Strategy for Accurate Diagnosis by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Focal Liver Lesions in Patients Not at High Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an effective strategy for accurate diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLLs) in patients with non-high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2015, consecutive patients with non-high risk for HCC who underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) were included in this retrospective double-reader study. All patients were stratified into 2 different risks (intermediate, low-risk) groups according to criteria based on clinical characteristics, known as clinical risk stratification criteria. For the intermediate-risk group, the CEUS criteria for identifying benign lesions and HCCs were constructed based on selected CEUS features. The diagnostic performance of the clinical risk stratification criteria, and CEUS criteria for identifying benign lesions and HCCs was evaluated. RESULTS: This study included 348 FLLs in 348 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the clinical risk stratification criteria for malignancy was 97.8 and 69.8%. Patients were classified as intermediate risk if they were male, or older than 40 years of age, or HBcAb positive, or having positive tumor markers. Otherwise, patients were classified as low risk. Among the 348 patients, 327 were in the intermediate-risk group and 21 were in the low-risk group. In the intermediate-risk group, the CEUS criteria for identifying benign lesions were any of the following features: 1) hyper/isoenhancement in the arterial phase without washout, 2) nonenhancement in all phases, 3) peripheral discontinuous globular enhancement in the arterial phase, 4) centrifugal enhancement or peripheral enhancement followed by no central enhancement, or 5) enhanced septa. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the CEUS criteria for identifying benign lesions were 94.5, 83.0, and 99.6%, respectively. Arterial phase hyperenhancement followed by mild and late washout (>60 seconds) was more common in HCC patients than in non-HCC patients (P < .001). Using arterial phase hyperenhancement followed by mild and late washout as the CEUS criteria for identifying HCCs, the sensitivity and specificity were 52.6 and 95.3%, but unfortunately, the positive predictive value was only 82.0%. For the low-risk group, no further analysis was performed due to the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Initial clinical risk stratification followed by assessment of certain CEUS features appears to be a promising strategy for the accurate diagnosis of FLLs in patients not at high risk for HCC.

Huge Hepatic Fungal Inflammatory Pseudotumor Misdiagnosed as Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Fungal inflammatory pseudotumor (FIPT) of the liver is a rare disease that may be mistaken for a malignant tumor. It is difficult to diagnose because of its nonspecific clinical and imaging features. We report the case of a 46-year-old Asian man who presented with a mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The patient had undergone transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy at another institution 6 months earlier, but the mass had continued to enlarge. He had no history of chronic hepatitis B, and the serum α-fetoprotein was negative. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and computed tomography images were suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, ultrasound-guided biopsy revealed features of chronic inflammation. The mass was resected and found to be an FIPT. We discuss the details of the case and review related articles.