Care Recipient Controlling and Manipulative Behavior and Caregiver Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Race, Caregiver Resentment, and Mutual Communal Behavior.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We explored whether relationship quality, as measured by mutual communal behavior, would serve as a buffer against caregiver resentment and, consequently, depressive symptoms when care recipients (CRs) engage in problem behavior (i.e., controlling and manipulative behavior [CMB]). Using the common core model of caregiver distress, we hypothesized that caregiver resentment would explain why caregivers were depressed when their CRs engage in CMB. We predicted that the indirect effect of CRCMB on depressive symptoms via resentment would depend on the strength of the communal bond between the caregiver and CR. Resentment was expected to play a significant role in explaining the association between CRCMB and depressive symptoms for caregivers in less communal relationships, but a small or nonexistent role for those in highly communal relationships. We also investigated whether these effects were different for Black and White caregivers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were obtained from 187 Black and 247 White caregivers from the second Family Relationships in Late Life Project. Before testing our model, we confirmed the measurement equivalence/invariance of the four scales used in this study. RESULTS: Resentment mediated the association between CRCMB and depressive symptoms. However, the indirect effect was larger among highly communal caregivers. Caregiver race did not moderate the moderated mediation. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The communal bond between the caregiver and CR does not entirely protect the caregiver from depressive symptoms, particularly among highly communal caregivers. Interventions aimed at improving caregiver outcomes should acknowledge the unique vulnerabilities of caregivers in close relationships.

Do State and Trait Measures Measure States and Traits? The Case of Community-Dwelling Caregivers of Older Adults.

Spielberger's state and trait anxiety and anger scales are widely used and documented, but there is little or no direct evidence that they actually measure their respective state and trait aspects as was intended. We conducted latent state-trait analyses on data collected from 310 community-dwelling caregivers of older adult care recipients and found that (a) both state and trait scales reflected a mixture of state and trait aspects of their latent constructs, (b) state scales reflected more state-like variance than did corresponding trait scales, but (c) both state and trait scales were dominated by stable trait-like variance. Follow-up bivariate latent state-trait analyses indicated that correlations between trait components of anger and anxiety correlated more strongly with trait components of caregiver-care recipient mutually communal behavior and care recipient problem behavior than did state-state component correlations. Implications for the measurement of state and trait components of psychological constructs are discussed.

A Trait-State Model of Trust Propensity: Evidence From Two Career Transitions.

Trust propensity is typically conceptualized as a stable, trait-like, exogenous variable. Drawing on the social investment principle of personality change, we argue that trust propensity has situationally specific components and is likely to be less stable during periods of career transition. Using a latent curve-latent state-trait model, we present evidence that suggests that trust propensity has stable (trait) and unstable (state) components during career transition periods and that it has the potential to change over time. Our results are replicated across two, transitional workplace populations during a process of (re)socialization into an organization. In our second study, we also expand our focus to examine correlates of trust propensity and demonstrate the relationship between state and trait trust propensity and cognitive depletion. Our paper significantly extends knowledge of the nature of trust propensity and raises questions about the stability of this construct, one of the core tenets of trust theory.

Acculturated and acultura'os: Testing bidimensional acculturation across central Florida and island Puerto Ricans.

OBJECTIVES: Two studies and data sources were used to empirically compare and cross-validate three bidimensional acculturation measurement models. METHOD: Following a cross-sectional design and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Study 1 examined the models in a sample of Central Florida Puerto Ricans (n = 484). In Study 2, the measurement model was retested on a separate sample of island Puerto Ricans (n = 399). To ensure adequate comparisons across the two samples, measurement invariance tests were performed. RESULTS: A bidimensional six-factor model (B6F) resulted in the best model fit for both samples. Results indicated full configural, metric, uniqueness, factor variance, covariance, and partial scalar invariance between the 2 groups. An examination of mean differences between the samples revealed that Central Florida Puerto Ricans had a significantly stronger endorsement of Puerto Rican and European American values than those living in the island. CONCLUSIONS: This examination revealed that both groups share the same acculturation structure. That is, acculturation among Central Florida and island Puerto Ricans can be conceptualized as a bidimensional construct of simultaneous adherence to Puerto Rican and European American cultural aspects across behavioral, values, and ethnic identity domains. The B6F model of island Puerto Rican acculturation suggests that even in the absence of a migration experience, island Puerto Ricans may experience bidimensional and multifaceted acculturation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A Reformulated Correlated Trait-Correlated Method Model for Multitrait-Multimethod Data Effectively Increases Convergence and Admissibility Rates.

The correlated trait-correlated method (CTCM) model for the analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data is known to suffer convergence and admissibility (C&A) problems. We describe a little known and seldom applied reparameterized version of this model (CTCM-R) based on Rindskopf's reparameterization of the simpler confirmatory factor analysis model. In a Monte Carlo study, we compare the CTCM, CTCM-R, and the correlated trait-correlated uniqueness (CTCU) models in terms of C&A, model fit, and parameter estimation bias. The CTCM-R model largely avoided C&A problems associated with the more traditional CTCM model, producing C&A solutions nearly as often as the CTCU model, but also avoiding parameter estimation biases known to plague the CTCU model. As such, the CTCM-R model is an attractive alternative for the analysis of MTMM data.

A taxonomy of path-related goodness-of-fit indices and recommended criterion values.

Almost all goodness-of-fit indexes (GFIs) for latent variable structural equation models are global GFIs that simultaneously assess the fits of the measurement and structural portions of the model. In one sense, this is an elegant feature of overall model GFIs, but in another sense, it is unfortunate as the fits of the 2 different portions of the model cannot be assessed independently. We (a) review the developing literature on this issue, (b) propose 6 new GFIs that are designed to evaluate the structural portion of latent variable models independently of the measurement model, (c) that are couched within a general taxonomy of James, Mulaik, and Brett's (1982) Conditions 9 and 10 for causal inference from nonexperimental data, (d) conduct a Monte Carlo simulation of the usefulness of these 6 new GFIs for model selection, and (e) on the basis of simulation results provide recommended criteria for 4 of them. Supplemental analyses also compare 2 of the new GFIs to 2 other structural model selection strategies currently in use. (PsycINFO Database Record

Convergence, Admissibility, and Fit of Alternative Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models for MTMM Data.

We compared six different analytic models for multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data in terms of convergence, admissibility, and model fit to 258 samples of previously reported data. Two well-known models, the correlated trait-correlated method (CTCM) and the correlated trait-correlated uniqueness (CTCU) models, were fit for reference purposes in comparison to four other under- or unstudied models, including (a) Rindskopf's reparameterization of the CTCM (CTCM-R) model, (b) a correlated trait-constrained uncorrelated method model and two of its more general cases, (c) a correlated trait-constrained correlated method model, and (d) a correlated trait-uncorrelated method model. Results show that (a) the CTCM-R model often solved convergence and admissibility problems with the CTCM model at rates equivalent to the CTCU model and (b) constrained models often provided convergent and admissible solutions but significantly worse model fit, indicating that they are often not plausible when analyzing real data. A follow-up simulation study showed that the CTCM-R model also provided the most accurate estimates of the full range of parameters relevant to a confirmatory factor analytic model of MTMM data.

A review of the content, criterion-related, and construct-related validity of assessment center exercises.

This study uses meta-analysis and a qualitative review of exercise descriptions to evaluate the content, criterion-related, construct, and incremental validity of 5 commonly used types of assessment center (AC) exercises. First, we present a meta-analysis of the relationship between 5 types of AC exercises with (a) the other exercise types, (b) the 5-factor model of personality, (c) general mental ability (GMA), and (d) relevant criterion variables. All 5 types of exercises were significantly related to criterion variables (ρ = .16-.19). The nomological network analyses suggested that the exercises tend to be modestly associated with GMA, Extraversion and, to a lesser extent, Openness to Experience but largely unrelated to Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability. Finally, despite sparse reporting in primary studies, a content analysis of exercise descriptions yielded some evidence of complexity, ambiguity, interpersonal interaction, and fidelity but not necessarily interdependence. (PsycINFO Database Record

Multidimensional examination of impulsivity in relation to disordered gambling.

Impulsivity has been consistently associated with pathological gambling (PG), but the diversity of definitions and measures of impulsivity has led to ambiguity with regard to which indices are independently relevant. Toward clarifying this relationship, the current study examined indices from an array of commonly used impulsivity measures in relation to PG severity in an adult community sample of frequent gamblers (N = 353). These included both survey assessments and behavioral tasks. Using a factor analytic approach, 4 latent factors were identified among 19 indices and were designated reward sensitivity, punishment sensitivity, delay discounting, and cognitive impulsivity. All 4 latent variables were positively and independently related to PG severity, albeit at a trend level for cognitive impulsivity in a combined model. These findings reveal 4 generally independent domains of impulsivity that are related to PG severity, clarify which assessment measures aggregate in each domain, and illustrate the importance of measurement specificity in studying impulsivity in relation to PG and other psychiatric disorders.

Evaluating the South Oaks Gambling Screen with DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria: results from a diverse community sample of gamblers.

Despite widespread use, the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) has been criticized for excessive false positives as an indicator of pathological gambling (PG), and for items that misalign with PG criteria. We examine the relationship between SOGS scores and PG symptoms and convergent validity with regard to personality, mood, and addictive behaviors in a sample of 353 gamblers. SOGS scores correlated r = .66 with both DSM-IV and DSM-5 symptoms, and they manifested similar correlations with external criteria (intraclass correlation of .95). However, 195 false positives and 1 false negative were observed when using the recommended cut point, yielding an 81% false alarm rate. For uses with DSM-IV criteria, a cut point of 10 would retain high sensitivity with greater specificity and fewer false positives. For DSM-5 criteria, we advocate a cut point of 8 for use as a clinical screen and a cut point of 12 for prevalence and pseudo-experimental studies.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version in healthy adults and application to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) is a questionnaire measure designed to assess executive functioning in everyday life. Analysis of data from the BRIEF-A standardization sample yielded a two-factor solution (labeled Behavioral Regulation and Metacognition). The present investigation employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate four alternative models of the factor structure of the BRIEF-A self-report form in a sample of 524 healthy young adults. Results indicated that a three-factor model best fits the data: a Metacognition factor, a Behavioral Regulation factor consisting of the Inhibit and Self-Monitor scales, and an Emotional Regulation factor composed of the Emotional Control and Shift scales. The three factors contributed 14%, 19%, and 24% of unique variance to the model, respectively, and a second-order general factor accounted for 41% of variance overall. This three-factor solution is consistent with recent CFAs of the Parent report form of the BRIEF. Furthermore, although the Behavioral Regulation factor score in the two-factor model did not differ between adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and a matched healthy comparison group, greater impairment on the Behavioral Regulation factor but not the Emotional Regulation factor was found using the three-factor model. Together, these findings support the multidimensional nature of executive function and the clinical relevance of a three-factor model of the BRIEF-A.

Psychopathy and the prediction of alcohol-related physical aggression: the roles of impulsive antisociality and fearless dominance.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that individual difference factors modulate aggression under the acute effects of alcohol. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that one core dimension of psychopathy, Impulsive Antisociality, would modulate intoxicated aggression, whereas another dimension, Fearless Dominance, would not. METHODS: Participants were 516 young social drinkers (253 men and 263 women). Psychopathy was measured using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld and Andrews, 1996). Following the consumption of either an alcohol or a placebo beverage, aggression was measured with a task in which participants administered and received electric shocks to/from a fictitious opponent under the guise of a competitive reaction-time task. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses supported our hypothesis: Impulsive Antisociality predicted aggression under alcohol, whereas Fearless Dominance did not. CONCLUSIONS: Persons who tend to endorse antisocial and impulsive externalizing behaviors appear to be at greater risk for aggression under the acute influence of alcohol.

Personality correlates of pathological gambling derived from Big Three and Big Five personality models.

Personality traits have proved to be consistent and important factors in a variety of externalizing behaviors including addiction, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Given the comorbidity of these behaviors with pathological gambling (PG), it is important to test the degree to which PG shares these trait correlates. In a large community sample of regular gamblers (N=354; 111 with diagnoses of pathological gambling), the relations between measures of two major models of personality - Big Three and Big Five - were examined in relation to PG symptoms derived from a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Across measures, traits related to the experience of strong negative emotions were the most consistent correlates of PG, regardless of whether they were analyzed using bivariate or multivariate analyses. In several instances, however, the relations between personality and PG were moderated by demographic variable such as gender, race, and age. It will be important for future empirical work of this nature to pay closer attention to potentially important moderators of these relations.

Quality of informal care is multidimensional.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that assessing quality of informal care involves more than merely determining whether care recipient needs for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) are routinely satisfied. We investigated the extent to which potentially harmful behavior (PHB), adequate care, and exemplary care (EC) are empirically distinct dimensions of quality of care. DESIGN: 237 care recipients completed the quality of care measures, and their caregivers completed psychosocial measures of their own depression, life events, cognitive status, and perceptions of pre-illness relationship quality. RESULTS: Although PHB was moderately related to EC, adequate care was not associated with PHB and was only slightly related to EC. Psychosocial variables were not related to adequate care but were differentially associated with PHB and EC, providing additional evidence for the distinction between these measures of quality of care. CONCLUSIONS: ADL assistance can be adequate in the presence of PHB and/or the absence of EC. Declines in EC may signal increases in PHB, independent of adequacy of care. These findings produce a brief, portable, and more comprehensive instrument for assessing quality of informal care.

Explaining fruit and vegetable intake using a consumer marketing tool.

In response to calls to reinvent the 5 A Day fruit and vegetable campaign, this study assesses the utility of VALS, a consumer-based audience segmentation tool that divides the U.S. population into groups leading similar lifestyles. The study examines whether the impact of theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs varies across VALS groups in a cross-sectional sample of 1,588 U.S. adults. In a multigroup structural equation model, the VALS audience group variable moderated latent TPB relationships. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control explained 57% to 70% of the variation in intention to eat fruit and vegetables across 5 different VALS groups. Perceived behavioral control and intention also predicted self-reported consumption behavior (R2 = 20% to 71% across VALS groups). Bivariate z tests were calculated to determine statistical differences in parameter estimates across groups. Nine of the bivariate z tests were statistically significant (p < or = .04), with standardized coefficients ranging from .05 to .70. These findings confirm the efficacy of using the TPB to explain variation in fruit and vegetable consumption as well as the validity of using a consumer-based algorithm to segment audiences for fruit and vegetable consumption messaging.

Intentions to initiate mentoring relationships: understanding the impact of race, proactivity, feelings of deprivation, and relationship roles.

The authors used a within-subjects experiment to examine the following influences on intentions to initiate informal mentorship: race similarity (RS), proactivity, feelings of race-related fraternal relative deprivation (RD), and roles in the potential mentoring dyads (roles). The authors instructed 126 White participants to assume the roles of upperclassmen or freshmen, provided them with the profiles of 12 potential protégés or mentors, and asked them to indicate their intentions to initiate mentorship. The authors found significant main effects of RS and proactivity, and a significant interaction effect between RS and proactivity. RD moderated the significant main effects. Roles also moderated the significant main effects and the interaction between RS and RD. The findings add to the literature of diversified mentoring and RD.

Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in different lifestyle groups: recommendations for program development based on behavioral research and consumer media data.

Fruit and vegetable consumption affects the etiology of cardiovascular disease as well as many different types of cancers. Still, Americans' consumption of fruit and vegetables is low. This article builds on initial research that assessed the validity of using a consumer-based psychographic audience segmentation in tandem with the theory of planned behavior to explain differences among individuals' consumption of fruit and vegetables. In this article, we integrate the findings from our initial analyses with media and purchase data from each audience segment. We then propose distinct, tailored program suggestions for reinventing social marketing programs focused on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in each segment. Finally, we discuss the implications of utilizing a consumer-based psychographic audience segmentation versus a more traditional readiness-to-change social marketing segmentation. Differences between these two segmentation strategies, such as the ability to access media usage and purchase data, are highlighted and discussed.

Predicting adherence to immunosuppressant therapy: a prospective analysis of the theory of planned behaviour.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to increase the ability to predict renal transplant patients (RTPs) who are most likely to be non-adherent to their immunosuppressant therapy (IST). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-eight RTPs completed questionnaires assessing Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) variables (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control) relevant to intentions to adhere to their IST, with the addition of a general measure of past adherence to medical advice. In the full sample, intentions to adhere to IST was the outcome variable. In a subsample of 70 RTPs, the primary outcome was IST adherence. RESULTS: TPB variables (attitudes, beta = 0.32, P < 0.01; perceived behavioural control, beta = 0.37, P < 0.01; but not subjective norms, beta = -0.001, ns) explained 41% of the variance in intentions to adhere to IST (P < 0.001). Past behaviour predicted perceived behavioural control (beta = 0.67, P < 0.001). Subsample analyses explained 33% (P < 0.001) of the variance in adherence, with intentions and past behaviour being the primary factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: RTPs particularly at risk may be those who have a history of non-adherence to medical advice, especially when they have negative attitudes about IST adherence and feel they have little control over their medication-taking behaviour. Interventions to improve attitudes about IST adherence and control of adherence behaviour are needed.

Examining DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling: psychometric properties and evidence from cognitive biases.

We examined the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling as assessed with the DSM-IV-based Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity (DIGS; Winters, Specker, & Stinchfield, 2002). We first analyzed the psychometric properties of the DIGS, and then assessed the extent to which performance on two judgment and decision-making tasks, the Georgia Gambling Task (Goodie, 2003) and the Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994), related to higher reports of gambling pathology. In a sample of frequent gamblers, we found strong psychometric support for the DSM-IV conception of pathological gambling as measured by the DIGS, predictive relationships between DIGS scores and all cognitive performance measures, and significant differences in performance measures between individuals with and without pathological gambling. Analyses using suggested revisions to the pathological gambling threshold (Stinchfield, 2003) revealed that individuals meeting four of the DSM-IV criteria aligned significantly more with pathological gamblers than with non-pathological gamblers, supporting the suggested change in the cutoff score from five to four symptoms. Discussion focuses on the validity of the DSM-IV criteria as assessed by the DIGS and the role of cognitive biases in pathological gambling.

Development and validation of the immunosuppressant therapy adherence instrument (ITAS).

A five-item scale was developed that asked respondents to indicate how often they were non-adherent to immunosuppressant therapy (IST) given a particular circumstance. Two hundred and twenty-two recipients completed the instrument. Validity of the scale was assessed by correlating composite item scores with refill record adherence rates (RRARs), serum immunosuppressant (IS) concentrations, graft rejection, and increased serum creatinine (SCr) levels. One scale item was deleted due to lack of response variability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the four-item scale was 0.81, demonstrating that the scale has acceptable reliability. All items loaded on a single principal component, suggesting that the scale measures a single adherence construct, which accounted for 64% of the scale items' variance. The four-item scale, adherence measured by IS RRARs, and "target" IS serum concentrations had positive correlations (p < 0.01). Item scores were shown to be negatively related to rejection occurrence and increased SCr (p < 0.05). The immunosuppressant therapy adherence scale is the first published, valid and reliable instrument that measures recipients IST adherence.