RESUMO
The majority of snacks expanded by extrusion (SEE) are made with vegetable sources, to improve their nutritional content; it has been proposed to incorporate squid (Dosidicus gigas), due to its high protein content, low price and high availability. However, the interaction of proteins of animal origin with starch during extrusion causes negative effects on the sensory properties of SEE, so it is necessary to know the type of protein-carbohydrate interactions and their effect on these properties. The objective of this research was to study the interaction of proteins and carbohydrates of SEE elaborated with squid mantle, potato and corn. The nutritional composition and protein digestibility were evaluated, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the formation of protein-starch complexes and the possible regions responsible for their interactions. The SEE had a high protein content (40-85%) and biological value (>93%). The melting temperature (Tm) was found between 145 and 225 °C; the Tm values in extruded samples are directly proportional to the squid content. The extrusion process reduced the amine groups I and II responsible for the protein-protein interaction and increased the O-glucosidic bonds, so these bonds could be responsible for the protein-carbohydrate interactions.
Assuntos
Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Decapodiformes/química , Proteínas/química , Lanches , Solanum tuberosum/química , Amido/química , Animais , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
CONTEXT: Helicteres vegae Cristóbal (Sterculiaceae) (Hv) and Heliopsis sinaloensis B.L. Turner (Asteraceae) (Hs) are endangered and poorly studied plant species; related plants have been used against chronic-degenerative and infectious diseases. Therefore, Hv and Hs could be sources of bioactive compounds against these illnesses. OBJECTIVE: To determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial) of Hv and Hs leaves (L) and stems (S). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanol extracts (ME) of each plant/tissue were evaluated for their phytochemicals; phenolics (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS); antioxidant activity (AA) (0.125-4 mg/mL) (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and ß-carotene discoloration); antimutagenicity (0.5 and 1 mg/plate) (Ames assay, tester strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium YG1024, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen); activity against human pathogens (1 mg/mL); and toxicity (0.01-2 mg/mL) (Artemia salina assay). RESULTS: All ME showed flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids. The ME-SHv had the highest content of total phenolics (TP) (2245.82 ± 21.45 mg GAE/100 g d.w.) and condensed tannins (603.71 ± 1.115 mg CE/100 g d.w.). The compounds identified were flavonoids (kaempferol 7-O-coumaroylhexoside, and two kaempferol 7-O-rhamnosylhexosides) and phenolics [rosmarinic acid, and 3'-O-(8â³-Z-caffeoyl) rosmarinic acid]. The ME-LHs showed the highest content of flavonoids (357.88 mg RE/g d.w.) and phenolic acids (238.58 mg CAE/g d.w.) by HPLC. The ME-SHv showed the highest AA. All ME were strong antimutagens (63.3-85.7%). Only the Hs extracts were toxic (ME-LHs, LC50 = 94.9 ± 1.7 µg/mL; ME-SHs, LC50 = 89.03 ± 4.42 µg/mL). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Both Hv and Hs are potential sources of preventive and therapeutic agents against chronic-degenerative diseases.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Malvaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/toxicidade , Antimutagênicos/química , Antimutagênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antimutagênicos/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Benzotiazóis/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metanol/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Capacidade de Absorbância de Radicais de Oxigênio , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Fitoterapia , Picratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Solventes/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Ácidos Sulfônicos/química , beta Caroteno/químicaRESUMO
Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but little is known about the role that free-living animals play as carriers of this pathogen. Moreover, the primary route of infection in the wild needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the source and the route of transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Albany (S. Albany) infection in captive zoo wild animals in the Culiacán Zoo. A total of 267 samples were analyzed including 220 fecal samples from zoo animals, 15 fecal samples from rodents, 5 pooled samples each of two insects (Musca domestica and Periplaneta americana), and 22 samples of animal feed. We detected S. Albany in 28 (10.5%) of the samples analyzed, including in samples from raw chicken meat. Characterization of isolates was performed by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All isolates shared a single pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile, indicating a possible common origin. These data suggest that the infected meat consumed by the wild felines was the primary source of infection in this zoo. It is likely that the pathogen was shed in the feces and disseminated by insects and rats to other locations in the zoo.
Assuntos
Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Aves , Peixes , Mamíferos , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Roedores , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leishmanisis is a parasitic diseases caused by intracellular protozoan of Leishmania genus. These parasites are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine flies. Leishmanises are classified in different clinic variants: cutaneous localized or diffuse, mucocutaneous and visceral. In Mexico, the leishmanisis are distributed in several states, however Durango was considered free of leishmaniasis. CLINICAL CASE: A 9 year old male patient with an ulcerated pruriginous node of circular shape, 13 x 18 mm diameter, localized in the back of the right arm with 6 months progression. The patient was a permanent resident of Durango, Mexico. Histopathology evidenced macrophages infected with amastigotes. The PCR-RFLP result was consistent with Leishmania mexicana. Treatment with glucantime was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: Here we report the first clinical case of leishmanisis cutaneous localized caused by Leishmania mexicana from Durango, Mexico in a 9 years old male, confirming the increasing propagation of this protozoan parasite in Mexico.