RESUMO
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most fatal form of lung cancer. Intratumoral heterogeneity, marked by neuroendocrine (NE) and non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) cell states, defines SCLC, but the cell-extrinsic drivers of SCLC plasticity are poorly understood. To map the landscape of SCLC tumor microenvironment (TME), we apply spatially resolved transcriptomics and quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to metastatic SCLC tumors obtained via rapid autopsy. The phenotype and overall composition of non-malignant cells in the TME exhibit substantial variability, closely mirroring the tumor phenotype, suggesting TME-driven reprogramming of NE cell states. We identify cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as a crucial element of SCLC TME heterogeneity, contributing to immune exclusion, and predicting exceptionally poor prognosis. Our work provides a comprehensive map of SCLC tumor and TME ecosystems, emphasizing their pivotal role in SCLC's adaptable nature, opening possibilities for reprogramming the TME-tumor communications that shape SCLC tumor states.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/patologia , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/genética , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/patologia , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/genética , Tumores Neuroendócrinos/metabolismo , Células Neuroendócrinas/patologia , Células Neuroendócrinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preclinical models recapitulating the metastatic phenotypes are essential for developing the next-generation therapies for metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). We aimed to establish a cohort of clinically relevant mPC models, particularly androgen receptor positive (AR+) bone metastasis models, from LuCaP patient-derived xenografts (PDX) that reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of mPC. METHODS: PDX tumors were dissociated into single cells, modified to express luciferase, and were inoculated into NSG mice via intracardiac injection. The progression of metastases was monitored by bioluminescent imaging. Histological phenotypes of metastases were characterized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Castration responses were further investigated in two AR-positive models. RESULTS: Our PDX-derived metastasis (PDM) model collection comprises three AR+ adenocarcinomas (ARPC) and one AR- neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEPC). All ARPC models developed bone metastases with either an osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed phenotype, while the NEPC model mainly developed brain metastasis. Different mechanisms of castration resistance were observed in two AR+ PDM models with distinct genotypes, such as combined loss of TP53 and RB1 in one model and expression of AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in another model. Intriguingly, the castration-resistant tumors displayed inter- and intra-tumor as well as organ-specific heterogeneity in lineage specification. CONCLUSION: Genetically diverse PDM models provide a clinically relevant system for biomarker identification and personalized medicine in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
To resist lineage-dependent therapies such as androgen receptor inhibition, prostate luminal epithelial adenocarcinoma cells often adopt a stem-like state resulting in lineage plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. Castrate-resistant prostate adenocarcinoma can transition to neuroendocrine (NE) and occasionally to amphicrine, co-expressed luminal and NE, phenotypes. We developed castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patient-derived organoid models that preserve heterogeneity of the originating tumor, including an amphicrine model displaying a range of luminal and NE phenotypes. To gain biological insight and to identify potential treatment targets within heterogeneous tumor cell populations, we assessed the lineage hierarchy and molecular characteristics of various CRPC tumor subpopulations. Transcriptionally similar stem/progenitor (St/Pr) cells were identified for all lineage populations. Lineage tracing in amphicrine CRPC showed that heterogeneity originated from distinct subclones of infrequent St/Pr cells that produced mainly quiescent differentiated amphicrine progeny. By contrast, adenocarcinoma CRPC progeny originated from St/Pr cells and self-renewing differentiated luminal cells. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) was composed almost exclusively of self-renewing St/Pr cells. Amphicrine subpopulations were enriched for secretory luminal, mesenchymal, and enzalutamide treatment persistent signatures that characterize clinical progression. Finally, the amphicrine St/Pr subpopulation was specifically depleted with an AURKA inhibitor, which blocked tumor growth. These data illuminate distinct stem cell (SC) characteristics for subtype-specific CRPC in addition to demonstrating a context for targeting differentiation-competent prostate SCs.
Assuntos
Linhagem da Célula , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Feniltioidantoína/farmacologia , Feniltioidantoína/análogos & derivados , Camundongos , Benzamidas , NitrilasRESUMO
Patients diagnosed with localized high-risk prostate cancer have higher rates of recurrence, and the introduction of neoadjuvant intensive hormonal therapies seeks to treat occult micrometastatic disease by their addition to definitive treatment. Sufficient profiling of baseline disease has remained a challenge in enabling the in-depth assessment of phenotypes associated with exceptional vs. poor pathologic responses after treatment. In this study, we report comprehensive and integrative gene expression profiling of 37 locally advanced prostate tumors prior to six months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus the androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide prior to radical prostatectomy. A robust transcriptional program associated with HER2 activity was positively associated with poor outcome and opposed AR activity, even after adjusting for common genomic alterations in prostate cancer including PTEN loss and expression of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Patients experiencing exceptional pathologic responses demonstrated lower levels of HER2 and phospho-HER2 by immunohistochemistry of biopsy tissues. The inverse correlation of AR and HER2 activity was found to be a universal feature of all aggressive prostate tumors, validated by transcriptional profiling an external cohort of 121 patients and immunostaining of tumors from 84 additional patients. Importantly, the AR activity-low, HER2 activity-high cells that resist ADT are a pre-existing subset of cells that can be targeted by HER2 inhibition alone or in combination with enzalutamide. In summary, we show that prostate tumors adopt an AR activity-low prior to antiandrogen exposure that can be exploited by treatment with HER2 inhibitors.
RESUMO
Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease without a clear etiology or effective therapy. Utilizing unbiased single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to analyze human minor salivary glands in health and disease we developed a comprehensive understanding of the cellular landscape of healthy salivary glands and how that landscape changes in SjD patients. We identified novel seromucous acinar cell types and identified a population of PRR4+CST3+WFDC2- seromucous acinar cells that are particularly targeted in SjD. Notably, GZMK+CD8 T cells, enriched in SjD, exhibited a cytotoxic phenotype and were physically associated with immune-engaged epithelial cells in disease. These findings shed light on the immune response's impact on transitioning acinar cells with high levels of secretion and explain the loss of this specific cell population in SjD. This study explores the complex interplay of varied cell types in the salivary glands and their role in the pathology of Sjögren's Disease.
RESUMO
The CD8+ T-cell response is prognostic for survival outcomes in several tumor types. However, whether this extends to tumors in the brain, an organ with barriers to T cell entry, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed immune infiltration in 67 brain metastasis (BrM) and found high frequencies of PD1+ TCF1+ stem-like CD8+ T-cells and TCF1- effector-like cells. Importantly, the stem-like cells aggregate with antigen presenting cells in immune niches, and niches were prognostic for local disease control. Standard of care for BrM is resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), so to determine SRS's impact on the BrM immune response, we examined 76 BrM treated with pre-operative SRS (pSRS). pSRS acutely reduced CD8+ T cells at 3 days. However, CD8+ T cells rebounded by day 6, driven by increased frequency of effector-like cells. This suggests that the immune response in BrM can be regenerated rapidly, likely by the local TCF1+ stem-like population.
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PURPOSE: Checkpoint therapy is now the cornerstone of treatment for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with advanced disease, but biomarkers are lacking to predict which patients will benefit. This study proposes potential immunological biomarkers that could developed for predicting therapeutic response in patients with RCC. METHODS: Using flow cytometry, RNA sequencing, and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, we investigated changes in T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced RCC after receiving immunotherapy. We used immunofluorescence (IF) imaging and flow cytometry to investigate how intratumoral T cells in patients' tumors (resected months/years prior to receiving checkpoint therapy) predicted patient outcomes after immunotherapy. RESULTS: We found that a small proportion of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood activate following checkpoint therapy, expressing the proliferation marker Ki67 and activation markers HLA-DR and CD38. Patients who had the highest increase in these HLA-DR +CD38+CD8 T cells after treatment had the best antitumor immune response and experienced clinical benefit. Using RNA sequencing, we found that while these cells expanded in most patients, their phenotype did not drastically change during treatment. However, when we analyzed the TCR repertoire of these HLA-DR +CD38+CD8+T cells, we found that only patients who clinically benefitted had a burst of new clonotypes enter this pool of activated cells. Finally, we found that abundant T cells in the untreated tumors predicted clinical benefit to checkpoint therapy on disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data suggest that having a strong pre-existing immune response and immediate peripheral T-cell activation after checkpoint therapy is a predictor of clinical benefit in patients with RCC.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Neoplasias Renais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/terapia , Antígenos HLA-DR , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos TRESUMO
PURPOSE: A subset of primary prostate cancer expresses programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), but whether they have a unique tumor immune microenvironment or genomic features is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We selected PD-L1-positive high-grade and/or high-risk primary prostate cancer, characterized tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with multiplex immunofluorescence, and identified genomic alterations in immunogenic and nonimmunogenic tumor foci. RESULTS: One quarter of aggressive localized prostate cancer cases (29/115) had tumor PD-L1 expression more than 5%. This correlated with increased density of CD8+ T cells, a large fraction coexpressing PD-1, versus absent PD-1 expression on sparse CD8 T cells in unselected cases. Most CD8+PD-1+ cells did not express terminal exhaustion markers (TIM3 or LAG3), while a subset expressed TCF1. Consistent with these CD8+PD-1+TCF1+ cells being progenitors, they were found in antigen-presenting cell niches in close proximity to MHC-II+ cells. CD8 T-cell density in immunogenic prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was nearly identical. Shallow RB1 and BRCA2 losses, and deep deletions of CHD1, were prevalent, the latter being strongly associated with a dendritic cell gene set in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Tumor mutation burden was variable; neither high microsatellite instability nor CDK12 alterations were present. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of localized prostate cancer is immunogenic, manifested by PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell content comparable with RCC. The CD8+ T cells include effector cells and exhausted progenitor cells, which may be expanded by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Genomic losses of RB1, BRCA2, and CHD1 may be drivers of this phenotype. These findings indicate that immunotherapies may be effective in biomarker-selected subpopulations of patients with localized prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias da Próstata , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Masculino , Fenótipo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Tumor necrosis happens commonly in advanced solid tumors. We reported that necroptosis plays a major role in tumor necrosis. Although several key necroptosis regulators including receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) have been identified, the regulation of tumor necroptosis during tumor development remains elusive. Here, we report that Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), not RIPK1, mediates tumor necroptosis during tumor development in preclinical cancer models. We found that ZBP1 expression is dramatically elevated in necrotic tumors. Importantly, ZBP1, not RIPK1, deletion blocks tumor necroptosis during tumor development and inhibits metastasis. We showed that glucose deprivation triggers ZBP1-depedent necroptosis in tumor cells. Glucose deprivation causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release to the cytoplasm and the binding of mtDNA to ZBP1 to activate MLKL in a BCL-2 family protein, NOXA-dependent manner. Therefore, our study reveals ZBP1 as the key regulator of tumor necroptosis and provides a potential drug target for controlling tumor metastasis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Necroptose/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/genética , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias Experimentais/genética , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Terapêutica com RNAi/métodos , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto/métodosRESUMO
In addition to its role as an auxiliary subunit of A-type voltage-gated K+ channels, we have previously reported that the single transmembrane protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase Like 6 (DPP6) impacts neuronal and synaptic development. DPP6-KO mice are impaired in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and exhibit smaller brain size. Using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we report here a novel structure in hippocampal area CA1 that was significantly more prevalent in aging DPP6-KO mice compared to WT mice of the same age and that these structures were observed earlier in development in DPP6-KO mice. These novel structures appeared as clusters of large puncta that colocalized NeuN, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A. They also partially labeled for MAP2, and with synapsin-1 and VGluT1 labeling on their periphery. Electron microscopy revealed that these structures are abnormal, enlarged presynaptic swellings filled with mainly fibrous material with occasional peripheral, presynaptic active zones forming synapses. Immunofluorescence imaging then showed that a number of markers for aging and especially Alzheimer's disease were found as higher levels in these novel structures in aging DPP6-KO mice compared to WT. Together these results indicate that aging DPP6-KO mice have increased numbers of novel, abnormal presynaptic structures associated with several markers of Alzheimer's disease.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/patologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/ultraestrutura , Dipeptidil Peptidases e Tripeptidil Peptidases/genética , Terminações Pré-Sinápticas/ultraestrutura , Doença de Alzheimer , Animais , Cromogranina A/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Microscopia Eletrônica , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Sinapsinas/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Proteína Vesicular 1 de Transporte de Glutamato/metabolismoRESUMO
Localized prostate cancer develops very slowly in most men, with the androgen receptor (AR) and MYC transcription factors amongst the most well-characterized drivers of prostate tumorigenesis. Canonically, MYC up-regulation in luminal prostate cancer cells functions to oppose the terminally differentiating effects of AR. However, the effects of MYC up-regulation are pleiotropic and inconsistent with a poorly proliferative phenotype. Here we show that increased MYC expression and activity are associated with the down-regulation of MEIS1, a HOX-family transcription factor. Using RNA-seq to profile a series of human prostate cancer specimens laser capture microdissected on the basis of MYC immunohistochemistry, MYC activity, and MEIS1 expression were inversely correlated. Knockdown of MYC expression in prostate cancer cells increased the expression of MEIS1 and increased the occupancy of MYC at the MEIS1 locus. Finally, we show in laser capture microdissected human prostate cancer samples and the prostate TCGA cohort that MEIS1 expression is inversely proportional to AR activity as well as HOXB13, a known interacting protein of both AR and MEIS1. Collectively, our data demonstrate that elevated MYC in a subset of primary prostate cancers functions in a negative role in regulating MEIS1 expression, and that this down-regulation may contribute to MYC-driven development and progression.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteína Meis1/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação para Baixo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Proteína Meis1/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Localized prostate cancers are genetically variable and frequently multifocal, comprising spatially distinct regions with multiple independently-evolving clones. To date there is no understanding of whether this variability can influence management decisions for patients with prostate tumors. Here, we present a single case from a clinical trial of neoadjuvant intense androgen deprivation therapy. A patient was diagnosed with a large semi-contiguous tumor by imaging, histologically composed of a large Gleason score 9 tumor with an adjacent Gleason score 7 nodule. DNA sequencing demonstrates these are two independent tumors, as only the Gleason 9 tumor harbors single-copy losses of PTEN and TP53. The PTEN/TP53-deficient tumor demonstrates treatment resistance, selecting for subclones with mutations to the remaining copies of PTEN and TP53, while the Gleason 7 PTEN-intact tumor is almost entirely ablated. These findings indicate that spatiogenetic variability is a major confounder for personalized treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/genética , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/patologia , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/deficiência , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/deficiência , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with a survival benefit in several tumour types and with the response to immunotherapy1-8. However, the reason some tumours have high CD8 T cell infiltration while others do not remains unclear. Here we investigate the requirements for maintaining a CD8 T cell response against human cancer. We find that CD8 T cells within tumours consist of distinct populations of terminally differentiated and stem-like cells. On proliferation, stem-like CD8 T cells give rise to more terminally differentiated, effector-molecule-expressing daughter cells. For many T cells to infiltrate the tumour, it is critical that this effector differentiation process occur. In addition, we show that these stem-like T cells reside in dense antigen-presenting-cell niches within the tumour, and that tumours that fail to form these structures are not extensively infiltrated by T cells. Patients with progressive disease lack these immune niches, suggesting that niche breakdown may be a key mechanism of immune escape.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/citologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Apresentação de Antígeno/genética , Apresentação de Antígeno/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Epigênese Genética , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neoplasias/patologia , Nicho de Células-Tronco/imunologia , Transcrição Gênica , Evasão Tumoral/genética , Evasão Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Despite decreased screening-based detection of clinically insignificant tumors, most diagnosed prostate cancers are still indolent, indicating a need for better strategies for detection of clinically significant disease before treatment. We hypothesized that patients with detectable circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) were more likely to harbor aggressive disease. METHODS: We applied ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing to profile cell-free DNA from 112 patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and performed targeted resequencing of plasma DNA for somatic mutations previously identified in matched solid tumor in nine cases. We also performed similar analyses of data from patients with metastatic prostate cancer. RESULTS: In all cases of localized prostate cancer, even in clinically high-risk patients who subsequently had recurrent disease, ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing and targeted resequencing did not detect ctDNA in plasma acquired before surgery or before recurrence. In contrast, using both approaches, ctDNA was detected in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate clear differences between localized and advanced prostate cancer with respect to the dissemination and detectability of ctDNA. Because allele-specific alterations in ctDNA are below the threshold for detection in localized prostate cancer, other approaches to identify cell-free nucleic acids of tumor origin may demonstrate better specificity for aggressive disease.
RESUMO
Early growth response-1 (EGR1) is a transcription factor correlated with prostate cancer (PC) progression in a variety of contexts. For example, EGR1 levels increase in response to suppressed androgen receptor signaling or loss of the tumor suppressor, PTEN. EGR1 has been shown to regulate genes influencing proliferation, apoptosis, immune cell activation, and matrix degradation, among others. Despite this, the impact of EGR1 on PC metastatic colonization is unclear. We demonstrate using a PC model (DU145/RasB1) of bone and brain metastasis that EGR1 expression regulates angiogenic and osteoclastogenic properties of metastases. We have shown previously that FN14 (TNFRSF12A) and downstream NF-κB signaling is required for metastasis in this model. Here we demonstrate that FN14 ligation also leads to NF-κB-independent, MEK-dependent EGR1 expression. EGR1-depletion in DU145/RasB1 cells reduced both the number and size of metastases but did not affect primary tumor growth. Decreased EGR1 expression led to reduced blood vessel density in brain and bone metastases as well as decreased osteolytic bone lesion area and reduced numbers of osteoclasts at the bone-tumor interface. TWEAK (TNFSF12) induced several EGR1-dependent angiogenic and osteoclastogenic factors (e.g., PDGFA, TGFB1, SPP1, IL6, IL8, and TGFA, among others). Consistent with this, in clinical samples of PC, the level of several genes encoding angiogenic/osteoclastogenic pathway effectors correlated with EGR1 levels. Thus, we show here that EGR1 has a direct effect on prostate cancer metastases. EGR1 regulates angiogenic and osteoclastogenic factors, informing the underlying signaling networks that impact autonomous and microenvironmental mechanisms of cancer metastases.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/fisiologia , Neovascularização Patológica/genética , Osteogênese/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/irrigação sanguínea , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Animais , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Proteína 1 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Metástase Neoplásica , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Células PC-3 , Neoplasias da Próstata/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Células RAW 264.7 , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
The development of new treatments for castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) must address such challenges as intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity. Combined PTEN/TP53 alterations represent a major genotype of CRPC (25-30%) and are associated with poor outcomes. Using tumor-derived, castration-resistant Pten/Tp53 null luminal prostate cells for comprehensive, high-throughput, mechanism-based screening, we identified several vulnerabilities among >1900 compounds, including inhibitors of: PI3K/AKT/mTOR, the proteasome, the cell cycle, heat shock proteins, DNA repair, NFκB, MAPK, and epigenetic modifiers. HSP90 inhibitors were one of the most active compound classes in the screen and have clinical potential for use in drug combinations to enhance efficacy and delay the development of resistance. To inform future design of rational drug combinations, we tested ganetespib, a potent second-generation HSP90 inhibitor, as a single agent in multiple CRPC genotypes and phenotypes. Ganetespib decreased growth of endogenous Pten/Tp53 null tumors, confirming therapeutic activity in situ. Fifteen human CRPC LuCaP PDX-derived organoid models were assayed for responses to 110 drugs, and HSP90 inhibitors (ganetespib and onalespib) were among the select group of drugs (<10%) that demonstrated broad activity (>75% of models) at high potency (IC50 <1 µM). Ganetespib inhibits multiple targets, including AR and PI3K pathways, which regulate mutually compensatory growth and survival signals in some forms of CRPC. Combined with castration, ganetespib displayed deeper PDX tumor regressions and delayed castration resistance relative to either monotherapy. In all, comprehensive data from near-patient models presents novel contexts for HSP90 inhibition in multiple CRPC genotypes and phenotypes, expands upon HSP90 inhibitors as simultaneous inhibitors of oncogenic signaling and resistance mechanisms, and suggests utility for combined HSP90/AR inhibition in CRPC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Andrógenos/farmacologia , Animais , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Genótipo , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Isoindóis/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Triazóis/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto/métodosRESUMO
Tumor cells initiate platelet activation leading to the secretion of bioactive molecules, which promote metastasis. Platelet receptors on tumors have not been well-characterized, resulting in a critical gap in knowledge concerning platelet-promoted metastasis. We identify a direct interaction between platelets and tumor CD97 that stimulates rapid bidirectional signaling. CD97, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is an overexpressed tumor antigen in several cancer types. Purified CD97 extracellular domain or tumor cell-associated CD97 stimulated platelet activation. CD97-initiated platelet activation led to granule secretion, including the release of ATP, a mediator of endothelial junction disruption. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) derived from platelets induced tumor invasiveness via proximal CD97-LPAR heterodimer signaling, coupling coincident tumor cell migration and vascular permeability to promote transendothelial migration. Consistent with this, CD97 was necessary for tumor cell-induced vascular permeability in vivo and metastasis formation in preclinical models. These findings support targeted blockade of tumor CD97 as an approach to ameliorate metastatic spread.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Antígenos CD/genética , Plaquetas/citologia , Adesão Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Dimerização , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/farmacologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Humanos , Lisofosfolipídeos/farmacologia , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores de Ácidos Lisofosfatídicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Ácidos Lisofosfatídicos/metabolismo , Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
One of the hallmarks of the malignant transformation of epithelial tissue is the modulation of stromal components of the microenvironment. In particular, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening enhances tumor growth and survival and promotes metastasis. Type I collagen is one of the major ECM components. It serves as a scaffold protein in the stroma contributing to the tissue's mechanical properties, imparting tensile strength and rigidity to tissues such as those of the skin, tendons, and lungs. Here we investigate the effects of intrinsic spatial heterogeneities due to fibrillar architecture, pore size and ligand density on the microscale and bulk mechanical properties of the ECM. Type I collagen hydrogels with topologies tuned by polymerization temperature and concentration to mimic physico-chemical properties of a normal tissue and tumor microenvironment were measured by in situ-calibrated Active Microrheology by Optical Trapping revealing significantly different microscale complex shear moduli at Hz-kHz frequencies and two orders of magnitude of strain amplitude that we compared to data from bulk rheology measurements. Access to higher frequencies enabled observation of transitions from elastic to viscous behavior that occur at ~200Hz to 2750Hz, which largely was dependent on tissue architecture well outside the dynamic range of instrument acquisition possible with SAOS bulk rheology. We determined that mouse melanoma tumors and human breast tumors displayed complex moduli ~5-1000 Pa, increasing with frequency and displaying a nonlinear stress-strain response. Thus, we show the feasibility of a mechanical biopsy in efforts to provide a diagnostic tool to aid in the design of therapeutics complementary to those based on standard histopathology.
RESUMO
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies, with no effective treatment currently available. Previously, we identified agents active against ATC cells, both in vitro and in vivo, using quantitative high-throughput screening of 3282 clinically approved drugs and small molecules. Here, we report that combining two of these active agents, carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, and CUDC-101, a histone deacetylase and multi-kinase inhibitor, results in increased, synergistic activity in ATC cells. The combination of carfilzomib and CUDC-101 synergistically inhibited cellular proliferation and caused cell death in multiple ATC cell lines harboring various driver mutations observed in human ATC tumors. This increased anti-ATC effect was associated with a synergistically enhanced G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased caspase 3/7 activity induced by the drug combination. Mechanistically, treatment with carfilzomib and CUDC-101 increased p21 expression and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein cleavage. Our results suggest that combining carfilzomib and CUDC-101 would offer an effective therapeutic strategy to treat ATC.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Humanos , Mutação , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Carcinoma Anaplásico da Tireoide/genética , Carcinoma Anaplásico da Tireoide/metabolismo , Carcinoma Anaplásico da Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologiaRESUMO
Primary prostate cancer almost always has a luminal phenotype. However, little is known about the stem/progenitor properties of transformed cells within tumors. Using the aggressive Pten/Tp53-null mouse model of prostate cancer, we show that two classes of luminal progenitors exist within a tumor. Not only did tumors contain previously described multipotent progenitors, but also a major population of committed luminal progenitors. Luminal cells, sorted directly from tumors or grown as organoids, initiated tumors of adenocarcinoma or multilineage histological phenotypes, which is consistent with luminal and multipotent differentiation potentials, respectively. Moreover, using organoids we show that the ability of luminal-committed progenitors to self-renew is a tumor-specific property, absent in benign luminal cells. Finally, a significant fraction of luminal progenitors survived in vivo castration. In all, these data reveal two luminal tumor populations with different stem/progenitor cell capacities, providing insight into prostate cancer cells that initiate tumors and can influence treatment response.