Work hard and sleep better: Work autonomy attenuates the longitudinal effect of workaholism on sleep problem among Chinese working adults.

The prevalence of workaholism has negative consequences on human health. Lack of sleep, a well-known problem among adults in modern society, is often attributed to overwork as a result of workaholism. Yet there is a lack of empirical research examining how and when workaholism will lead to sleep problems. To answer this question and to examine the longitudinal effect of workaholism on sleep in China, we investigate the mediating role of perceived evening responsibilities of work and the moderating effect of work autonomy. Two hundred and five Chinese working adults (58.0% female) voluntarily completed the online questionnaires at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2; 1-month later). Results showed that workaholism at T1 had a significant and positive correlation with sleep problem at T2. Further analysis suggested that perceived evening responsibilities of work fully mediated the relationship between workaholism and sleep problem. Work autonomy was shown to buffer the positive effect of workaholism on perceived evening responsibilities of work and attenuate the indirect effect of workaholism on sleep problem. While workers should be made aware of the negative impact of workaholism on sleep, organizations should also consider interventions to enhance employees' autonomy and control of their work.

Work addiction in Chinese white-collar workers: the psychometric properties of its measure and its comorbidity with general anxiety in network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Work addiction (WA) threatens occupation-related health in many countries including China. This research aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), the most common measure of WA, to facilitate relevant studies in Chinese workers. A network analysis was further conducted to identify central and bridge symptoms within the WA-anxiety network to improve intervention practices. METHODS: A total of 694 Chinese white-collar workers completed an online questionnaire survey in March of 2022, and the responses to BWAS from a subsample of 50 participants one month after this survey were also collected. RESULTS: The unidimensionality of BWAS was supported by results of exploratory factor analysis, exploratory graph analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis and we found satisfactory internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability. Multiple-group factor analyses confirmed the measurement invariance of BWAS across genders, districts (i.e., central China, eastern China, western China, and northeastern China), and age groups (i.e., young and middle-aged adults) while the convergent validity of BWAS was demonstrated by its significant correlations with Dutch Work Addiction Scale (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and its criterion validity was indicated by its significant correlations with general anxiety, weekly work hours, and health status (r = -0.16 to 0.31, p < 0.001-0.01). Network analysis further revealed two central symptoms (WA-tolerance and WA-problems) and three bridge symptoms (WA-problems, WA-mood modification, and mouth dryness of general anxiety) maintaining the WA-anxiety comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that BWAS is a valid measure of WA in Chinese workers and interventions should put special attention to the identified central and bridge symptoms underlying the WA-anxiety network.

Recovery Experiences Protect Emotionally Exhausted White-Collar Workers from Gaming Addiction.

Gaming addiction and its negative consequences have attracted public concern, but relatively little is known regarding its impact on adult workers. This study aims to test the association between gaming addiction and emotional exhaustion as well as the protective effect of recovery experiences on such an association among white-collar workers. We recruited 205 working adults (female = 58%) who voluntarily completed an online questionnaire. The results showed that male and younger workers were more vulnerable to gaming addiction. Emotional exhaustion was significantly and positively associated, while two (i.e., relaxation and control) of the four recovery experiences were negatively correlated with gaming addiction. Control experience had an indirect effect on gaming addiction via emotional exhaustion. Moreover, relaxation experience buffered the risk effect of emotional exhaustion on gaming addiction so that the effect is less pronounced at high levels of relaxation. Interventions are suggested to raise workers' awareness of effective recovery experiences (especially for control and relaxation) and to facilitate their recovery opportunities.

A cross-lagged panel model for testing the bidirectional relationship between depression and smartphone addiction and the influences of maladaptive metacognition on them in Chinese adolescents.

AIMS: Despite the high prevalence of both depression and smartphone addiction among Chinese adolescents, research examining their bidirectional relationship has been limited. Moreover, longitudinal research regarding the influence of maladaptive metacognitive beliefs on smartphone addiction is scarce. This 6-month longitudinal study aimed to address these research gaps by testing a cross-lagged panel model of maladaptive metacognition, depression, and smartphone addiction. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-nine Chinese high school students voluntarily completed an anonymous questionnaire at baseline, and 313 of them (36.1% male; age = 14 to 18; M = 16.88, SD = 0.62) completed the same questionnaire at follow-up. RESULTS: Positive correlations were shown among depression, smartphone addiction, and maladaptive metacognition at both waves (r = 0.16 to 0.57, p < .01). The results of the cross-lagged analysis demonstrated only the prospective effect of depression on smartphone addiction (ß = 0.18, p < .001) but not vice versa. Moreover, maladaptive metacognition assessed at baseline significantly predicted subsequent depression (ß = 0.14, p < .01) but not smartphone addiction (p>.05). Additional path analysis showed a significant indirect effect of baseline maladaptive metacognition (0.099 [95% CI = 0.042, 0.183]) on subsequent smartphone addiction, via depression. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study showed that the relationship between depression and smartphone addiction was unidirectional rather than bidirectional among Chinese adolescents. Specifically, depression predicted smartphone addiction, while maladaptive metacognition predicted depression. Depression also mediated the relationship between maladaptive metacognition and smartphone addiction. The findings suggest that incorporating metacognition and depression interventions into smartphone addiction prevention designs for adolescents may be beneficial.

Changing experiences of work dirtiness, occupational disidentification, and employee withdrawal.

Research and theory concerning "dirty work" has largely focused on how employees cope with stable features of their jobs. From a study of employees' experiences across 6 weekly repeated measurements, we found that within-person increases in experienced dirtiness were positively related to their withdrawal behaviors and job change propensity indirectly through occupational disidentification. Assessed at the between-subjects level, team-oriented leadership moderated the indirect within-person effects of work dirtiness experiences on these outcomes. The relationships between elevations in experienced work dirtiness and occupational disidentification were more strongly positive at lower levels of team-oriented leadership. Analyses also showed that individuals' perceptions of occupational stigma independently moderated the within-person relationship between experienced dirtiness and occupational disidentification. We discuss theoretical implications for the literature on dirty work and practical implications for mitigating the adverse outcomes associated with experienced work dirtiness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

The impact of relational demographics on perceived managerial trustworthiness: similarity or norms?

Perceived trustworthiness is a critical antecedent of interpersonal trust, yet researchers have a limited understanding of how such perceptions are generated. The authors used 2 competing perspectives within the relational demography literature--similarity-attraction and relational norms--to empirically examine the effect of demographic differences. Whereas the similarity-attraction account suggests that subordinates will perceive their managers as more trustworthy when managers and staff are similar in demographic attributes, the relational norms account proposes that subordinates will perceive their managers as more trustworthy when their demographic differences follow normative expectations. Data collected from a field study of 178 manager-subordinate dyads in Hong Kong and Macau support the relational norms account in terms of education and organizational rank. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the study.