Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología para el manejo de episodios de neutropenia febril en adultos y niños con cáncer

El Comité de Infecciones en Inmunocomprometidos de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología presenta aquí una actualización en el Manejo de episodios de neutropenia febril en adultos y niños con cáncer, derivado de los grandes cambios ocurridos en los últimos años en el enfrentamiento de estos pacientes. Para estos efectos, un grupo multidisciplinario desarrolló recomendaciones en relación a: su enfrentamiento inicial, exámenes de laboratorio requeridos, el tratamiento antimicrobiano inicial empírico y frente a focos infecciosos conocidos, las infecciones fúngicas invasoras y profilaxis antimicrobiana.

The Committee of Infections in Immunocompromised Patients of the Chilean Society of Infectious Diseases presents an update in the Management of febrile neutropenia in adults and children with cancer. It comes from the significant changes that occurred in recent years in the confrontation of these patients. For which a multidisciplinary task force group developed recommendations in relation to their initial handling, laboratory exams required, the initial empirical antimicrobial treatment and in front of known infectious focus, invasive fungal infections and antimicrobial prophylaxis.

A Multicenter Study To Evaluate Ceftaroline Breakpoints: Performance in an Area with High Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Lineage.

Ceftaroline (CPT) is a broad-spectrum agent with potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The sequence type 5 (ST5) Chilean-Cordobés clone, associated with CPT nonsusceptibility, is dominant in Chile, a region with high rates of MRSA infections. Here, we assessed the in vitro activity of CPT against a collection of MRSA isolates collected between 1999 and 2018 from nine hospitals (n = 320) and community settings (n = 41) in Santiago, Chile, and evaluated performance across testing methodologies. We found that our hospital-associated isolates exhibited higher CPT MIC distributions (MIC50 and MIC90 of 2 mg/liter) than the community isolates (MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.5 mg/liter), a finding that was consistent across time and independent of the culture source. High proportions (64%) of isolates were CPT nonsusceptible despite the absence of CPT use in Chile. Across methodologies, the Etest underestimated the MIC relative to the gold standard broth microdilution (BMD) test (MIC50 and MIC90 of 1 and 1.5 mg/liter, respectively). There was low (∼51%) categorical agreement (CA) between Etest and BMD results across CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. The recent revision of CLSI guidelines abolished "very major error" (VME) from the previous guidelines (81%), which perform similarly to the EUCAST guidelines. The level of concordance between CLSI and EUCAST for BMD testing and Etest was >95%. Disk diffusion performed poorly relative to BMD under CLSI (CA, 55%) and EUCAST (CA, 36%) guidelines. Comparison of EUCAST to CLSI for disk diffusion (with EUCAST used as the reference) showed low agreement (CA, 25%; VME, 70%). In summary, CPT-nonsusceptible MRSA are dominant in clinical settings in Chile. Our results provide data to support the reevaluation of CPT breakpoints and to improve agreement across methodologies and agencies.

[Support of the laboratory of microbiology and pathological anatomy in the diagnosis and management of infections in cancer patients and transplantation of hematopoietic stem cell transplant receptors]. / Parte III. Apoyo del laboratorio de microbiología y anatomía patológica en el diagnóstico y manejo de infecciones en el paciente con cáncer y trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos.

The confrontation of the differential and etiological diagnosis of the infectious diseases of cancer patients, including hematopoietic stem cells transplant (HSCT) recipients, must correspond to an informed, timely decision that directly affects medical behavior that determines a better survival and quality of life for patients. The main goal of this work was to contribute to the management of these patients developing a useful tool for the clinician to make these decisions. For that, infections were grouped by compromised systems, differentiating the possible etiological agents in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, highlighting the relevant diagnostic tests, mentioning the recommended techniques together with the optimal sample type for proper processing. In addition, under each group of techniques we added the item "level of requirement" to suggest what, in the opinion of the authors and the existing evidence, must be mandatory to have at local level or can be derivable to another laboratory.

Parte III. Apoyo del laboratorio de microbiología y anatomía patológica en el diagnóstico y manejo de infecciones en el paciente con cáncer y trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos / Support of the laboratory of microbiology and pathological anatomy in the diagnosis and management of infections in cancer patients and transplantation of hematopoietic stem cell transplant receptors

Resumen El enfrentamiento del diagnóstico diferencial y etiológico de las enfermedades infecciosas de los pacientes con cáncer, incluyendo los receptores de trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos (TPH), debe corresponder a una decisión informada, oportuna y que repercuta directamente en una conducta médica que determine una mejor sobrevida y calidad de vida de los pacientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue aportar en el manejo de estos pacientes desarrollando una herramienta útil al médico clínico para tomar estas decisiones. Para ello se agruparon las infecciones por sistemas comprometidos diferenciando los posibles agentes etiológicos en bacterias, virus, hongos y parásitos, explicitando los exámenes diagnósticos más relevantes, mencionando la o las técnicas recomendadas, junto con el tipo de muestra óptima para su adecuado procesamiento. De manera adicional, se incorporó el ítem "nivel de requerimiento" para sugerir lo que, a juicio de los autores y la evidencia existente, debe estar presente obligatoriamente en el centro o puede ser derivable a otro laboratorio.

The confrontation of the differential and etiological diagnosis of the infectious diseases of cancer patients, including hematopoietic stem cells transplant (HSCT) recipients, must correspond to an informed, timely decision that directly affects medical behavior that determines a better survival and quality of life for patients. The main goal of this work was to contribute to the management of these patients developing a useful tool for the clinician to make these decisions. For that, infections were grouped by compromised systems, differentiating the possible etiological agents in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, highlighting the relevant diagnostic tests, mentioning the recommended techniques together with the optimal sample type for proper processing. In addition, under each group of techniques we added the item "level of requirement" to suggest what, in the opinion of the authors and the existing evidence, must be mandatory to have at local level or can be derivable to another laboratory.

Head-to-head comparison of Microflex LT and Vitek MS systems for routine identification of microorganisms by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is a new and revolutionary identification method for microorganisms and has recently been introduced into clinical microbiology in many industrialized countries in Europe and North America. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to compare the performance and practicality of two commercial MALDI-TOF MS platforms in a head-to head manner at a routine laboratory in Chile. METHODS: During a five-month period in 2012-13, the diagnostic efficiency (correct identification rate) and agreement between Microflex LT (Bruker Daltonics) and Vitek MS (bioMérieux) was compared in a parallel manner to conventional identification including genotypic analysis for difficult-to-identify strains. The study included 804 microbial isolates: 252 Enterobacteriaceae, 126 non-fermenters, 36 other gram-negative rods, 279 gram-positive cocci, 32 gram-positive rods, 32 anaerobes, and 47 yeasts. Other relevant factors of the two devices such as user friendliness and connectivity were also evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Both systems correctly identified the vast majority (98%) of the isolates to the genus level. Vitek MS reached higher rates of identification to species and species complex level than Microflex LT (81% vs. 85% and 87% vs. 93%, respectively), which was mainly based on the higher performance among coagulase negative staphylococci and Candida isolates. The evaluation of user friendliness and other technical aspects showed only marginal differences, which slightly favored Vitek MS, mainly due to its ready-to-use supplies, easier connectivity and workflow integration, and availability of local technical support. CONCLUSIONS: Both MALDI-TOF MS systems permitted fast and accurate identification of most microbial strains and showed a high level of user-friendliness. The observed differences were marginal and slightly favored Vitek MS, mainly due to practicality and connectivity issues within our setting.

Profilaxis de tuberculosis en niños y adultos sometidos a trasplante de órganos sólidos y precursores hematopoyéticos / Prophylaxis against tuberculosis in pediatric and adult patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cells transplantation

Recipients of SOT and HSCT constitute a risk group for becoming ill with tuberculosis (TB). The prevalence of active TB in patients undergoing TOS is higher than in patients undergoing HSCT, probably for the shortest period of immunosuppression of the latter. Most TB cases occur in transplant patients by reactivation of latent infection after immunosuppression, which occurs most often within the first year post-transplant, causing graft loss and in some cases death. Relevant variables to assess the risk of TB infection in a transplant recipient are the medical history of donor and recipient, images, microbiology and tuberculin tests and interferon gamma levels. PPD is routinely performed in the donor and in the recipient before transplantation. If PPD is > 5 mm in the recipient or > 10 mm in the donor, it is neccesary to exclude active TB (pulmonary and renal) (A2). It is recommended che-moprophylaxis in recipients PPD (+) and in recipients with recent seroconversion (B3), if the donor has a history of untreated TB, there was contact to someone with active TB (B3), the radiological imeges are suspect (A2) and interferon gamma release assays is (+) (B2). The selected drug is isoniazid (C3).

Los pacientes receptores de trasplante constituyen un grupo de riesgo para enfermar de tuberculosis (TBC). La prevalencia de TBC activa en pacientes sometidos a TOS es mayor que en TPH, probablemente por el menor tiempo de inmunosupresión. La mayoría de los casos de TBC en pacientes trasplantados ocurren por reactivación de infección latente luego de la inmunosupresión, la que se produce con más frecuencia dentro del primer año posttrasplante, causando pérdida del injerto y en algunos casos la muerte. Para evaluar el riesgo de infección tuberculosa de un receptor son relevantes elementos tales como el historial médico del donante y receptor, las imágenes, el estudio microbiológico y pruebas como la tuberculina y ensayos que miden interferón gamma. De rutina se realiza PPD en el donante y el receptor previo al trasplante. Si el PPD es ≥ de 5 mm en el receptor o ≥ de 10 mm en el donante, se debe descartar una TBC activa (pulmonar y renal) (A2). Se recomienda efectuar quimioproilaxis en el receptor PPD (+) y seroconversión reciente (B3), si el donante tiene el antecedente de TBC no tratada, existió contacto con persona con TBC activa (B3), las imágenes radiológicas son sospechosas (A2) e IGRAs (+) (B2). El medicamento de elección para la proilaxis es isoniacida (C3).

[Prophylaxis against tuberculosis in pediatric and adult patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cells transplantation]. / Profilaxis de tuberculosis en niños y adultos sometidos a trasplante de órganos sólidos y precursores hematopoyéticos.

Recipients of SOT and HSCT constitute a risk group for becoming ill with tuberculosis (TB). The prevalence of active TB in patients undergoing TOS is higher than in patients undergoing HSCT, probably for the shortest period of immunosuppression of the latter. Most TB cases occur in transplant patients by reactivation of latent infection after immunosuppression, which occurs most often within the first year post-transplant, causing graft loss and in some cases death. Relevant variables to assess the risk of TB infection in a transplant recipient are the medical history of donor and recipient, images, microbiology and tuberculin tests and interferon gamma levels. PPD is routinely performed in the donor and in the recipient before transplantation. If PPD is > 5 mm in the recipient or > 10 mm in the donor, it is neccesary to exclude active TB (pulmonary and renal) (A2). It is recommended che-moprophylaxis in recipients PPD (+) and in recipients with recent seroconversion (B3), if the donor has a history of untreated TB, there was contact to someone with active TB (B3), the radiological imeges are suspect (A2) and interferon gamma release assays is (+) (B2). The selected drug is isoniazid (C3).

Neonatal Campylobacter coli hemorrhagic enteritis and bacteraemia

Um caso de campylobacteriose neonatal com enterite hemorrágica e bacteremia produzido por Campylobacter coli é apresentado. A mãe, proveniente de uma região rural, apresentou durante a gravidez, três episódios de diarréia autolimitada. A infeccão no recém nascido provavelmente foi adqüirida durante o parto. Os altos níveis séricos de immunoglobulinas específicas poderiam explicar a escassa sintomatologia, apesar da demorada prescricão do tratamento com gentamicina.

[Asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetics women ]. / Bacteriología urinaria asintomática en mujeres diabéticas tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is frequent among diabetics, especially women. It may be preceded by asymptomatic bacteriuria. AIM: To study the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetic women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty women with type 2 diabetes and 50 non diabetic women were studied. In aseptic conditions, morning midstream urine specimens were obtained for microbiological analysis. The test was repeated in similar conditions during consecutive days. Urine samples were cultured in blood agar, Mac Conkey agar and CPS ID 2. Colony forming units were counted. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 100,000 or more colony forming units per ml. Leukocyturia was also quantified. RESULTS: There was microbial growth in 40% of samples from diabetic women and 6% of samples from controls (p < 0.01). Asymptomatic bacteriuria was present in 32% of diabetics and 4% of controls (p < 0.01). E Coli was the most frequently isolated strain, in 55% of patients and 100% of controls. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 10% of diabetics, coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 10%, Enterococcus spp in 10% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5%. Leukocyturia of more than 10 cells per field, was present in 80% of diabetic women with positive culture. Women with positive cultures had a longer lasting diabetes than those with negative cultures. There was no association between urine microbiological results and glycosilated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, chronic complications of diabetes and treatment received. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among diabetic women.