Effects of natural antimicrobial compounds propolis and copaiba on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, molecular docking, and in vivo study in Galleria mellonella.

Root canal treatment addresses infectious processes that require control. Occasionally, the radicular pulp is vital and inflamed, presenting a superficial infection. To preserve pulpal remnants, conservative procedures have gained favor, employing anti-inflammatory medications. This study investigated the effects of propolis (PRO), and copaiba oil-resin (COR) associated with hydrocortisone (H) and compared their impact to that of Otosporin® concerning cytotoxic and genotoxic activity, cytokine detection, and toxicity in the Galleria mellonella model. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) were exposed to drug concentrations and evaluated by the MTT assay. Associations were tested from concentrations that did not compromise cell density. Genotoxicity was evaluated through micronucleus counting, while cytokines IL-6 and TGF-ß1 were detected in the cell supernatant using ELISA. Molecular docking simulations were conducted, considering the major compounds identified in PRO, COR, and H. Increasing concentrations of PRO and COR were assessed for acute toxicity in Galleria mellonella model. Cellular assays were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey tests, while larval survivals were evaluated using the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (α = 0.05). PRO and COR promoted PDLFs proliferation, even in conjunction with H. No changes in cell metabolism were observed concerning cytokine levels. The tested materials induce the release of AT1R, proliferating the PDFLs through interactions. PRO and COR had low toxicity in larvae, suggesting safety at tested levels. These findings endorse the potential of PRO and COR in endodontics and present promising applications across medical domains, such as preventive strategies in inflammation, shedding light on their potential development into commercially available drugs.

Biological Activity of Copaiba in Damage to the Alveolar Bone in a Model of Periodontitis Induced in Rats.

Several studies have investigated the effects of natural products in the treatment of diseases. Traditional Amazonian populations commonly use copaiba due to its well-known anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and healing properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of systemic administration of copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. To do so, 21 adult rats were divided into three groups (n = 7 each): a control group, ligature-induced periodontitis group, and ligature-induced periodontitis group treated with copaiba oleoresin (200 mg/kg/day). The ligature remained from day 0 to 14, and the copaiba oleoresin was administered via oral gavage during the last seven days. On day 14, the animals were euthanized, and mandibles were collected for histopathological evaluation and microcomputed tomography analysis. Our data showed that the administration of copaiba considerably reduced the inflammatory profile. Moreover, copaiba oleoresin limited alveolar bone loss, increased trabecular thickness and bone-to-tissue volume ratio, and decreased the number of trabeculae compared with those of the untreated experimental periodontitis group. Our findings provide pioneering evidence that supports the potential of copaiba oleoresin in reducing periodontitis-induced alveolar bone damage in rats.

Tratamento de ferida cirúrgica cutânea em ratos com óleo-resina de copaíba (copaíba reticulata) / Treatment of surgical wounds in rats with copaiba oil-resin (copaiba reticulata)

Foi avaliada a atividade cicatrizante do óleo-resina de copaíba "in natura" em feridas cirúrgicas cutâneas induzidas em ratos. Setenta e dois ratos foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo Controle Negativo (GCN), Grupo Controle Positivo (GCP) e Grupo Óleo-resina de Copaíba (GOC). A avaliação da hiperemia por escore na macroscopia mostrou que a chance de um animal apresentar um grau de hiperemia baixo quando tratado com o óleo-resina de copaíba é 1,46 vezes maior que um animal tratado com ácidos graxos essenciais e 2,14 vezes maiores que a chance de um animal tratado com óleo mineral. Com relação ao infiltrado inflamatório na microscopia a probabilidade de ser menor ocorre no GOC em comparação com os GCN e GCP. Em relação ao tempo de reepitelização, a chance de um animal apresentar uma reepitelização mais lenta tratado com ácidos graxos essenciais é de 1,2 vezes a chance de um animal tratado com óleo-resina de copaíba. A análise histológica mostrou que o tecido cicatricial após o tratamento com óleo-resina de copaíba apresentou maior contração da ferida e consequentemente redução do tamanho da ferida visto pela aproximação de anexos da pele no corte histológico. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com óleo-resina de copaíba proporciona maior contração da ferida e aproximação dos anexos da pele.

The healing activity of "in natura" oil-resin of copaíba resin was evaluated in cutaneous surgical wounds induced in rats. Seventy-two rats were divided into three groups: Negative Control Group (GCN), Positive Control Group (GCP) and Copaíba Oil-Resin Group (GOC). Evaluation of hyperemia by macroscopic score showed that the chance of an animal presenting a low degree of hyperemia when treated with copaiba oil-resin is 1.46 times higher than an animal treated with essential fatty acids and 2.14 times greater than the chance of an animal treated with mineral oil. With regard to inflammatory infiltrate under microscopy the probability of being smaller occurs in GOC compared to GCN and GCP. Regarding the time of re-epithelialization, the chance of an animal having a slower reepithelization treated with essential fatty acids is 1.2 times the chance of an animal treated with copaiba oil-resin. Histological analysis showed that cicatricial tissue after treatment with copaiba oil-resin presented greater contraction of the wound due to the approximation of skin attachments. It was concluded that the treatment with copaiba oil-resin provides greater contraction of the wound and approximation of the skin attachments.

Safety and Effectiveness of Copaiba Oleoresin (C. reticulata Ducke) on Inflammation and Tissue Repair of Oral Wounds in Rats.

In traditional communities of the Brazilian Amazon, the copaiba oleoresin (C. reticulata Ducke) is widely known for its therapeutic activity, especially its wound healing and anti-inflammatory actions. Our study aimed to evaluate these effects in oral lesions and the safety of the dosage proposed. A punch biopsy wound was induced on the ventral surface of the tongue of forty-five male Wistar rats under anesthesia. Animals were randomly allocated to one of three groups based on the treatment: control, corticoid and copaiba. A daily dose of each treatment and vehicle was administrated by oral gavage for three consecutive days. Sample collections took place on the third, seventh and 15th days post-wounding for clinical and histopathological analyses. Blood was collected on the third and seventh days for kidneys and liver function tests. Semi-quantitative analyses were performed based on scores of inflammation and reepithelization. Tissue collagen deposition was detected by PicroSirius red staining. Copaiba-treated wounds revealed a smaller wound area, decreased of acute inflammatory reaction and enhanced reepithelization. The levels of kidney and liver function tests did not reveal presence of damage post-treatments. Our findings suggest that copaiba oleoresin is a safe and effective alternative therapy for inflammation and tissue repair of oral wounds in this animal model.

Determination of phenolic and triterpenic compounds in Jatropha gossypiifolia L by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UHPLC-MS/MS)

This work describes the chemical characterization of extracts of Jatropha gossypiifolia (from Amazonia region) concerning the presence of phenolic and triterpenic compounds using Ultra High Perfomance Liquid chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods. The studied compounds belong to the most frequently found classes in medicinal plants (triterpenes, flavonoids, flavones, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, catechins and stilbenes), which have been analyzed as chemical and bioactive markers in hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts. Several polyphenolic compounds identified herein are unprecedented in the scientific literature for this species. The chemical markers identified and quantified in the studied extracts of J. gossypiifolia were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferullic acid, rutin, quercitrin, 3-acetylcoumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, chrysin. α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol. As the majority compounds, (+)-catechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, α-amyrin and β-amyrin were found to be present at mg kg-1 levels. J. gossypiifolia extracts presented a high in vitro activity against different reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl, peroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals). Several polyphenolic compound data presented herein are unprecedented in the scientific literature for this plant species. As a result, this plant can be a new source of bioactive molecules for therapeutic purposes.

Effects of Copaiba Oil Topical Administration on Oral Wound Healing.

The effects of topical copaiba oil extract and topical corticosteroid were assessed on oral wound healing in an in vivo model using 96 male Wistar rats. Traumatic ulcers were caused in the dorsum of the tongue using a 3-mm punch tool. The animals were divided into: Control; Corticosteroid; Placebo and Copaiba oil Group. The animals received two daily applications of the products. The control group received only daily handling. Six rats in each group were euthanized at days 3, 5, 10 and 14. The animals were monitored daily to determine wound status. The weigh was assessed at day 0 and euthanasia day. The percentage of repair was calculated, and histopathological aspects were analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between groups and times of evaluation. Closing time was assessed through the log-rank test. The corticosteroid group lost more weight at days 10 and 14 than the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the healing time of corticosteroid group was longer than the control group (p = 0.007). No differences were observed between the copaiba oil group and the control group. We concluded that topical copaiba oil, in spite of being safe, did not accelerate the process of oral wound healing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copaiba oil-resin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) modulates the inflammation in a model of injury to rats' tongues.

BACKGROUND: The regeneration of integrity and tissue homeostasis after injury is a fundamental property and involves complex biological processes fully dynamic and interconnected. Although there are medications prescribed to accelerate the process of wound healing by reducing the exaggerated inflammatory response, comes the need to search for different compounds of Amazonian biodiversity that can contribute to the acceleration of the healing process. Among these products, the copaiba oil-resin is one of the most prominent feature in this scenario, as they have been reported its medicinal properties. METHODS: Aiming to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and healing effect of copaiba oil-resin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) in transfixing injury of rats' tongues first proceeded up the copaiba oil-resin oral toxicity test in 5 male mice to stipulate the therapeutic dose which was established at 200 mg/kg/day. Then it was induced transfixing injury in a total of 15 Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into three groups based on the treatment: control group, dexamethasone group and copaiba oil-resin group. After 7 days of treatment, histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin was prepared. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (macrophage marker) was performed and analyzed by the cell counter Image J. RESULTS: The acute toxicity test showed that the oil-resin copal has low toxicity. Furthermore, copaiba oil-resin therapy modulates the inflammatory response by decreasing the chronic inflammatory infiltrate, edema and specifically the number of macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the potential of the Amazon region and showed up relevant because therapy with this extract modulates the inflammatory process.

A liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-APPI-MS/MS) method for the determination of triterpenoids in medicinal plant extracts.

An analytical method using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry with toluene as a dopant was developed for the determination of triterpenes in medicinal plant extracts. The 12 compounds determined have been shown to exhibit biological activity, such as gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-tumor effects. The parameters of the atmospheric pressure photoionization interface were optimized to obtain the highest possible sensitivity for all of the compounds. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.4 to 157.9 µg l-1 and 1.3 to 526.4 µg l-1 , respectively. The method was validated and applied to extracts of five medicinal plants species (Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry, Bauhinia variegata var variegata, Bauhinia variegata var alboflava, Cecropia obtuse Trécul and Cecropia palmate Willd) from the Amazonian region. The concentrations of the six triterpenes quantified in the samples ranged from 0.424 mg kg-1 for ursolic acid to 371.96 mg kg-1 for ß-amyrin, which were quantified by using the standard addition method (n = 3). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of Marajó Island, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil / Conhecimento etnoveterinário dos habitantes da Ilha de Marajó, Amazônia Oriental, Brasil

There have been ethnoveterinary reports from around the world investigating plant usage in therapeutic protocols; however, there is no information regarding the ethnoveterinary practices in Brazilian Amazonia. The objective of this work was to register and document the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of the Island of Marajó, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. In the study, interviews were conducted with 50 individuals, with the application of semi-structured questionnaires that were quantitatively analyzed using descriptive statistic methods of frequency distribution. Use-value was calculated to determine the most important species. Samples of plants that were reported to have medicinal value were collected and identified by botanical classification. Fifty plants, distributed among 48 genera and 34 families, were indicated for 21 different medicinal uses. The family Asteraceae had the largest number of reported species; Carapa guianensis Aubl., Copaifera martii Hayne, Crescentia cujete L., Caesalpinia ferrea Mart., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Jatropha curcas L. and Momordica charantia L. were species with highest use- value. The plant parts that were more commonly utilized for the preparation of ethnoveterinary medicines were the leaves (56 percent), bark (18 percent), roots (14 percent), seeds (14 percent) and fruit (8 percent). With regard to usage, tea was reported as a usage method by 56 percent of the informants; most preparations (90.9 percent) utilized only a single plant. In addition to medicinal plants, informants reported using products of animal and mineral origin. The present study contributed to the construction of an inventory of Marajó Island's ethnoveterinary plants, which might be the basis for future scientific validation studies.

Em várias partes do mundo existem relatos etnoveterinários sobre a utilização de plantas em protocolos terapêuticos, entretanto não existem informações disponíveis sobre a etnoveterinária praticada na Amazônia brasileira. Desta forma, objetivou-se documentar o conhecimento etnoveterinário de habitantes da Ilha do Marajó, Amazônia Oriental. Foram realizadas 50 entrevistas individuais com aplicação de questionários semi-estruturados que foram analisados quantitativamente através de estatística descritiva utilizando freqüência de distribuição. O valor de uso foi calculado para determinar as espécies mais importantes. Amostras de plantas com relatos de uso medicinal foram coletadas e identificadas botanicamente. Cinqüenta plantas, distribuídas em 48 gêneros e 34 famílias, foram indicadas para 21 diferentes usos medicinais. A família Asteraceae foi a que teve maior número de espécies citadas e Carapa guianensis Aubl, Crescentia cujete L., Copaifera martii Hayne, Caesalpinia ferrea Mart., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Jatropha curcas L. e Momordica charantia L. foram as espécies com maiores valor de uso. As partes das plantas mais utilizadas para preparo dos medicamentos etnoveterinários foram folhas (56 por cento), cascas (18 por cento), raizes (14 por cento), sementes (14 por cento) e frutos (8 por cento). Quanto à forma de uso o chá foi citado por 56 por cento dos entrevistados e a maioria das preparações (90,9 por cento) utiliza uma só planta. Além das plantas medicinais, os entrevistados relataram o uso de produtos de origem animal e mineral. Esse trabalho contribui para realização de um inventário das plantas utilizadas na etnoveterinária marajoara que pode servir de base de dados para futuros estudos de validação científica.

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda e potencial neurotóxico do óleo-resina de copaíba (Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae) / Assessment of the neurotoxic potential and acute toxicity of copaiba

O óleo-resina de copaíba obtido do gênero Copaifera L., Fabaceae, é largamente utilizado na medicina popular como antiinflamatório, antimicrobiano e antitumoral. Porém, informações sobre seu potencial tóxico são escassos na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a toxicidade oral aguda e os possíveis efeitos neurotóxicos relacionados à ingestão do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae, em ratas Wistar. O estudo foi conduzido com quinze ratas nulíparas distribuídas nos grupos de doses 300 e 2000 mg/kg pc de óleo-resina administrado por gavagem. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que nestas doses não houve sinais clínicos de toxicidade ou neurotoxicidade, alteração no consumo de ração ou alteração no peso corpóreo. A dose letal aguda foi estimada como maior que 2000 mg/kg pc e classificada como categoria 5, segundo o Guia OECD 423. Estes resultados indicam que existe uma relativa margem de segurança para o uso do óleo-resina de copaíba como agente terapêutico, embora estudos toxicológicos adicionais sejam ainda necessários, principalmente com a administração repetida de baixas doses.

Copaiba oil-resin obtained from Copaifera L. genus, Fabaceae, is largely used in popular medicine as antinflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumoral. Information concerning the potential toxicity of this oil is limited in the literature. The goal of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity and the possible neurotoxic effects related to the ingestion of Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae, oil-resin using female Wistar rats. Fifteen nulliparous rats were used and distributed in the experimental groups orally exposed to doses of 300 e 2000 mg/kg bw of oil-resin (gavage). No overt clinical signs of toxicity or neurotoxicity, alteration of food consumption or body weight were observed in the animals at the tested doses. The lethal oral toxicity was estimated to be higher than 2000 mg/kg bw, classified as category 5 according to OECD Guide 423. These results indicate that there is a certain safety margin associated with the use of copaiba as therapeutic agent, although additional toxicological studies are still necessary, mainly using repeated low doses.

Estudo morfoanatômico comparativo entre a poaia (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot) Stokes - Rubiaceae) obtida da região Amazônica (habitat original) e proveniente de processo biotecnológico submetida a diferentes tratamentos de interceptação da radiação solar / Morphoanatomy comparative study between "poaia" (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot) Stokes - Rubiaceae) from the Amazon region (original habitat) and from biotechnology process, subjected to different treatments of interception of solar radiation

A poaia ou ipeca (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes.-Rubiaceae) apesar de seu valor farmacológico e sócio-econômico é cada vez menos freqüente no seu habitat. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo comparativo dos aspectos morfoanatômicos entre a espécie originária da Amazônia Brasileira e a obtida in vitro submetidas a diferentes tratamentos de interceptação de radiação solar, visando, desta forma, dar suporte a estudos com fins de preservação, cultivo, validação farmacognóstica/farmacopéica e ampliar o conhecimento biotecnológico desta espécie. A espécie nativa foi obtida de fragmento de mata (fase vegetativa) e empregada para micropropagação através do cultivo in vitro de fragmentos de segmentos internodais sobre meio de cultivo Murashige & Skoog com o regulador de crescimento BAP (2,0 mg/l de meio). Obtiveram-se plântulas que foram transferidas para casa de vegetação por 2 anos sob dois tipos de ambiente e três diferentes tratamentos de interceptação da radiação solar. Foi feito o estudo morfoanatômico, analisado estatisticamente. Verifica-se que as plantas originadas por processo biotecnológico e submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos apresentam morfologia semelhante à planta nativa, no entanto constatou-se um maior número de raízes secundárias, não há diferença significativa entre larguras e comprimentos de folhas, comprimento de raízes, estípulas, peso de raízes e rizomas. Mas, observou-se diferença estatística no comprimento do caule em relação à nativa.

The poaia or ipeca (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes.-Rubiaceae) although its farmacological and partner-economic value is each less frequent time in its habitat. The objective of this work was to carry through the comparative study of the morpho-anatomics aspects between the originary species of the Brazilian Amazônia and gotten in vitro submitted the different treatments of interception of solar radiation, aiming at, of this form, to give has supported the studies with preservation ends, culture, pharmacognostic/pharmacopeic validation and to extend the biotechnological knowledge of this species. The native species was gotten of breaks up of bush (phase vegetative) and used for micropropagation through the culture in vitro of fragments of internodais segments on way of culture Murashige & Skoog with the plant growth regulator BAP (2.0 mg/l growth). Plantlet was gotten that they had been transferred to house of vegetation per 2 years under two types of environment and three different treatments of interception of the solar radiation. The morpho-anatomic study was made, statistics analyzed. And is verified that the plants originated for biotechnological process and submitted to the different treatments present similar morphology to the native plant, however evidenced a bigger number of secondary roots, does not have significant difference between widths and lengths of leaves, length of roots, internodais, stipules, weight of roots and rhizomes. But, difference was observed statistics in the length of stem in relation to the native.

Cultivo in vitro de eixos embrionários de paricá / In vitro culture of paricá embryonic axes

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a influência do meio de cultura MS normal e com as concentrações dos sais reduzidas à metade (½ MS), a presença de ácido giberélico (AG3) e de ácido cítrico em eixos embrionários de paricá cultivados in vitro. Os eixos embrionários foram extraídos das sementes e inoculados em meio de cultura básico MS e ½ MS, suplementados ou não com ácido cítrico (1 g.L-1) e com AG3 (3 mg.L-1), constituindo 6 tratamentos e 7 repetições. Os eixos embrionários de paricá podem ser cultivados em meio MS com metade das concentrações dos sais, não sendo necessária a adição de ácido cítrico, e a presença de 3 mg.L-1 de AG3 afetou o desenvolvimento das plântulas de paricá.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of normal MS culture medium and at half strength of its salts (½ MS), the presence of gibberellic acid (GA3) and citric acid on the in vitro culture of paricá embryonic axes. The embryonic axes were extracted from seeds and inoculated on basic MS and ½ MS culture media, supplemented or not with citric acid (1 g.L-1) and GA3 (3 mg.L-1), constituting 6 treatments and 7 replications. The embryonic axes of paricá may be cultivated on MS medium at half strength of its salts, the addition of citric acid not being necessary, and the presence of 3 mg.L-1 GA3 affected the development of paricá seedling.

Aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos do colo uterino de ratas ooforectomizadas após aplicaçäo de óleo de copaíba / Morphological and morphometric aspects of the uterine cervix in oophorectomized rats after copaíba oil application

Objetivos: verificar o efeito do óleo de copaíba no colo uterino de ratas ooforectomizadas. Métodos: foram utilizadas 120 ratas adultas distribuídas em 4 grupos: as que receberam aplicaçäo de óleo de copaíba, óleo de milho, água e um grupo sem tratamento. Todos os animais foram submetidos a ooforectomia bilateral e posteriormente mantidos em gaiolas por um período de 20 dias antes de iniciar a aplicaçäo das substâncias. Estas foram administradas via vaginal na dose de 0,3 ml, diariamente, uma vez ao dia até os dias determinados para o sacrifício (7§, 14§ e 21§), sendo sacrificados de cada grupo 5 animais por dia. Resultados: todos os animais do grupo copaíba apresentaram epitélio exuberante, estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, em torno de 10 fileiras de células epiteliais, e lâmina própria com tecido conjuntivo denso, rico em fibroblastos , fibras colágenas, inúmeros vasos sanguíneos e alguns leucócitos. Conclusöes: o óleo de copaíba utilizado neste modelo experimental promoveu espessamento do epitélio do colo uterino, que se apresentava pavimentoso estratificado com queratinizaçäo, além do espessamento progressivo deste epitélio no decorrer dos dias de estudo.

Efeito do óleo de copaíba no comportamento de ratos / Effect of the oil copaíba in the behavior of rats

A utilizaçäo de plantas medicinais é prática muito antiga e difundida nos países do terceiro mundo e cada vez mais utilizada em países do primeiro mundo. No Brasil, a Amazônia que se sobressai pela riqueza de plantas utilizadas na medicina alternativa, e dentre estas, a copaíba se destaca pela larga indicaçäo popular para seu uso. Ao óleo de copaíba é imputada açäo antiinflamatória, sendo a ademinstraçäo por via oral, mais utilizada. Este trabalho visa estudar o comportamento de ratos, após a dministraçäo do óleo de copaíba por sondagem oro-gástrica intermitente (gavagem). utilizou-se 40 ratos, machos, adultos, distribuídos em 4 grupos: grupo Copaíba 0,63 (0,63 ml/kg de óleo de copaíba), grupo Copaíba 0,06 (0,06 ml/kg de óleo de copaíba), grupo Agua (0,63 ml/kg de água), grupo Milho (0,63 ml/kg de óleo de milho). As substâncias foram adminisatradas popr gavagem diariamente durante 14 dias sendo observada a atitude e comportamento dos animais à contençäo, à gavagem e após a gavagem. Foram estudadas ainda a ocorrência de diarréia e a curva ponderal dos animais nos grupos, durante trabalho. Concluiu-se que o óleo de copaíba apresenta com a metodologia empregada, açäo irritante no comportamento de ratos, quando aplicada dosagem de 0,63 ml/kg

Efeito de compostos fenólicos, carvão ativado e do meio físico no desenvolvimento de segmento nodal de Cordia verbenacea L. / Effects of phenolic compounds, activated charcoal and physical media on nodal segment development of Cordia verbenacea L.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de compostos fenólicos, do carvão ativado e do meio físico de cultura na multiplicação in vitro de Cordia verbenacea. Segmento caulinar nodal com 3 a 4cm de comprimento provenientes de mudas com três anos de idade cultivadas em casa de vegetação foram excisados e inoculados com 5mm de comprimento em meio sólido a 0,8 por cento ou líquido de Murashige & Skoog, suplementados isoladamente com 150mg l-1 de floroglucinol, 10mg l-1 de catecol, 20mg l-1 de ácido clorogênico e 0,3 por cento de carvão ativado. O meio líquido de cultivo contendo ácido clorogênico foi o mais eficiente, produzindo em média 3 propágulos por explante, com 13mm. O tratamento menos eficiente no meio líquido foi o floroglucinol e no meio sólido o carvão ativado. No meio de cultura MS sem regulador de crescimento 70 por cento dos propágulos provenientes do meio contendo ácido clorogênico enraizaram, nos demais tratamentos não houve enraizamento.

This paper describes the results of an investigation on effects of phenolic compounds, activated charcoal and culture physical media on in vitro propagation of Cordia verbenacea. Nodal segments with 3 to 4cm lenght from plants with three years old cultured in greenhouse, were excised and inoculated with 5mm lenght in a solid medium or liquid Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 150mg l-1 phloroglucinol, 10mg l-1 cathecol, 20mg l-1 chlorogenic acid and 0.3 percent activated charcoal. The liquid medium supplemented with chlorogenic acid induced in average three propagules per segment with 13mm lenght. Treatments containing phloroglucinol in liquid medium and activated charcoal in solid medium were less effective. Propagules were only observed from culture medium containing chlorogenic acid rooted 70 percent in MS medium without growth regulators.

Efeito de thidiazuron na indução e manutenção de calos de erva-baleeira (Cordia verbenacea L) / Effects of thidiazuron on callus induction and maintenance of Cordia verbenacea L

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do Thidiazuron (TDZ) na formação e manutenção de calos de Cordia verbenacea. Segmentos caulinares com 3 a 4cm de comprimento provenientes de mudas cultivadas em casa de vegetação foram desinfestados em solução contendo hipoclorito de sódio comercial a 30 por cento e duas gotas de detergente por 10 minutos, sendo 5 minutos em agitação. Posteriormente, foram excisados e inoculados com 5mm de tamanho em meio sólido a 0,6 por cento de Murashige & Skoog (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) - MS, complementado com 0,22; 0,68: 2,04 e 6,l3uM de TDZ. A formação de calos ocorreu em todos os tratamentos com 10 a 15 dias de cultivo Os tratamentos que apresentaram o explante com a maior área coberta com calos, em média 75 por cento, foram 2,04 e 6,13miM de TDZ. Somente nesses tratamentos os calos aumentaram de volume e mantiveram a coloração inicial quando transferidos para o meio fresco de cultura. Os tratamentos com menores concentrações de TDZ apresentaram explantes com 50 por cento da área coberta com calos e quando transferidos para o meio fresco de cultura ocorreu a paralisação do crescimento com a posterior morte dos calos.

The influence of thidiazuron on calius formation and maintenance of Corola verbenacea was evaluated. Stem segments with 3 to 4cm length were excisedfrom greenhouse plants and surface sterilized with 30 percent commercial sodium hypochiorite for 10 minutes. Explants were inoculated with 5mm on Murashige and Skoog (MVRASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) - MSsolid médium (0.6 percent) suppiemented with 0.22, 0.68, 2.04 and 6.13muM TDZ. Calius induction was observed 10 to 15 days after incubation. The media contaming, 2.04 and 6.13uM TDZ induced 75 percent expiam with calius. The calius when transferred to fresh culture médium exhibited active growth. The treatments containing lower concentration induced 50 percent expiam with caltus that when transferred to fresh culture médium, showed no development.