of families reported transportation expenses from 5.00 CUP to 40.00 CUP. The introduction of the vaccine would represent an increase between 8.43 percent and 18.99 percent of the base cost of the National Immunization Program in polyclinics. The cost per dose would be between 34.17 CUP and 47.82 CUP, for an increase of between 0.28 CUP and 1.33 CUP. Conclusions: Most of the cost of the National Immunization Program is borne by the State. The application of the Cuban pneumococcal vaccine would only slightly increase the cost per dose(AU)

Cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban national immunization programme.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban National Immunization Program (NIP). METHODS: We compared PCV7-TT given at two, four and six months of age to a scenario without PCV7-TT, over a ten-year period (2020-2029). We calculated the cost (Cuban pesos - CUP) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted from a Government perspective. We compared results from a static cohort model and a parsimonious prediction model informed by the serotype distribution among pneumococcal carriers and cases. We ran probabilistic and deterministic uncertainty analyses. RESULTS: PCV7-TT could prevent 6897 (95% uncertainty interval, 4344-8750) hospitalizations and 189 (115-253) deaths in children <5 years of age, over the period 2020-2029. This could cost around 25 million (20-31) discounted CUP but would be offset by treatment cost savings of around 23 million (14-31). A parsimonious model predicted less favourable impact and cost-effectiveness but the cost per DALY averted was still less than 0.4 times the current GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: PCV7-TT is likely to be cost-effective in Cuba. The impact of the vaccine would need to be carefully monitored following its introduction into the NIP.

A Cuban Perspective on the Antivaccination Movement.

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective interventions for control of communicable diseases. This health achievement could flounder if measures are not taken by health systems to prioritize immunization, increase vaccination rates and educate health professionals to address public concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy. Parents' refusal to vaccinate their children directly affects public health, because it puts both individual and group immunity in danger; immunization coverage is effective only when high population coverage is attained. The growing number of antivaccination (antivaxxer) groups around the world is alarming, contributing to falling vaccination rates. Troubling consequences include disease outbreaks in several countries globally and in our hemisphere. This article looks at the history and features of antivaxxer movements around the world and proposes ways the Cuban health system, through its National Immunization Program, can address dangers for the population associated with potentially negative infiuences of social-network antivaxxer campaigns. The paper underscores the role of mass and social media, health professional training and sustained competence, and the importance of a vaccine-related adverse events surveillance system. KEYWORDS Vaccination, immunization, antivaccination move-ment, antivaccine groups, primary health care, society, communi-cations media, social media, Cuba.

Experiencia cubana en inmunización, 1962–2016

[RESUMEN]. El Programa de Inmunización de Cuba se creó en 1962 como resultado de las transformaciones políticas, económicas y sociales iniciadas en 1959, cuando las enfermedades transmisibles — entre ellas las prevenibles por vacunas— eran la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población infantil. Su organización y ejecución ininterrumpida han permitido que seis enfermedades, dos formas clínicas graves y dos complicaciones graves estén eliminadas, y las restantes mantengan tasas de incidencia y mortalidad que no constituyen un problema de salud. Anualmente, en Cuba se administran, en promedio, 4 800 000 dosis de vacunas simples o combinadas que protegen contra 13 enfermedades, incluida una pentavalente cuyos cinco componentes se producen en el país. La vacunación antipoliomielítica oral en la campaña de 1962 fue la primera experiencia en la Región de las Américas con participación comunitaria e intersectorial y Cuba, el primer país en eliminar la enfermedad. Resultados recientes de investigaciones cubanas han incidido en el Programa Mundial de Erradicación. La vacunación universal antihepatitis B a las 24 horas después del nacimiento se cumplió 19 años antes de la meta fijada por la OMS empleando una vacuna nacional. En Cuba, la vacunación es gratuita, de acceso universal, está integrada en la atención primaria de salud, y el compromiso y la voluntad política con la salud de la población se vehiculizan mediante un sistema de salud integral. La información y la vigilancia epidemiológica son sistemáticas, confiables y sensibles. Se alcanzan coberturas de vacunación por encima de 98% en todas las vacunas y la población tiene un nivel inmunitario alto.

[ABSTRACT]. The Immunization Program of Cuba was created in 1962 as a result of the political, economic and social transformations initiated in 1959, when communicable diseases —among them those preventable by vaccines— were the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Its organization and uninterrupted implementation allowed that six diseases, two serious clinical forms and two serious complications were eliminated, and the remaining ones have incidence and mortality rates that do not represent a health problem. In Cuba, an average of 4.8 million doses of simple or combined vaccines are administered annually protecting against 13 diseases, including a pentavalent vaccine whose five components are produced in the country. Oral polio vaccination in the 1962 campaign was the first experience in the Region of the Americas with community and intersectoral participation, and Cuba was the first country to eliminate the disease. Recent results of Cuban research have influenced the World Eradication Program. The universal vaccination against hepatitis B at 24 hours after birth was achieved 19 years before the goal set by the World Health Organization using a national vaccine. In Cuba, vaccination is free and it is integrated into primary health care, with universal access. The commitment and political will to the health of the population is conveyed through a comprehensive health system. Information and epidemiological surveillance are systematic, reliable and sensitive. Vaccination coverage is above 98% for all vaccines and the population has a high immune level.

[RESUMO]. O Programa de Imunização de Cuba foi criado em 1962 como resultado das transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais iniciadas em 1959, quando as doenças transmissíveis —entre eles as que são evitáveis pelas vacinas— foram a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em crianças. Sua organização e execução ininterrupta permitiram que seis doenças, duas formas clínicas graves e duas complicações graves sejam eliminadas, e as demais mantêm incidência e taxas de mortalidade que não constituem um problema de saúde. Anualmente, em Cuba, uma média de 4,8 milhões de doses de vacinas simples ou combinadas são administradas que protegem contra 13 doenças, mesmo uma vacina pentavalente cujos cinco componentes são produzidos no país. A vacinação oral contra a poliomielite na campanha de 1962 foi a primeira experiência na Região das Américas com participação comunitária e intersetorial, e Cuba foi o primeiro país a eliminar a doença. Resultados recentes da pesquisa cubana influenciaram o Programa Mundial de Erradicação. A vacinação universal contra a hepatite B às 24 horas após o nascimento foi completada 19 anos antes do objetivo estabelecido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde usando uma vacina nacional. Em Cuba, a vacinação é gratuita e o acesso universal, e a vacinação é integrada na atenção primária de saúde. O compromisso e a vontade política para a saúde da população são transmitidos através de um sistema de saúde abrangente. A informação e a vigilância epidemiológica são sistemáticas, confiáveis e sensíveis. A cobertura de vacinação é superior a 98% em todas as vacinas e a população possui alto nível imune.