Immune System Disorders, Cancer and Viral Infections: A New Treatment Opportunity for the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

The relationship between viral infections and cancer is well known and has been established for decades. Multiple tumours are generated from alterations secondary to viral infections 2 resulting from a dysregulation of the immune system in many cases. Certain causal relationships, such as that between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in nasopharyngeal cancer or hepatitis C and B viruses in hepatocarcinoma, have been clearly established, and their implications for the prognosis and treatment of solid tumours are currently unknown. Multiple studies have evaluated the role that these infections may have in the treatment of solid tumours using immunotherapy. A possible relationship between viral infections and an increased response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been established at a theoretical level in solid neoplasms, such as EBV-positive cavum cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and oropharyngeal cancer. These could yield a greater response associated with the activation of the immune system secondary to viral infection, the consequence of which is an increase in survival in these patients. That is why the objective of this review is to assess the different studies or clinical trials carried out in patients with solid tumours secondary to viral infections and their relationship to the response to ICIs.

Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab / Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab

El virus SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo virus RNA causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, declarada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Produce un cuadro de neumonía atípica que puede desembocar en un fallo multiorgánico. La desregulación del sistema inmune secundaria a la infección produce un cuadro similar al síndrome de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (SLHH). Varios estudios han definido la importancia que los inhibidores de la IL-6 (tocilizumab) tienen en el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, la indicación de tratamiento con inhibidores de IL-1 (anakinra) no se encuentra establecida de forma clara.Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 51 años con neumonía bilateral secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria al tratamiento antiviral y anti-IL-6 que presentó mejoría clínica y analítica tras el tratamiento con anti-IL-1 (anakinra).(AU)

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established.We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).(AU)

Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).

Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Secondary to Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A New Therapeutic Targeting of Haematological Malignancies.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a set of immature myeloid lineage cells that include macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic cell precursors. This subpopulation has been described in relation to the tumour processes at different levels, including resistance to immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Currently, multiple studies at the preclinical and clinical levels seek to use this cell population for the treatment of different haematological neoplasms, together with ICIs. This review addresses the different points in ongoing studies of MDSCs and ICIs in haematological malignancies and their future significance in routine clinical practice.

Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab. / Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).

Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab / Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab

El virus SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo virus RNA causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, declarada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Produce un cuadro de neumonía atípica que puede desembocar en un fallo multiorgánico. La desregulación del sistema inmune secundaria a la infección produce un cuadro similar al síndrome de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (SLHH). Varios estudios han definido la importancia que los inhibidores de la IL-6 (tocilizumab) tienen en el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, la indicación de tratamiento con inhibidores de IL-1 (anakinra) no se encuentra establecida de forma clara. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 51 años con neumonía bilateral secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria al tratamiento antiviral y anti-IL-6 que presentó mejoría clínica y analítica tras el tratamiento con anti-IL-1 (anakinra)

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra)