The effect of aerobic vs. resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Elevated plasma homocysteine concentration is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which seems to be the main cause of increased mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of exercise on homocysteine levels and the magnitude of these benefits seems to depend on the type, mode and frequency of training. The present study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study included 15 individuals undergoing aerobic training, 14 subjects undergoing resistance training, and 18 individuals in the control group. Homocysteine, total cholesterol and fractions, glucose, and anthropometric measurements were conducted. The training program lasted 16 weeks. Aerobic training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min, and resistance training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min. Homocysteine levels were not significantly different between before and after training. High-density lipoprotein levels increased in both training groups and decreased in the control group. Glucose levels decreased after aerobic and resistance training. Body fat mass (percentage and total) decreased in both training group, but with more expression in the aerobic group. We conclude that 16-week aerobic and resistance training programs did not significantly affect plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, these training programs yielded positive results in HDL control, plasma glucose, and body composition.

Effect of Strength Training on Plasma Levels of Homocysteine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of strength training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The sample consisted of 14 diabetic women with a mean age of 68 ± 6 years. Biochemical evaluations and anthropometric measurements were taken before and after training. Training sessions lasted 50 min and comprised three sets of 8-12 repetitions each. The established load was 60% of 1 repetition maximum. RESULTS: After the training program, it was observed that the levels of homocysteine (average before 13.4 ± 2.9 and after 12.8 ± 3.3, P = 0.40), very low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (average before 41.9 ± 17.0 and after 36.2 ± 11.8, P = 0.47), total cholesterol (average before 214.4 ± 60.6 and after 190.2 ± 62.3, P = 0.09), triglycerides (average before 209.3 ± 85.4 and after 181.5 ± 59.2, P = 0.47), and blood glucose (average before 123.5 ± 30.4 and after 110.1 ± 24.7, P = 0.26) showed no significant changes, but the LDL (average before 129.1 ± 63.4 and after 95.7 ± 53.3, P = 0.04), high-density lipoprotein (average before 43.2 ± 12.0 and after 58.2 ± 15.6, P = 0.01), lean mass (average before 41.1 ± 5.7 and after 42.8 ± 5.4, P = 0.008), fat mass (average before 31.4 ± 8.8 and after 29.7 ± 8.5, P = 0.001), and percentage fat (average before 42.6 ± 4.0 and after 40.3 ± 4.6, P = 0.000) showed significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that strength training does not improve homocysteine levels, but help to improve the lipoprotein profile in type 2 diabetic patients.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO EM JOGOS REDUZIDOS COM INFERIORIDADE NUMÉRICA NO FUTEBOL / EFFECTS OF TRAINING IN REDUCED MATCHES WITH NUMERICAL INFERIORITY IN FOOTBALL / EFECTOS DEL ENTRENAMIENTO EN PARTIDOS REDUCIDOS CON INFERIORIDAD NUMÉRICA EN EL FÚTBOL

RESUMO Introdução: Os jogos reduzidos são altamente eficientes, pois permitem a simulação de movimentos que ocorrem durante uma partida e geram melhor resposta fisiológica, perceptiva e técnico-tática. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do treinamento de jogos reduzidos com inferioridade numérica 3 vs. 4 e 4 vs. 5 sobre a variação da frequência cardíaca, percepção subjetiva de esforço e teste de atenção concentrada em atletas de futebol. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 17 e 24 anos. Para análise da frequência cardíaca média e máxima durante os jogos com campo reduzido e o coletivo foram utilizados monitores de frequência cardíaca e, para determinar a percepção subjetiva de esforço, utilizou-se de uma adaptação da escala de Borg. Também foi usado o teste de atenção concentrada. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que os métodos de treino apresentam diferenças no teste de atenção concentrada (p < 0,004). A frequência cardíaca média (p < 0,121), máxima (p < 0,404) e a percepção de esforço (p < 0,639) não apresentam diferenças entre os métodos de treinamento. Conclusão: Concluímos que os jogos reduzidos com inferioridade numérica melhoram os resultados do teste de atenção concentrada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Reduced games are highly efficient because they allow the simulation of movements that occur during a match and generate better physiological, perceptual and technical-tactical response. Objective: To compare the effects of reduced training games with numerical inferiority 3 vs. 4 and 4 vs. 5 on heart rate variation, subjective perception of exertion and focused attention test in soccer players. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 males, aged between 17 and 24 years. For the analysis of the mean and maximum heart rate during the games with reduced field and players, heart rate monitors were used, and to determine the subjective perception of effort, an adaptation of the Borg scale was used. The concentrated attention test was also used. Results: The results show that the training methods differ in the concentrated attention test (p<0.004). Mean heart rate (p<0.121), maximal (p<0.404), and perceived exertion (p<0.639) did not show differences between training methods. Conclusion: We conclude that the reduced games with numerical inferiority improve the results of the concentrated attention test.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los juegos reducidos son altamente eficientes porque permiten la simulación de movimientos que ocurren durante un partido y generan una mejor respuesta fisiológica, perceptual y técnico-táctica. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de la reducción de los juegos de entrenamiento con inferioridad numérica 3 vs. 4 y 4 vs. 5 en la variación de la frecuencia cardiaca, la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo y la atención enfocada en los jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: La muestra consistió en 10 varones, con edades comprendidas entre 17 y 24 años. Para analizar la frecuencia cardiaca media y máxima durante los juegos con campo reducido y menos jugadores se utilizaron monitores de frecuencia cardiaca y para determinar la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo se utilizó una adaptación de la escala de Borg. También se utilizó la prueba de la atención concentrada. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que los métodos de entrenamiento difieren en la prueba de atención concentrada (p < 0,004). La frecuencia cardiaca media (p<0,121), máxima (p < 0,404) y el esfuerzo percibido (p < 0,639) no mostraron diferencias entre los métodos de entrenamient. Conclusión: Se concluye que los juegos reducidos con inferioridad numérica mejoran los resultados de la prueba de atención concentrada.

Efeito do treinamento aeróbio nos níveis de homocisteína em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2 / Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes / Efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico en los niveles de homocisteína en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2

INTRODUÇÃO: Os programas de treinamento aeróbio têm demonstrado bons resultados no controle das variáveis de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos; no entanto, os efeitos nos níveis de homocisteína não estão claros. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio nos níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína e fatores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 15 mulheres com diabetes do tipo 2 e média de idade 68,86 ± 11,2 anos. Todos os indivíduos da amostra foram submetidos a um teste de avaliação do consumo máximo de oxigénio (VO2máx) seguindo o protocolo de Bruce, avaliação da pressão arterial e avaliação antropométrica. Foi também efetuada uma coleta de 10 ml de sangue (veia antecubital) em jejum de no mínimo 12 horas. O plasma foi separado e processado para posterior análise da concentração de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) (mg/dl), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicérides (mg/dl) e glicemia (mg/dl). Os testes foram feitos antes e após 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O programa foi realizado com 2 sessões de treinamento não consecutivas por semana, com intensidade compreendida entre 60% e 70% da frequência cardíaca máxima e duração de 75 minutos por sessão.RESULTADOS: Os resultados observados revelam que o programa de exercício físico induziu uma diminuição não significativa da concentração plasmática de homocisteína. Foram ainda identificadas melhorias do perfil lipídico e do Consumo Máximo de Oxigênio (VO2máx), diminuição da glicemia, da pressão arterial diastólica, do percentual de gordura e massa gorda.CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o programa de treinamento aeróbio reduziu o risco cardiovascular em indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2, embora a alteração da homocisteína não tenha sido significativa.

INTRODUCTION: Aerobic training programs have shown good control of cardiovascular risk variables in diabetic subjects, but the effects on homocysteine levels remains unclear. Objective: To analyze the effects of aerobic training on plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS: The study included 15 women with type 2 diabetes, mean age 68.86 ± 11.2 years. All individuals in the sample underwent an evaluation test of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) according to Bruce protocol, evaluation of blood pressure and anthropometric measurements. Additionally, a sample of venous blood (10ml from cubital vein) was drawn from subjects fasted for at least 12 hours. The plasma was separated and processed for further analysis of homocysteine concentration (mmol/l), total cholesterol (mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (LDL) (mg/dl), high density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl) and blood glucose (mg/dl). The tests were done before the aerobic training and repeated 16 weeks later. The program consisted of 2 non-consecutive training sessions of 75 minutes a week, between 60% and 70% of maximum heart rate.RESULTS: The observed results show that physical exercise program induced a non-significant decrease in plasma concentration of homocysteine. Were also identified improvements in lipid profile and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), decreased blood glucose, diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and body fat.CONCLUSION: The aerobic training program reduced cardiovascular risk factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes, although homocysteine decline was not significant.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los programas de entrenamiento aeróbico han demostrado buenos resultados en el control de las variables de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos, sin embargo, los efectos en los niveles de homocisteína no están claros. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico en los niveles plasmáticos de homocisteína y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2.MÉTODOS: Participaron en el estudio 15 mujeres con diabetes del tipo 2 y promedio de edad de 68,86 ± 11,2 años. Todos los individuos de la muestra fueron sometidos a un test de evaluación del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) siguiendo el protocolo de Bruce, evaluación de la presión arterial y evaluación antropométrica. Fue también efectuada una colecta de 10 ml de sangre (vena antecubital) en ayunas de como mínimo 12 horas. El plasma fue separado y procesado para posterior análisis de la concentración de homocisteína (mmol/l), colesterol total (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Muy Baja Densidad (VLDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Baja Densidad (LDL) (mg/dl), Lipoproteína de Alta Densidad (HDL) (mg/dl), triglicéridos (mg/dl) y glucemia (mg/dl). Los tests fueron realizados antes y después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico. El programa fue realizado con 2 sesiones de entrenamiento no consecutivas por semana, con una intensidad comprendida entre 60-70% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima y una duración de 75 minutos por sesión.RESULTADOS: Los resultados observados revelan que el programa de ejercicio físico indujo a una disminución no significativa de la concentración plasmática de homocisteína. Fueron además identificadas mejoras del perfil lipídico y del Consumo Máximo de Oxígeno (VO2máx), disminución de la glucemia, de la presión arterial diastólica, del porcentual de grasa y masa gorda.CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que el programa de entrenamiento aeróbico redujo el riesgo cardiovascular en individuos diabéticos del tipo 2, aunque la alteración de la homocisteína no haya sido significativa.

Use of chitosan in the treatment of obesity: evaluation of interaction with vitamin B2.

Obesity is a serious health problem and its prevalence has increased over the years. Studies have assessed the polysaccharide chitosan as anti-obesity supplement due to its ability to absorb fats. However, this property may cause the interaction of chitosan with essential substances for the proper functioning of the body, such as vitamins. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate interactions of the chitosan with vitamin B2. These interactions were evaluated in the absence and the presence of acid aqueous solution of chitosan using fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible absorption measurements of vitamin B2. Results showed that the rigid microenvironment generated by chitosan solution modifies the photophysics properties of vitamin B2. Thus, chitosan is able to eliminate vitamin B2 and the present study aims to warn of excessive loss of vitamins or other nutrients by the body during prolonged treatment with chitosan.