Sildenafil Versus Placebo for Early Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Scleroderma (SEPVADIS): protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a leading cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). An important component of SSc patient management is early detection and treatment of PH. Recently the threshold for the diagnosis of PH has been lowered to a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) threshold of > 20 mmHg on right heart catheterization (RHC). However, it is unknown if PH-specific therapy is beneficial in SSc patients with mildly elevated pressure (SSc-MEP, mPAP 21-24 mmHg). METHODS: The SEPVADIS trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of sildenafil in SSc-MEP patients with a target enrollment of 30 patients from two academic sites in the United States. The primary outcome is change in six-minute walk distance after 16 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints include change in pulmonary arterial compliance by RHC and right ventricular function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 16 weeks. Echocardiography, serum N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, and health-related quality of life is being measured at 16 and 52 weeks. DISCUSSION: The SEPVADIS trial will be the first randomized study of sildenafil in SSc-MEP patients. The results of this trial will be used to inform a phase 3 study to investigate the efficacy of treating patients with mild elevations in mPAP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04797286.

Macitentan in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Connective Tissue Disease (CTD-PAH): Real-World Evidence from the Combined OPUS/OrPHeUS Dataset.

INTRODUCTION: Data on real-world clinical practice and outcomes of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH) are scarce. The OPUS/OrPHeUS studies enrolled patients newly initiating macitentan, including those with CTD-PAH. This analysis describes patient characteristics, treatment patterns, outcomes, and safety profiles of patients with CTD-PAH newly initiating macitentan in the US using the OPUS/OrPHeUS combined dataset. METHODS: OPUS was a prospective, US, multicenter, long-term, observational drug registry (April 2014-June 2020). OrPHeUS was a retrospective, US, multicenter medical chart review (October 2013-March 2017). The characteristics, treatment patterns, safety, and outcomes during macitentan treatment of patients with CTD-PAH and its subgroups systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE-PAH), and mixed CTD (MCTD-PAH) were descriptively compared to patients with idiopathic/heritable PAH (I/HPAH). RESULTS: The combined OPUS/OrPHeUS population included 2498 patients with I/HPAH and 1192 patients with CTD-PAH (708 SSc-PAH; 159 SLE-PAH; 124 MCTD-PAH, and 201 other CTD-PAH etiologies). At macitentan initiation for patients with I/HPAH and CTD-PAH, respectively: 61.2 and 69.3% were in World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC) III/IV; median 6-min walk distance was 289 and 279 m; and 58.1 and 65.2% received macitentan as combination therapy. During follow-up, for patients with I/HPAH and CTD-PAH, respectively: median duration of macitentan exposure observed was 14.0 and 15.8 months; 79.0 and 83.0% experienced an adverse event; Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% confidence limits [CL]) of patients free from all-cause hospitalization at 1 year were 60.3% (58.1, 62.4) and 59.3% (56.1, 62.3); and Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CL) of survival at 1 year were 90.5% (89.1, 91.7) and 90.6% (88.6, 92.3). CONCLUSIONS: Macitentan was used in clinical practice in patients with CTD-PAH and its subgroups, including as combination therapy. The safety and tolerability profile of macitentan in patients with CTD-PAH was comparable to that of patients with I/HPAH. TRIAL REGISTRATION: OPsumit® Users Registry (OPUS): NCT02126943; Opsumit® Historical Users cohort (OrPHeUS): NCT03197688; www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Graphical abstract available for this article.

Investigating the "sex paradox" in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Results from the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR).

BACKGROUND: Female sex is a significant risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), yet males with PAH have worse survival - a phenomenon referred to as the "sex paradox" in PAH. METHODS: All adult PAH patients in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR) with congruent sex and gender were included. Baseline differences in demographics, hemodynamics, functional parameters, and quality of life were assessed by sex. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate survival by sex. Mediation analysis was conducted with Cox proportional hazards regression by comparing the unadjusted hazard ratios for sex before and after adjustment for covariates. The plausibility of collider-stratification bias was assessed by modeling how large an unmeasured factor would have to be to generate the observed sex-based mortality differences. Subgroup analysis was performed on idiopathic and incident patients. RESULTS: Among the 1,891 patients included, 75% were female. Compared to men, women had less favorable hemodynamics, lower 6-minute walk distance, more PAH therapies, and worse functional class; however, sex-based differences were less pronounced when accounting for body surface area or expected variability by gender. On multivariate analysis, women had a 48% lower risk of death compared to men (Hazard Ratio 0.52, 95% Confidence interval 0.36 - 0.74, p < 0.001). Modeling found that under reasonable assumptions collider-stratification could account for sex-based differences in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this large registry of PAH patients new to a care center, men had worse survival than women despite having more favorable baseline characteristics. Collider-stratification bias could account for the observed greater mortality among men.

Association between P-pulmonale and respiratory morbidity in COPD: a secondary analysis of the BLOCK-COPD trial.

RATIONALE: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD confers increased risk of exacerbations (ECOPD). Electrocardiogram (ECG) indicators of PH are prognostic both in PH and COPD. In the Beta-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD (BLOCK-COPD) trial, metoprolol increased risk of severe ECOPD through unclear mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether an ECG indicator of PH, P-pulmonale, would be associated with ECOPD and whether participants with P-pulmonale randomized to metoprolol were at higher risk of ECOPD and worsened respiratory symptoms given the potential detrimental effects of beta-blockers in PH. METHODS: ECGs of 501 participants were analyzed for P-pulmonale (P wave enlargement in lead II). Cox proportional hazards models evaluated for associations between P-pulmonale and time to ECOPD (all and severe) for all participants and by treatment assignment (metoprolol vs. placebo). Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the association between treatment assignment and P-pulmonale on change in symptom scores (measured by CAT and SOBQ). RESULTS: We identified no association between P-pulmonale and risk of any ECOPD or severe ECOPD. However, in individuals with P-pulmonale, metoprolol was associated with increased risk for ECOPD (aHR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.45-5.85). There was no association between metoprolol and ECOPD in individuals without P-pulmonale (aHR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.77-1.31). Individuals with P-pulmonale assigned to metoprolol experienced worsening symptoms (mean increase of 3.95, 95% CI: 1.32-6.58) whereas those assigned to placebo experienced a mean improvement in CAT score of -2.45 (95% CI: -0.30- -4.61). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with P-pulmonale, metoprolol was associated with increased exacerbation risk and worsened symptoms. These findings may explain the findings observed in BLOCK-COPD.

Regional Variation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the United States: The Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry.

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a heterogeneous disease within a complex diagnostic and treatment environment. Other complex heart and lung diseases have substantial regional variation in characteristics and outcomes; however, this has not been previously described in PAH. Objectives: To identify baseline differences between U.S. census regions in the characteristics and outcomes for participants in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR). Methods: Adults with PAH were divided into regional groups (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West), and baseline differences between census regions were presented. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox proportional hazards were used to estimate the association between region and mortality in unadjusted and adjusted models. Results: Substantial differences by census regions were seen in age, race, ethnicity, marital status, employment, insurance payor breakdown, active smoking, and current alcohol use. Differences were also seen in PAH etiology and baseline 6-minute walk distance test results. Treatment characteristics varied by census region, and mortality appeared to be lower in PHAR participants in the West (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.83, P = 0.005). This difference was not readily explained by differences in demographic characteristics, PAH etiology, baseline severity, baseline medication regimen, or disease prevalence. Conclusions: The present study suggests significant regional variation among participants at accredited pulmonary vascular disease centers in multiple baseline characteristics and mortality. This variation may have implications for clinical research planning and represent an important focus for further study to better understand whether there are remediable care aspects that can be addressed in the pursuit of providing equitable care in the United States.

Discordance Between Invasive and NonInvasive Oxygen Saturation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate discordance in oxy-hemoglobin saturation measured both by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas (ABG, SaO2) among critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19(+)) patients compared to COVID-19(-) patients. METHODS: Paired SpO2 and SaO2 readings were collected retrospectively from consecutive adult admissions to four critical care units in the United States between March and May 2020. The primary outcome was the rate of discordance (|SaO2-SpO2|>4%) in COVID-19(+) versus COVID-19(-) patients. The odds each cohort could have been incorrectly categorized as having a PaO2/FiO2 above or below 150 by their SpO2: Fractional inhaled oxygen ratio (pulse oximetry-derived oxyhemoglobin saturation:fraction of inspired oxygen ratio [SF]) was examined. A multivariate regression analysis assessed confounding by clinical differences between cohorts including pH, body temperature, renal replacement therapy at time of blood draw, and self-identified race. RESULTS: There were 263 patients (173 COVID-19(+)) included. The rate of saturation discordance between SaO2 and SpO2 in COVID-19(+) patients was higher than in COVID-19(-) patients (27.9% vs 16.7%, odds ratio [OR] 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11 to 2.27). The average difference between SaO2 and SpO2 for COVID-19(+) patients was -1.24% (limits of agreement, -13.6 to 11.1) versus -0.11 [-10.3 to 10.1] for COVID-19(-) patients. COVID-19(+) patients had higher odds (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.14-5.98) of having an SF that misclassified that patient as having a PaO2:FiO2 ratio above or below 150. There was not an association between discordance and the confounders of pH, body temperature, or renal replacement therapy at time of blood draw. After controlling for self-identified race, the association between COVID-19 status and discordance was lost. CONCLUSIONS: Pulse oximetry was discordant with ABG more often in critically ill COVID-19(+) than COVID-19(-) patients. However, these findings appear to be driven by racial differences between cohorts.

Endothelial Biomarkers of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Despite efforts at early detection, patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) pulmonary hypertension (PH) present with advanced disease. We sought to determine whether endothelial biomarkers (asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA], soluble endoglin [sEng], and pentraxin-3 [PTX-3]) can determine SSc-PH risk or differentiate between SSc-PH subgroups. METHODS: ADMA, sEng, and PTX-3 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in four groups: 1) 18 healthy controls, 2) 74 patients with SSc-PH, 3) 44 patients at high risk for PH features, and 4) 10 patients with low risk for PH features. High-risk features included a diffusion capacity (DLco) less than 55% with a forced vital capacity (FVC) greater than 70%, an FVC/DLco ratio of >1.6, or a right ventricular systolic pressure on an echocardiogram greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg. ADMA, sEng, and PTX-3 were compared between these four groups as well as stratified based on the three SSc-PH clinical classification groups (pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH], left-heart disease, and interstitial lung disease [ILD]). RESULTS: PTX-3 was significantly lower in subjects with SSc at low risk for PH (median 27.0 pg/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 19.0-47.3]; P < 0.003) than the other groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.98, P = 0.0002) to differentiate low risk from high risk for patients with PH. PTX-3 was significantly lower in SSc-PH from disease of the left side of the heart (57.5 pg/ml [IQR 39.8-79.0]; P < 0.01) compared to SSc-PH from either PAH (85.5 pg/ml [IQR 56.3-104.5]) or ILD (90.3 pg/ml [IQR 74.9-111.0]). Neither ADMA nor sEng differed between the four groups. CONCLUSION: PTX-3 is a promising biomarker of PH risk status in patients with SSc as well as a possible marker of precapillary PH, which should be validated in an external cohort.

Pulmonary artery compliance in different forms of pulmonary hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary artery compliance (PAC), estimated as stroke volume (SV) divided by pulmonary artery pulse pressure (PP), may be a predictor of survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Resistance-compliance (RC) time, the product of PAC and pulmonary vascular resistance, is reported to be a physiological constant. We investigated if differences in PAC and RC time exist between pulmonary hypertension (PH) subgroups and examined whether PAC is an independent predictor of transplant-free survival in PAH. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of adult PAH (n=532) and chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH, n=84) patients enrolled in the US Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry from 2015 to 2019. PAC and RC time were compared between PH subgroups (connective tissue disease-PAH (CTD-PAH), idiopathic/heritable-PAH (i/h-PAH), drug/toxin-PAH (d/t-PAH)). Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for transplant-free survival, adjusting for REVEAL 2.0 risk score. RESULTS: There were no differences in estimated PAC between PAH subgroups, nor between PAH and CTEPH. RC time was shorter in CTEPH compared with PAH (median 0.55 (IQR 0.45-0.64) vs 0.62 (0.52-0.73) s, p<0.0001). RC time was shortest in CTD-PAH when compared with i/h-PAH and d/t-PAH ((0.59±0.18) vs (0.65±0.20) vs (0.73±0.25) s, p=0.0001). PAC was associated with transplant-free survival (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.94, p=0.02) but was not an independent predictor of outcome after adjustment for REVEAL 2.0 score. CONCLUSION: PAC was similar between PH groups and was not an independent predictor of transplant-free survival in PAH. RC time was different between PH subgroups, challenging RC time constancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04071327.

Erratum: Health disparities and treatment approaches in portopulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: An analysis of the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/20458940211020913.].

World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set Development for Interstitial Lung Disease.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a scientific method of disability data collection comprised of >1,200 categories describing the spectrum of impairment types (functional, symptoms-based and anatomical) under the bio-psycho-social model with consideration of environmental and personal factors (pf). ICF Core Sets and ICF Checklists are streamlined disease-specific resources for clinical use, service provision, and for use in health economics and health policy. ICF can disclose strengths and weaknesses across multiple patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and help consolidate best-fitting question-items from multiple PROMs. Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), are generally progressive, with restrictive physiology sometimes occurring in the context of multi-organ autoimmunity/inflammatory conditions such as connective tissue diseases (CTDs). In spite of significant associated morbidity and potential disability, ILD has yet to be linked to the ICF. Methods: Each instrument and their question-items within the consensus-recommended core sets for clinical trials in ILD were deconstructed to single concept units, and then linked per updated ICF linkage rules. Inter-linker agreement was established. Three additional subsequently validated measures were also included. Results: One-hundred-eleven ICF categories were identified for ten PROMs and three traditional objective measures that were amenable to ICF linkage. The proportion of agreement ranged from 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.91) to 0.93 (0.76, 0.99) with the overall proportion of inter-linker agreement being very high 0.86 (0.82, 0.89) for the initial instruments, with 94-100% for the three additional PROMs. Thirty-four new 'Personal Factors' emerged to capture disease-specific qualities not elsewhere described in ICF, e.g. 'pf_embarrassed by cough' or 'pf_panic/afraid when can't get a breath'. Conclusion: This first known effort in ICF linkage of ILD has provided important revelations on the current utility of the ICF in lung disease. Results have indicated areas for meaningful assessment of ICF descriptors for lung impairment. The mapping across PROMs provides insight into possibilities of developing more streamline and precise instrumentation. Finally, familiarity with the ICF in ILD may enable clinicians to experience a smoother transition with the imminent harmonization of ICD and ICF, ICD-11.

Implementation of a Longitudinal Critical Care Fellowship Ultrasound Curriculum.

Background: The use of point-of-care ultrasound as a diagnostic and interventional tool is rapidly becoming standard of care in critical care medicine; a standardized training curriculum is needed to ensure provider proficiency. Objective: This study aimed to describe a longitudinal critical care ultrasound (CCUS) curriculum in a pulmonary critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship training program. It evaluated the curriculum's impact on fellows' knowledge, skills, and self-reported confidence and retention of these attributes. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of a longitudinal CCUS training program within a single PCCM fellowship training program. Knowledge, skills, and confidence of 22 fellows were assessed at baseline; after initial training; and at 6, 12, and 18 months in five domains (ultrasound basics, vascular, lung/pleural, abdomen, and cardiac). We quantified changes in CCUS knowledge, confidence, and skills by fellowship class and assessed for longitudinal retention of these three attributes. The difference in scores between new first-year fellows undergoing formal training and second-year fellows with previous informal training was compared at matched time points. Results: After the initial formal training, there was a significant increase in knowledge, skills, and confidence scores, which were maintained or continued to increase up to 18 months. Fellows with 1 year of formal training also had a higher level of knowledge and skills than fellows with 1 year of informal training, although they had similar levels of self-reported confidence in their skills. Conclusion: A formal, longitudinal CCUS curriculum implemented in a PCCM fellowship program improves trainees' knowledge and skills in various ultrasound domains in addition to their confidence in using ultrasound for patient care. A longitudinal curriculum results in retention of all three attributes and appeared to be more effective than an informal training program based on teaching during rounds, but this needs to be replicated in a larger cohort.

Sarcoidosis Illuminations on Living During COVID-19: Patient Experiences of Diagnosis, Management, and Survival Before and During the Pandemic.

Background: Inspired by intense challenges encountered by patients and clinicians, we examined the experiences of living with sarcoidosis in three of the hardest impacted English-speaking cities during the early COVID-19 pandemic: London, New Orleans, and New York. Methods: A multi-disciplinary, multi-national research team including 6 patient leaders conducted qualitative investigations with analyses rooted in grounded theory. Recruitment occurred by self-referral through patient advocacy groups. Results: A total of 28 people living with sarcoidosis participated. The majority of patients had multi-system and severe sarcoidosis. Dominant themes were consistent across groups with differences expressed in spirituality and government and health systems. Racial, gender, and able-bodied inequity were voiced regarding healthcare access and intervention, societal interactions, and COVID-19 exposure and contraction. Agreement regarding extreme disruption in care and communication created concern for disability and survival. Concerns of COVID-19 exposure triggering new sarcoidosis cases or exacerbating established sarcoidosis were expressed. Pre-COVID-19 impediments in sarcoidosis healthcare delivery, medical knowledge, and societal burdens were intensified during the pandemic. Conversely, living with sarcoidosis cultivated personal and operational preparedness for navigating the practicalities and uncertainties of the pandemic. Optimism prevailed that knowledge of sarcoidosis, respiratory, and multi-organ diseases could provide pathways for COVID-19-related therapy and support; however, remorse was expressed regarding pandemic circumstances to draw long-awaited attention to multi-organ system and respiratory conditions. Conclusion: Participants expressed concepts warranting infrastructural and scientific attention. This framework reflects pre- and intra-pandemic voiced needs in sarcoidosis and may be an agent of sensitization and strategy for other serious health conditions. A global query into sarcoidosis will be undertaken.

Use of Handheld Ultrasound to Estimate Right Atrial Pressure in a Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic.

Rationale: Point-of-care ultrasonography is an invaluable asset for inpatient decision-making. Whether handheld ultrasound can be used in the outpatient management of pulmonary hypertension is unknown. Objectives: We investigated whether a handheld ultrasound estimate of right atrial pressure correlates with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and clinical outcome over time in outpatients with pulmonary hypertension. Methods: This prospective study included outpatients in a Pulmonary Hypertension Comprehensive Care Center clinic who had a same-day BNP concentration. We used a handheld ultrasound to measure inferior vena cava size and collapsibility, which were used to estimate right atrial pressure (eRAP) and categorize it as normal, intermediate, or high. Correlation analysis was used to compare these ultrasound measurements with BNP at baseline and over time. Cox regression was used to determine whether these measurements were associated with time to clinical worsening. Results: Ninety patients (60% Group 1 pulmonary hypertension) were enrolled. Patients with an intermediate or high eRAP category at baseline had higher BNP concentrations than patients with normal eRAP. For every transition in eRAP category (e.g., from normal to intermediate) between clinic visits, BNP changed by an average of 155 pg/ml (95% confidence interval [CI], 84-227). Higher baseline eRAP category was independently associated with more than twofold increased risk for clinical worsening (hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.47-4.07). Conclusions: Right atrial pressure estimated by portable handheld ultrasound correlates with BNP at baseline and serially over time. Furthermore, eRAP is independently associated with clinical worsening. The use of portable handheld ultrasound to estimate right atrial pressure should be considered in pulmonary hypertension clinics. Clinical trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02873039).

Health-related quality of life and hospitalizations in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension versus idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: an analysis from the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR).

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare, morbid, potentially curable subtype of pulmonary hypertension that negatively impacts health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Little is known about differences in HRQoL and hospitalization between CTEPH patients and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients. Using multivariable linear regression and mixed effects models, we examined differences in HRQoL assessed by emPHasis-10 (E10) and SF-12 between CTEPH and IPAH patients in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry, a prospective multicenter cohort of patients newly evaluated at a Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for hospitalization amongst the two groups. We included 461 IPAH patients and 169 CTEPH patients. Twenty-one percent of CTEPH patients underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) before the end of follow-up. At baseline, patients with CTEPH had significantly worse HRQoL (higher E10 scores) (ß 2.83, SE 1.11, p = 0.01); however, differences did not persist over time. CTEPH patients had higher rates of hospitalization (excluding the hospitalization for PTE) compared to IPAH patients after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, WHO functional class and six-minute walk distance (IRR 1.66, 95%CI 1.04-2.65, p = 0.03). CTEPH patients who underwent PTE had improved HRQoL as compared to those who were medically managed, but patients who underwent PTE were younger, had higher cardiac outputs and greater six-minute walk distances. In this large, prospective, multicenter cohort, CTEPH patients had significantly worse baseline HRQoL and higher rates of hospitalizations than those with IPAH. CTEPH patients who underwent PTE had significant improvements in HRQoL.

A comprehensive framework for navigating patient care in systemic sclerosis: A global response to the need for improving the practice of diagnostic and preventive strategies in SSc.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), the most lethal of rheumatologic conditions, is the cause of death in >50% of SSc cases, led by pulmonary fibrosis followed by pulmonary hypertension and then scleroderma renal crisis (SRC). Multiple other preventable and treatable SSc-related vascular, cardiac, gastrointestinal, nutritional and musculoskeletal complications can lead to disability and death. Vascular injury with subsequent inflammation transforming to irreversible fibrosis and permanent damage characterizes SSc. Organ involvement is often present early in the disease course of SSc, but requires careful history-taking and vigilance in screening to detect. Inflammation is potentially reversible provided that treatment intensity quells inflammation and other immune mechanisms. In any SSc phenotype, opportunities for early treatment are prone to be under-utilized, especially in slowly progressive phenotypes that, in contrast to severe progressive ILD, indolently accrue irreversible organ damage resulting in later-stage life-limiting complications such as pulmonary hypertension, cardiac involvement, and malnutrition. A single SSc patient visit often requires much more physician and staff time, organization, vigilance, and direct management for multiple organ systems compared to other rheumatic or pulmonary diseases. Efficiency and efficacy of comprehensive SSc care enlists trending of symptoms and bio-data. Financial sustainability of SSc care benefits from understanding insurance reimbursement and health system allocation policies for complex patients. Sharing care between recognised SSc centers and local cardiology/pulmonary/rheumatology/gastroenterology colleagues may prevent complications and poor outcomes, while providing support to local specialists. As scleroderma specialists, we offer a practical framework with tools to facilitate an optimal, comprehensive and sustainable approach to SSc care. Improved health outcomes in SSc relies upon recogntion, management and, to the extent possible, prevention of SSc and treatment-related complications.

Exercise as a multi-modal disease-modifying medicine in systemic sclerosis: An introduction by The Global Fellowship on Rehabilitation and Exercise in Systemic Sclerosis (G-FoRSS).

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogeneous multisystem autoimmune disease whereby its main pathological drivers of disability and damage are vascular injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis. These mechanisms result in diffuse and diverse impairments arising from ischemic circulatory dysfunction leading to painful skin ulceration and calcinosis, neurovascular aberrations hindering gastrointestinal (GI) motility, progressive painful, incapacitating or immobilizing effects of inflammatory and fibrotic effects on the lungs, skin, articular and periarticular structures, and muscle. SSc-related impairments impede routine activities of daily living (ADLs) and disrupt three critical life areas: work, family, social/leisure, and also impact on psychological well-being. Physical activity and exercise are globally recommended; however, for connective tissue diseases, this guidance carries greater impact on inflammatory disease manifestations, recovery, and cardiovascular health. Exercise, through myogenic and vascular phenomena, naturally targets key pathogenic drivers by downregulating multiple inflammatory and fibrotic pathways in serum and tissue, while increasing circulation and vascular repair. G-FoRSS, The Global Fellowship on Rehabilitation and Exercise in Systemic Sclerosis recognizes the scientific basis of and advocates for education and research of exercise as a systemic and targeted SSc disease-modifying treatment. An overview of biophysiological mechanisms of physical activity and exercise are herein imparted for patients, clinicians, and researchers, and applied to SSc disease mechanisms, manifestations, and impairment. A preliminary guidance on exercise in SSc, a research agenda, and the current state of research and outcome measures are set forth.