Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Adherence to the Healthy Food Pyramid in Spanish Adults.

We aimed to design and validate a new questionnaire of adherence to healthy food pyramid (HFP) (AP-Q), to improve previous instruments. The questionnaire was self-administered and included 28 questions from 10 categories (physical activity, health habits, hydration, grains, fruits, vegetables, oil type, dairy products, animal proteins, and snacks). A population of 130 Spanish adults answered it, obtaining scores from each category and a global score of HFP adherence (AP-Q score). Validation was performed through principal components analysis (PCA) and internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha. AP-Q was also externally validated with Kidmed-test, answered by 45 individuals from the cohort. The global AP-Q score was 5.1 ± 1.3, with an internal consistency of 64%. The PCA analysis extracted seven principal components, which explained 68.5% of the variance. The global AP-Q score was positively associated with Kidmed-test score. Our data suggest that AP-Q is a complete and robust questionnaire to assess HFP adherence, with several advantages: easy to complete, cost-effective, timesaving and has the competency to assess, besides diet, several features affecting health status, lacking in other instruments. We suggest that AP-Q could be useful in epidemiological research, although it requires additional calibration to analyze its reproducibility and validation in other populations.

Plasma Oxidative Status in Preterm Infants Receiving LCPUFA Supplementation: A Pilot Study.

After birth, preterm infants are deficient in arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and antioxidants, increasing their risk of oxidative stress-related pathologies. The principal aim was to evaluate if supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) improves antioxidant defenses. In total, 21 preterm infants were supplemented with ARA and DHA in a 2:1 ratio (ARA:DHA-S) or with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT-S). Plasma n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs were measured at birth, postnatal day 28, and 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (36 WPA) by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Plasma antioxidants (glutathione (GSH), catalase, and thiols) and oxidative damage biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyls) were analyzed at the same time points by spectrophotometry, and scores of antioxidant status (Antiox-S) and oxidative damage (Proxy-S) were calculated. At 36 WPA, linoleic acid (LA) and dihomo--linolenic acid (DGLA) were decreased in ARA:DHA-S compared to the MCT-S group (LA: ARA:DHA-S = 18.54 1.68, MCT-S = 22.80 1.41; p = 0.018; DGLA: ARA:DHA-S = 1.68 0.38, MCT-S = 2.32 0.58; p = 0.018). Furthermore, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was increased in ARA:DHA-S (ARA:DHA-S = 0.52 0.33, MCT-S = 0.22 0.10; p = 0.018). Additionally, LA:DHA ratio was decreased in the ARA:DHA-S compared to control group (ARA:DHA-S = 6.26 2.35, MCT-S = 8.21 2.65; p = 0.045). By the end of supplementation (36 WPA), catalase, thiol groups, and Antiox-S were significantly higher in neonates receiving ARA:DHA-S compared to those receiving MCT-S, with no differences in oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, ARA:DHA supplementation in preterm neonates resulted in an overall improvement in antioxidant to oxidant balance and a decrease in early fatty acid precursors of the n-6 relative to the n-3 pathway. These effects may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

Distribución geográfica de los médicos en España y su evolución temporal durante el período 1998-2007 / Physicians’ geographical distribution in Spain and its evolution during the period 1998-2007

Fundamento: La distribución geográfica de los profesionales sanitarios condiciona la accesibilidad de la población a la asistencia sanitaria. El presente estudio pretende analizar la distribución provincial de los médicos en España, su evolución temporal y los factores relacionados con la misma. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, ecológico, descriptivo y analítico, a partir de fuentes oficiales de datos (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo). Se obtuvieron, a nivel provincial, variables relativas a la distribución de médicos, condiciones socioeconómicas, estructura sanitaria y capacidad de formación de médicos. Se construyeron distintos estadísticos de variabilidad para la distribución de médicos, y se analizaron las correlaciones bivariadas y multivariadas entre la ratio provincial de médicos y el resto de variables. Resultados: La razón entre los valores extremos de la variable ratio provincial de médicos en 2007 es de 2,109 (2,158 en 1998), el coeficiente de variación de 0,19 (0,185 en 1998) y el índice de Gini de 0,103 (0,097 en 1998). La distribución de médicos y la formación especializada provincial están fuertemente relacionadas, tanto en el análisis bivariado (r=0,87), como en el multivariado, en el que las variables socioeconómicas y de estructura sanitaria y la formación especializada explican un 83,3% de la varianza en la ratio provincial de médicos. Conclusiones: La variabilidad en la distribución geográfica de médicos en España se ha mantenido prácticamente estable en la última década, siendo similar a la existente en los países de nuestro entorno. La capacidad formativa de cada provincia parece jugar un papel fundamental en la distribución geográfica de los médicos (AU)

Background: Population accessibility to health care depends on the geographical distribution of health care professionals. The aim of this study is to analyse the provincial distribution of Spanish physicians, its recent evolution and the factors related with it. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, ecological, descriptive and analytical study on data from public oficial data sources (Statistics National Institute, Health and Consume Ministry). We obtained, on a provincial basis, variables related with physicians’ distribution, socioeconomic conditions, health care resources and medical training capacity. We built some variability indicators for physicians’ distribution, and we analysed the bivariated and multivariated correlations between provincial physicians’ rate and the other variables. Results: The ratio between the upper and lower values of the population based physicians’ provincial ratio is 2,109 (2,158 in 1998), the variation coefficient is 0,19 (0,185 in 1998), and the Gini index is 0,103 (0,097 in 1998). There is a strong correlation between physicians’ distribution and the specialist training capacity of each province in bivariated (r=0,87) and multivariated analysis (where socioeconomic and health care structure indicators and postgraduate training capacity explain 83,3% of physicians’ distribution variance). Conclusions: The variability of physicians’ distribution in Spain has been almost steady in the last decade, and its level is similar to that in other European countries. The provincial training capacity seems to play a fundamental role in physicians’ distribution (AU)