Depressive symptoms in higher education students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. An examination of the association with various social risk factors across multiple high- and middle-income countries.

Higher-education students face substantial risks for developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic or experiencing exacerbated pre-existing depressive symptoms. This study uses data from the COVID-19 International Student Well-Being Study, which collected data through a non-representative convenience sample in 125 higher-education institutions (HEI) across 26 high- and middle-income countries (N: 20,103) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the prevalence of depressive symptoms in higher-education students. We find substantial cross-national variation in depressive symptoms, with lowest mean levels established in the Nordic countries and France, while highest mean levels of depressive symptoms were found in Turkey, South Africa, Spain and the USA. Elevated risk for depressive symptoms was found in female students, students with fewer social support resources and in a more disadvantaged socioeconomic position, and students with a migrant background. COVID-19 related stressors, such as reduced social contact, increased financial insecurity, and academic stress explained a relatively larger proportion of the variance in depressive symptoms compared to non-COVID-19 related stressors. This finding shows that not the pandemic itself, but rather the secondary effects of the pandemic relate to students' mental health. Our results enable HEIs to be better equipped to target groups that are particularly at risk during a pandemic.

Mental health among university students with eating disorders and irritable bowel syndrome in France.

BACKGROUND: University students are subject to stress due to academic pressure, empowerment and transition from adolescence to adulthood. This young population may have a higher risk of functional disorders as eating disorders (ED) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our objective was to determine the prevalence of ED, IBS and both and the associated behaviours. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in Rouen University (France). Participating students filled an anonymous self-questionnaire with items on socio-demographics, depression (Duke score), stress (Cohen score), emotional exhaustion (Maslach Inventory), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index), cyberaddiction (Internet Addiction Test), ED (SCOFF-F test) and IBS (Rome III). RESULTS: This study included 731 students (male/female ratio=0.43). The prevalences of ED, IBS and co-existing ED-IBS were respectively 16.7%, 7.8% and 2.7%. ED and IBS were more common in female students. Depression, stress, emotional exhaustion, insomnia and cyberaddiction were significantly associated with ED and IBS or both. Students with ED had a higher risk of having IBS (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=2.42, 95% CI: 1.30-4.51), and conversely students with IBS had a higher risk of having ED (AOR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.32-4.55) and were more likely to be in the third year of academic study or above (AOR=2.95, 95% CI: 1.50-5.76). CONCLUSION: Students (female especially) suffer from ED and IBS, with a significant risk of co-existing ED-IBS. ED and IBS are related to multiple mental health symptoms, which could lead to negative academic consequences. Screening, using simple and quick tests as SCOFF questionnaire and ROME IV criteria (update of ROME III in 2016), is essential in this population of university students.

Correction: Two stable variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain MSHR5848 express broadly divergent in vitro phenotypes associated with their virulence differences.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171363.].

Changes and specificities in health behaviors among healthcare students over an 8-year period.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare students are future health care providers and serve as role models and coaches to enhance behaviors for healthy lifestyles. However healthcare students face multiple stressors that could lead to adopting risk behaviors. OBJECTIVES: To assess the changes in health risk factors among healthcare students between 2007 and 2015, and to identify specific health behaviors based on the curriculum in a population of healthcare students. METHODS: Two cross sectionnal studies were conducted in 2007 and 2015 among nursing, medical, pharmacy, and physiotherapy students (Rouen, France). During compulsory courses and examination sessions students filled self-administered questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics and behavior as: tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, cannabis consumption, eating disorders, regular practice of sport, perceived health, stress and use of psychotropic drugs. RESULTS: 2,605 healthcare students were included (1,326 in 2007 and 1,279 in 2015), comprising 1,225 medical students (47.0%), 738 nursing students (28.3%), 362 pharmacy students (13.9%), and 280 physiotherapy students (10.8%). Between 2007 and 2015, occasional binge drinking and regular practice of sport increased significantly among healthcare students, respectively AOR = 1.48 CI95% (1.20-1.83) and AOR = 1.33 CI95% (1.11-1.60), regular cannabis consumption decreased significantly, AOR = 0.32 CI95% (0.19-0.54). There was no change in smoking or overweight/obese. There was a higher risk of frequent binge drinking and a lower risk of tobacco smoking in all curricula than in nursing students. Medical students practiced sport on a more regular basis, were less overweight/obese, had fewer eating disorders than nursing students. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a stable frequency of classic behaviors as smoking but a worsening of emerging behaviors as binge drinking among healthcare students between 2007 and 2015. Health behaviors differed according to healthcare curricula and nursing students demonstrated higher risks. As health behaviors are positively related to favorable attitudes towards preventive counseling, therefore healthcare students should receive training in preventive counseling and develop healthy lifestyles targeted according to the health curriculum.

Signals of selection in conditionally expressed genes in the diversification of three horned beetle species.

Species radiations may be facilitated by phenotypic differences already present within populations, such as those arising through sex-specific development or developmental processes biased towards particular reproductive or trophic morphs. We sought to test this hypothesis by utilizing a comparative transcriptomic approach to contrast among- and within-species differentiation using three horned beetle species in the genus Onthophagus. These three species exhibit differences along three phenotypic axes reflective of much of the interspecific diversity present within the genus: horn location, polarity of sexual dimorphism and degree of nutritional sensitivity. Our approach combined de novo transcript assembly, assessment of amino acid substitutions (dN/dS) across orthologous gene pairs and integration of gene function and conditional gene expression data. We identified 17 genes across the three species pairs related to axis patterning, development and metabolism with dN/dS > 1 and detected elevated dN/dS in genes related to metabolism and biosynthesis in the most closely related species pair, which is characterized by a loss of nutritional polyphenism and a reversal of sexual dimorphism. Further, we found that genes that are conditionally expressed (i.e. as a function of sex, nutrition or body region) within one of our focal species also showed significantly stronger signals of positive or relaxed purifying selection between species divergent along the same morphological axis (i.e. polarity of sexual dimorphism, degree of nutritional sensitivity or location of horns). Our findings thus reveal a positive relationship between intraspecific differentiation due to condition-specific development and genetic divergences among species.

Two stable variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei strain MSHR5848 express broadly divergent in vitro phenotypes associated with their virulence differences.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), the agent of melioidosis, causes disease ranging from acute and rapidly fatal to protracted and chronic. Bp is highly infectious by aerosol, can cause severe disease with nonspecific symptoms, and is naturally resistant to multiple antibiotics. However, no vaccine exists. Unlike many Bp strains, which exhibit random variability in traits such as colony morphology, Bp strain MSHR5848 exhibited two distinct and relatively stable colony morphologies on sheep blood agar plates: a smooth, glossy, pale yellow colony and a flat, rough, white colony. Passage of the two variants, designated "Smooth" and "Rough", under standard laboratory conditions produced cultures composed of > 99.9% of the single corresponding type; however, both could switch to the other type at different frequencies when incubated in certain nutritionally stringent or stressful growth conditions. These MSHR5848 derivatives were extensively characterized to identify variant-associated differences. Microscopic and colony morphology differences on six differential media were observed and only the Rough variant metabolized sugars in selective agar. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) features were characterized and phenotype microarray profiles revealed distinct metabolic and susceptibility disparities between the variants. Results using the phenotype microarray system narrowed the 1,920 substrates to a subset which differentiated the two variants. Smooth grew more rapidly in vitro than Rough, yet the latter exhibited a nearly 10-fold lower lethal dose for mice than Smooth. Finally, the Smooth variant was phagocytosed and replicated to a greater extent and was more cytotoxic than Rough in macrophages. In contrast, multiple locus sequence type (MLST) analysis, ribotyping, and whole genome sequence analysis demonstrated the variants' genetic conservation; only a single consistent genetic difference between the two was identified for further study. These distinct differences shown by two variants of a Bp strain will be leveraged to better understand the mechanism of Bp phenotypic variability and to possibly identify in vitro markers of infection.

Complete Genome Sequences of Zika Virus Strains Isolated from the Blood of Patients in Thailand in 2014 and the Philippines in 2012.

Here, we present the complete genome sequences of two Zika virus (ZIKV) strains, Zika virus/Homo sapiens-tc/THA/2014/SV0127-14 and Zika virus/H. sapiens-tc/PHL/2012/CPC-0740, isolated from the blood of patients collected in Thailand, 2014, and the Philippines, 2012, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that both strains belong to the Asian lineage.

Standard finishing categories for high-throughput sequencing of viral genomes.

Viral genome sequencing has become the cornerstone of almost all aspects of virology. In particular, high-throughput, next-generation viral genome sequencing has become an integral part of molecular epidemiological investigations into outbreaks of viral disease, such as the recent outbreaks of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus disease and Zika virus infection. Multiple institutes have acquired the expertise and necessary infrastructure to perform such investigations, as evidenced by the accumulation of thousands of novel viral sequences over progressively shorter time periods. The authors recently proposed a nomenclature comprised of five high-throughput sequencing standard categories to describe the quality of determined viral genome sequences. These five categories (standard draft, high quality, coding complete, complete and finished) cover all levels of viral genome finishing and can be applied to sequences determined by any technology platform or assembly technique.

Le séquençage des génomes viraux est devenu la pierre angulaire de pratiquement toutes les facettes de la virologie. En particulier, le séquençage à haut débit de nouvelle génération est désormais une partie intégrante des enquêtes d'épidémiologie moléculaire relatives aux foyers de maladies virales, par exemple les récentes épidémies du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient, la maladie due au virus Ebola ou l'infection par le virus Zika. Nombre d'institutions ont acquis les compétences techniques et les infrastructures nécessaires pour réaliser ce type d'enquêtes, comme en témoigne l'accumulation de milliers de séquences virales nouvelles obtenues en un laps de temps de plus en plus court. Les auteurs ont récemment élaboré une nomenclature constituée de cinq catégories de référence décrivant la qualité des séquences d'un génome viral obtenues par séquençage à haut débit. Ces cinq catégories (ébauche de référence, séquence de haute qualité, séquence codante complète, séquence complète et séquence finie) couvrent toutes les étapes de la finition du génome viral et s'appliquent quelle que soit la plateforme technologique ou la technique d'assemblage utilisée pour déterminer la séquence.

La secuenciación del genoma vírico se ha erigido a día de hoy en la piedra angular de casi todos los aspectos de la virología. La secuenciación de alto rendimiento de próxima generación, en particular, es ahora un componente integral de las investigaciones de epidemiología molecular sobre brotes de enfermedades víricas como los registrados últimamente de síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio, enfermedad por el virus del Ebola o infección por el virus Zika. Numerosas instituciones se han dotado de las competencias técnicas y la infraestructura necesaria para llevar a cabo tales investigaciones, como deja patente la acumulación de miles de nuevas secuencias víricas en periodos de tiempo cada vez más cortos. En fechas recientes los autores han propuesto una nomenclatura compuesta de cinco categorías de referencia que sirven para describir la calidad de las secuencias de genoma vírico determinadas por secuenciación de alto rendimiento. Estas cinco categorías (borrador normal, gran calidad, codificación completa, completa y acabada) cubren toda la gradación de acabados en la secuenciación de genoma vírico y pueden ser aplicadas a las secuencias obtenidas por cualquier dispositivo técnico o cualquier técnica de ensamblaje.

Draft Genomes for Eight Burkholderia mallei Isolates from Turkey.

Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular pathogen. Although glanders has been eradicated from many parts of the world, the threat of B. mallei being used as a weapon is very real. Here we present draft genome assemblies of 8 Burkholderia mallei strains that were isolated in Turkey.

[Oral health in asthmatic children using inhaled therapy. Study in the UTH of Casablanca]. / Etat bucco-dentaire des enfants asthmatiques recevant une thérapie d'inhalation. Etude au centre hospitalo-universitaire de Casablanca.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate oral health in asthmatic children using inhaled therapy and to compare the oral health status according to ß2 agonist and corticosteroid dose administrated. Methods: The study group composed of 160 children aged between 2 and 15 years old who had bronchial asthma at different degrees of severity, the children followed at university hospital of Casablanca. A questionnaire was filled referring to oral health habits. For dental examinations, world health organization criteria and for plaque indices the Silness and Löe plaque index were used. Oral mucosal was examined to detect candidiasis or ulcerations. Results: The dental plaque registered was 1,13 ± 0,64. The mean DMFT was 3,75 ± 1,53 and the mean DMFT was 5,50 ± 3,02. A statistically significant higher average DMFT and DMFT values were observed with higher dose of ß2 agonist (p < 0,05). Almost a third of studied population had oral candidiasis and 6,9% had ulcerations. These oral mucosal lesions were particularly observed in children receiving inhaled corticosteroid higher than 400 µg/j (P < 10-5) and they were lower in children using a spacer device and rinsing the mouth after treatment (P < 10-5). Conclusion: The results suggest higher caries susceptibility and oral mucosal lesions among asthmatic children undergoing inhaled treatment with ß2 agonist and corticosteroid. A special attention by doctors and health professionals of these patients is necessary and asthmatic children are recommended to adopt more precautionary oral hygiene practices.

Whole-genome assemblies of 56 burkholderia species.

Burkholderia is a genus of betaproteobacteria that includes three notable human pathogens: B. cepacia, B. pseudomallei, and B. mallei. While B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are considered potential biowarfare agents, B. cepacia infections are largely limited to cystic fibrosis patients. Here, we present 56 Burkholderia genomes from 8 distinct species.

Twenty Whole-Genome Bacillus sp. Assemblies.

Bacilli are genetically and physiologically diverse, ranging from innocuous to highly pathogenic. Here, we present annotated genome assemblies for 20 strains belonging to Bacillus anthracis, B. atrophaeus, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. macerans, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, and B. subtilis.

Whole-Genome Yersinia sp. Assemblies from 10 Diverse Strains.

Yersinia spp. are animal pathogens, some of which cause human disease. We sequenced 10 Yersinia isolates (from six species: Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. fredericksenii, Y. kristensenii, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. ruckeri) to high-quality draft or complete status. The genomes range in size from 3.77 to 4.94 Mbp.

Draft Genome Assemblies of Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002 and Proteus vulgaris ATCC 49132.

The pleomorphic swarming bacilli of the genus Proteus are common human gut commensal organisms but also the causative agents of recurrent urinary tract infections and bacteremia. We sequenced and assembled the 3.99-Mbp genome of Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002 (accession no. JOVJ00000000) and the 3.97-Mbp genome of Proteus vulgaris ATCC 49132 (accession no. JPIX00000000), both of which are commonly used reference strains.

Complete Genome Sequence of Type Strain Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida ATCC 43137.

Soft-tissue infection by Pasteurella multocida in humans is usually associated with a dog- or cat-related injury, and these infections can become aggressive. We sequenced the type strain P. multocida subsp. multocida ATCC 43137 into a single closed chromosome consisting of 2,271,840 bp (40.4% G+C content), which is currently available in the NCBI GenBank under the accession number CP008918.

Draft Genome Assemblies of Enterobacter aerogenes CDC 6003-71, Enterobacter cloacae CDC 442-68, and Pantoea agglomerans UA 0804-01.

The Enterobacteriaceae are environmental and enteric microbes. We sequenced the genomes of two Enterobacter reference strains, E. aerogenes CDC 6003-71 and E. cloacae CDC 442-68, as well as one near neighbor used as an exclusionary reference for diagnostics, Pantoea agglomerans CDC UA0804-01. The genome sizes range from 4.72 to 5.55 Mbp and have G+C contents from 54.6 to 55.1%.

Complete Genome Assembly of Corynebacterium sp. Strain ATCC 6931.

The genus Corynebacterium is best known for the pathogen C. diphtheriae; however, it contains mostly commensal and nonpathogenic, as well as several opportunistic, pathogens. Here, we present the 2.47-Mb scaffolded assembly of the type strain, Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 6931 (NCTC 1914), as deposited into GenBank under accession number CP008913.

Full-Genome Assembly of Reference Strain Providencia stuartii ATCC 33672.

A member of the normal human gut microflora, Providencia stuartii is of clinical interest due to its role in nosocomial infections of the urinary tract and because it readily acquires antibiotic resistance. Here, we present the complete genome of P. stuartii strain ATCC 33672, consisting of a 4.28-Mbp chromosome and a 48.9-kbp plasmid.

Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strain SEJ.

Salmonella enterica constitutes a group of enteric pathogens with a broad host range, including humans, reptiles, and birds. S. enterica subsp. enterica is a common cause of inflammatory diarrhea in humans. We present the draft genome of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis strain SEJ, including a 59-kbp plasmid.