[The pharmacist and deputy Henri Schmidt, the law voted in 1913 and said «for three years¼ and the position of mobilized pharmacists at the beginning of First World War].

Henri Schmidt was, with his fellow the senator Paul Cazeneuve, the main defender of the mention of pharmacists and pharmacy students in the articles of the law voted in 1913 for the recruitment of the army. After the description of their interventions to attain this end, and a short biography of these two politicians, the paper explains the activities of the pharmaceutical parliamentary group, during the early years of the war, in view to obtain the admittance in the medical corps of the pharmacists and students unprovided of rank, for the new creation of «auxiliary pharmacists¼, for the appointment as soon as possible of the maximum number of colleagues at this rank, and then for their promotion to the rank of «aide-major¼, resolution that appeared more difficult to obtain.

A century of Pharmaceutical and professorial presidency at the <> (1911-2011).

The society was created in 1911 at the Ecole supirieure de pharmacie of Nancy by professor Julien Godfrin wno was the chairman of the school and wno becamed its first president. But Godfrin died in 1913. The second president was Auguste Sartory who was extremely active in spite of the war but who leaved Nancy at its end to be named as a professor at the new school of pharmacy in Strasbourg. Four presidents followed each other during these years after Sartory: Pierre Seyot, Emile Steimetz, Pierre Lectard and Frangois Mortier. All of them were pharmacists and professors. During this century, the society was always associated to the school and to the faculty for the teaching of mycology to pharmacy students and other lovers.

[The "catgut's" laboratory of Auguste Fandre in Nancy]. / Les laboratoires de catgut d'Auguste Fandre, à Nancy.

Auguste Fandre, owner of a pharmacy in Nancy since 1906, specializes his enterprise in biological analyses and in the production of sterilized serums and blisters. In 1907, he imagines the "Catgut Fandre". During the First World War, his production becomes enormous and he must reorganize his laboratory. At the beginning of the 1920s, he undertakes the construction of moderns installations behind the pharmacy. These buildings are used up to the 1980s and then the laboratory is transfered to Ludres in the vicinity of Nancy. In the middle of these years, the old buildings are destroyed; they have been replaced by a fallow ground.

[Remy Willemet (1735-1807), naturalist, professor of natural history and chairman of the botanical garden of Nancy]. / Rémy Willemet (1735-1807), naturaliste, professeur d'histoire naturelle et directeur du jardin botanique de Nancy.

Rémy Willemet is above all a local botanist whose first work was selected by the academy of Nancy in 1766. His notoriety began when another work with Jean-François Coste was chosen by the academy of Lyon ten years later. He published then in many papers and was elected in numerous academies and scientific societies. During the Revolution, he was a professor of the Ecole centrale de la Meurthe and of the Société de santé, and he became the chairman of the botanical garden. Willemet wrote some botanical books. Today, what is the memory of his researchs and papers? Fairly few things because he never undertook botanical travels in order to discover and compare pharmaceutical plants. However, Willemetia was the name used to denominate some species and honour his family. His name was also engraved on the wall of some university buidings and it was chosen some years ago to entitle a botanical paper in Lorraine.

[Lorraine pharmacy historians]. / Les historiens lorrains de la pharmacie.

The most known historian was Paul Dorveaux, but precursors were Husson during the 19th century and Grélot at the beginning of the 20th century. The best period for historical researchs was the twenty years between 1920 and 1940, then the creation of the "diplôme d'Etat de docteur en pharmacie" at the end of the century. Two professors, André Meunier and Jean Martin, managed historical thesis. They leaved us useful thesis on the past of our profession.

Stem cells: a promising source for vascular regenerative medicine.

The rising and diversity of many human vascular diseases pose urgent needs for the development of novel therapeutics. Stem cell therapy represents a challenge in the medicine of the twenty-first century, an area where tissue engineering and regenerative medicine gather to provide promising treatments for a wide variety of diseases. Indeed, with their extensive regeneration potential and functional multilineage differentiation capacity, stem cells are now highlighted as promising cell sources for regenerative medicine. Their multilineage differentiation involves environmental factors such as biochemical, extracellular matrix coating, oxygen tension, and mechanical forces. In this review, we will focus on human stem cell sources and their applications in vascular regeneration. We will also discuss the different strategies used for their differentiation into both mature and functional smooth muscle and endothelial cells.

[The ephemeral historical museum of the École Supérieure de Pharmacie de Nancy (1913-1937) Its collections today]. / L' éphémère musée historique de la Faculté de pharmacie de Nancy (1913-1937) Ce qu'il reste aujourd'hui de ses collections.

In april 1913, the director of the École supérieure de pharmacie, professor Bruntz, undertook the realization of a historical museum and of a gallery of photographies of professors. A society, the Société lorraine du musée historique de la pharmacie, was found in 1.914 and the collections increased rapidly. After First World War, no activity occured until 1926 and space and hands were missing. In 1937, collections, except books, were transfered to the Musée historique lorrain de Nancy and the most interesting objects and documents were exposed. Books were finally deposited and stored in the university library. Today, the renovation undertaken in the Musée lorrain and the approaching transfer of the faculty are the ocasion of a new discovery of these historical collections. Many years after the disparition of the museum, it appears that its collections have been fairly well preserved.

[The military hospital "Parmentier" of Cambrai]. / L'hôpital militaire "Parmentier" de Cambrai.

A military hospital was known in Cambrai since 1708. It was located in the very old "Chateau de Selles" after the end of the First Empire with 150 to 300 beds. This hospital was very useful during the war between France and Germany in 1870, but it was not used by the french army during the two world wars, Cambrai beeing the two times invested by the german army. Named "Percy Hospital" during the eighteenth century, it received the name "Parmentier" in 1913. After the Second World War, it was used as an asylum for old men, then converted into courts of justice at the end of the twenteenth century.

[A inspection in the pharmacy belonging to Jacques François Cordier in Commercy on 1752 December 9th]. / Une visite d'inspection chez l'apothicaire Jacques François Cordier & Commercy (Lorraine ducale) le 9 décembre 1752.

The respect of regulation in pharmaceutical activity was ever a preoccupation for the legal powers. When the Royal College of Medicine was created in Nancy in 1752, this institution received some prerogatives in this field. The report studied here shows how such a survey is conducted in the pharmacy of a practitioner recently settled in Commercy. We are also informed of current human, hierarchal and social relations. Jacques François Cordier, whose biography is presented, was the introducer and the "godfather" of two famous pharmacists: Jean-Nicolas Trusson in Paris, and Henri Braconnot in Nancy.

[The intervention of the Royal College of Medicine in Nancy in the regulation of pharmaceutical activity]. / L'intervention du Collège royal de médecine de Nancy dans la réglementation de l'exercice de la pharmacie en Lorraine ducale de 1752 à 1793.

Created in 1752 the Royal College of Medicine in Nancy constituted an institution with extended powers, particularly in sanitary policy and pharmaceutical activity. After explaining the rules of the College, the paper describes with examples its participation to the examinations of pharmacy pupils and their sustaining of "Conclusions de pharmacie et de chymie", to the delivery of drugs and to the fight against charlatanry and prohibited activity of pharmacy. From its creating to its disparition in 1793 by order of the government, the Royal College of Medicine worked remarkably, and the rules worked up during the forty years of its life appear to be of a great modernity.

[Dean Paul Gillot (Magneux 1887-Nancy 1935). A multiform but unfortunately interrupted career. A comparison of past and current practices]. / Le Doyen Paul Gillot (Magneux 1887-Nancy 1935), une carrière multiforme malheureusement inachevée.... Comparaison de quelques pratiques d'hier et d'aujourd'hui.

Paul Gillot came in Nancy to study pharmacy. Having obtained his diploma in 1913, one year before First World War, he was enlisted as a soldier then an officer, for five years. During these years, he was wounded and severely ill and he never recovered. In 1919, coming back at the school of pharmacy in Nancy, he began his thesis and his universitary career and became simultaneously hospital pharmacist and inspector of community pharmacies. In 1929 he had the luck of beeing nominated as the professor of materia medica, and in 1935 he was choosed as the dean of the faculty. Unfortunately he died some weeks after his election. The paper describes successively the activities of professor Paul Gillot during all his short life, and closes by some reflections about universitary practices of this period.

[The Institut de recherches scientifiques et industrielles Jacquemin (1894-1967), in Malzéville, near Nancy. An almost pharmaceutical industry]. / L'Institut de recherches scientifiques et industrielles Jacquemin (1894-1967) de Malzéville, en banlieue de Nancy. Une entreprise presque pharmaceutique....

First devoted to research and its applications in chemistry and microbiology, the institute was created in 1894. Its founder, Georges Jacquemin was the son of the professor of chemistry of the school of pharmacy of Nancy. He was first a student in pharmacy but he did not finish the last examinations... Three years ago, he created or participated to the creation of the Institut La Claire, near Morteau in the Jura, with same activities. The Institut Jacquemin settled in special houses and laboratories where were studied and prepared numerous chemical and biological products, particularly selected yeasts used in wine-making, brewery, cider-making, also phytosanitary chemical products and, in 1902, Ferment Jacquemin which was a depurative and was considered as a drug. Georges Jacquemin died in 1925 but his institute remainded in activity with his coworkers until 1967 and closed totally only in 1976.

[Family, professional, "meusian" and Parisian relationships between the pharmacists J. Bataille, J.-N. Trusson, N. D. Moutillard and T. Huraut]. / Les relations familiales, professionnelles, meusiennes et parisiennes des pharmaciens J. Bataille, J.-N. Trusson, N.D. Moutillard et T. Huraut.

Jean-Nicolas Trusson is well known in the history of Parisian pharmacy. Born in 1744 in Euville, in the vicinity of Commercy, in Lorraine, he was in near relations by his mother with Joseph Bataille, also well known and whose half-length portrait is exhibited in the "Salle des Actes" of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Paris. It seems that the extraction of Bataille is unknown. Our work indicates that he was born in october 1816 in Pagny-sur-Meuse, some kilometres from Euville towards Toul. Trusson was the successor of Bataille and he remained in his pharmacy until 1809 where his own successor was Nicolas Denis Moutillard. Moutillard's father was Joseph Moutillard, an apothecary of Commercy, whose mother was Jeanne Trusson, who was the first cousin of Jean-Nicolas Trusson's father. Then, Théodore Huraut, Moutillard's successor in Paris, was also born in Commercy, in year 1813. He studied pharmacy in Bar-le-Duc, then in Paris with Moutillard and at the school of pharmacy. Taking his place between 1840 and 1844, he became a member of the "Société d'émulation pour les sciences pharmaceutiques" and of the "Société de pharmacie de Paris". Beeing the author of more than twenty papers devoted to practical community pharmacy, Huraut died in Paris in 1855.

[The pharmacopoeia for the poor of Professor Nicolas Jadelot from Nancy in 1784-1785]. / La Pharmacopée des pauvres du professeur Nicolas Jadelot à Nancy en 1784-1785.

In 1785, Doctor Nicolas Jadelot, a professor at the Faculty of medicine of Nancy, published a little book entitled Pharmacopée des pauvres. Four parts composed it: pharmaceutical formulas from Saint-Charles Hospital, some corrections, a table of materials and a table of the use of drugs. In octavo, the book gathered 212 pages and 342 formulas of drugs, most of the materials beeing found in plants. The book was devoted to hospitals, houses of charity and all persons working for poor people. However, the examination of the pharmaceutical formulas shows that physicans and apothecaries have certainly been its best users, mainly the members of the Royal College of medicine and the six apothecaries of the town, associated with these physicians in a charitable medical activity directed towards this poor people.

[New investigations on Philippe Désiré Cauvet (Agde 1827-Lyon 1890), military pharmacist, naturalist, fellow and professor]. / Nouvelles recherches sur Philippe Désiré Cauvet (Agde 1827-Lyon 1890), pharmacien militaire, naturaliste, agrégé et professeur.

Philippe Cauvet undertook a military career after having obtained his pharmacist diploma in the school of Montpellier in 1854. He kept first his terms in the military school of "Val-de-Grâce" in Paris and came after some years to Strasbourg as a tutor at the "Ecole impériale du Service de santé militaire". Cauvet obtained his philosophical thesis in this town in 1861. Some years later, in 1864, he was accepted as a fellow at the school of pharmacy where he teached botany and zoology to military and civilian students. After some years in Algeria and other towns in France, he asked in 1874 to become a professor at the school of pharmacy of Nancy, but the ministry of war did not agree with the plurality of activities. Cauvet was named as the professor of materia medica at the n 1882. He remained at these two functions until his death, suddenly occured in 1890. Professor Philippe Cauvet worked mainly in botany and wrote books in this field and in natural history.

[The Royal College of Medicine, the apothecaries and the unlawful pharmaceutical activity of members of clergy, in Lorraine in the second part of the XVIIIth century]. / Le Collège royal de médecine de Nancy, les apothicaires et l'exercice illicite de la pharmacie en Lorraine par les membres du Clergé pendant la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.

Every regular text relative to pharmaceutical activities is very precise about the prohibition of "public" exercise of pharmacy, and generally all medical activity, by members of clergy. However, the examination of archives demonstrates that violations of the law are constant, in spite of judicial procedures and sentences. Secular clergy is certainly very implicated, but its activity of preparation and distribution of drugs seems to be relatively discreet. Oppositely, the members of regular clergy open almost community pharmacies in towns and are competitors with apothecaries. Among them, in Lorraine, the most important are Jesuits and sisters in charge of charity houses and hospitals. Jesuits have no diplomas but their installations are very correctly organized. On the contrary, sisters are often poorly proper in pharmacy and their dispensaries appear to be badly managed with drugs of mediocre quality and poorly stored.

[First chemists in Lorraine]. / Les premiers chimistes lorrains. La chimie en Lorraine du XVIIe au XIXe siècles.

Some alchemists and chemists are known in Lorraine at the beginning of the 17th century. But "real" chemists appear only in the middle of the 18th century. In Nancy, the primary official chemists are the professors of the Royal Collège of medicine, then those of the Faculty of medicine in 1776 and after: Henry Michel du Tennetar and Pierre-François Nicolas. In Metz, the first successful attempt of a chemical course is obtained by the apothecary Jean-Baptiste Thyrion from 1765 to 1769. Michel is his successor in 1778. His teaching is immediately and widely successful. Around Michel, the members of the Royal Society of science and art and the practitioners of the military hospital are also very actice. After the Revolution, many years will be necessary to Nancy and Metz to obtain the creating of a new universitary chemical teaching.

[The involvement of the apothecaries of Nancy in the medical consultation of the Royal College of Medicine, from 1764 to 1793]. / La participation de la communauté des apothicaires de Nancy à la consultation des pauvres malades des campagnes, organisée par le Collège royal de médecine, de 1764 à 1793.

A medical consultation reserved to poor sick persons of countries around Nancy was organized by the Royal College of Medicine from 1752. Concerning the drugs, the College thout first to use an apothecary companion, then it agreed, in 1764, with the proposal of the apothecaries of the city to distribute them free of charge, each in turn for two months, one in winter and one in summer. In 1788, the apothecaries complained from the abuses committed in the writing of the consultation tickets. The gardener had to furnish plants, gratuitously or not, in order the consultants to prepare drugs at home. These practices lasted until the extreme end of year 1793 where the College was cancelled.

The importance of the effect of shear stress on endothelial cells in determining the performance of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers.

The lack of blood donations and the threat of infections from blood and blood products have led to extensive research into the development of blood substitutes. The latest generation of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOC) has been shown to induce side effects like hypertension, vasoconstriction, inflammation and oxidative stress. HBOC are able to restore volemia and transport oxygen after a hemorrhagic shock, the reperfusion leading to the restoration of the blood flow in vessels. We propose an innovative approach, more closely emulating clinical situations, to assess the impact of HBOC perfusion on endothelial cells (EC) in vitro. Through this approach we quantified levels of oxidative stress, vasoactive factors and inflammation. EC were cultivated under a laminar flow to reproduce the return of shear stress (SS) during the reperfusion. We showed that heme oxygenase I transcription correlated with changes in oxidatively modified heme and methemoglobin; all were lower under SS. SS induced increased nitric oxide production, which may have implications for the mechanism of in vivo vasoconstriction and hypertension. E-selectin changes under SS were greater than those of ICAM-1. Our results demonstrate how it is essential to include SS in assays attempting to understand the potential vascular side effects of HBOC perfusion.