Momentary Dynamics Implicate Emotional Features in the ADHD Phenotype.

Emotional dysregulation is increasingly recognized as important to the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype alongside inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Studies of ADHD have relied primarily on trait-based conceptualizations that emphasize stability of symptoms across moderate developmental timescales (i.e., months to years). Trait-based conceptualizations provide a critical view but fail to account for short-term dynamic variations in the expression of ADHD symptoms and emotion. This leaves a gap in our understanding of the short-term variation in ADHD symptom expression and the dynamic relationships among ADHD symptoms and emotion. Here, we assessed caregiver report of ADHD symptoms and positive and negative emotion using ecological momentary approaches over 2 weeks in a sample of 36 children with and without ADHD between the ages of 7-12 years old. Between-person (RKF) and within-person (RC) reliability were estimated. Multilevel models tested specific covariation hypotheses between ADHD symptoms and emotion. Analyses confirmed that ADHD and emotion ratings were reliable as individual differences (i.e., between-person; RKF range 0.93-1.0) and moment-to-moment change (i.e., within-person; Rc range 0.66-0.88) measures. Multilevel models found little evidence for lagged effects between domains, but consistently identified concurrent expression of ADHD symptoms and emotions; inattention covaried most strongly with negative emotion and hyperactivity-impulsivity covaried most strongly with positive emotion. Results demonstrate the importance of complementing trait-level conceptualizations with assessment of momentary dynamics. Momentary assessment suggests important covariation of ADHD symptoms and emotion as part of the ADHD phenotype.

Acting impulsively when "upset": Examining associations among negative urgency, undifferentiated negative affect, and impulsivity using momentary and experimental methods.

INTRODUCTION: Negative urgency is a personality pathway toward impulsive behavior that increases risk for transdiagnostic psychopathology. Limited research supports the core tenant of urgency theory, that is, that individuals with high trait negative urgency act more impulsive when experiencing increased negative emotion. We hypothesized that it may not be negative emotion intensity, but difficulty in differentiating among negative emotions, that prompts impulsive behavior among individuals with elevated negative urgency. METHODS: We tested this hypothesis in 200 undergraduates using both ecological momentary assessment (measured momentary undifferentiated negative affect and impulsivity) and experimental methods (manipulated emotion differentiation and measured behavioral impulsivity). RESULTS: Momentary undifferentiated negative affect predicted impulsivity in the specific domains of work/school and exercise, but interactions between momentary undifferentiated negative affect and negative urgency were not supported. Manipulated emotion differentiation did not impact behavioral impulsivity regardless of negative urgency scores. CONCLUSION: Inconsistent with theory, the impulsive behavior of individuals with negative urgency may not be conditional on elevated or undifferentiated negative affect.

Trait impulsivity moderates rate of alcohol consumption in daily life.

INTRODUCTION: Rate of alcohol consumption, the speed with which people drink, has been linked to a range of outcomes, including alcohol use disorder symptoms and increased positive affect. However, minimal work has identified who is most likely to drink at elevated rates. Impulsivity is associated with increased attention to positive reinforcers specifically (e.g., positive affect). We therefore examined whether people higher in trait impulsivity engage in faster consumption during drinking episodes. METHODS: Participants were current drinkers (N = 113; 54 people with borderline personality disorder [BPD], a disorder that involves elevated impulsivity, and 59 community people) who completed a 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Multilevel models of drinking episodes (Nobservations = 3,444) examined whether self-reported trait impulsivity, measured at baseline, was associated with faster rise in estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) at each follow-up period. RESULTS: All UPPS sub-scales were associated with faster rise in eBAC across a drinking episode. In a multivariate model including all sub-scales as simultaneous predictors, sensation seeking and (lack of) perseverance were independently positively associated with rate of consumption. Additional analyses indicated that greater negative urgency and sensation seeking were associated with faster rises in eBAC in participants with BPD, relative to community comparisons. CONCLUSION: In a sample that captured a wide spectrum of impulsivity, greater impulsivity was associated with drinking alcohol at a faster rate. People higher in sensation seeking and (lack of) perseverance may be prone to drink at faster rates out of a desire to maximize the hedonic effects of alcohol. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study finds that people who are more impulsive tend to drink alcohol faster, putting them at greater risk for negative consequences. This may explain, in part, why impulsivity is linked to experiencing alcohol-related problems.

Momentary assessment of the relations between narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression.

INTRODUCTION: This study explores the associations among narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression using repeated, situation-based measurement. We examine narcissism's relations with aggression across three levels of its theorized hierarchy (level 1: narcissism; level 2: grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissism; level 3: antagonism, agentic extraversion, and narcissistic neuroticism). METHODS: Using an experience-sampling approach, the current study examined the effects of narcissism and its finer-grained components on daily affective experiences and aggressive behaviors in the context of interpersonal interactions. Data were collected from 477 undergraduate students who were instructed to complete four prompts a day for ten consecutive days. RESULTS: Narcissism at the global construct level positively predicted multiple indices of episodic aggression (i.e., aggressive temper, aggressive urge, verbal aggression). At the dual-dimension level, grandiose narcissism specifically predicted aggression, and then at the trifurcated level, interpersonal antagonism predicted aggression by itself and in interaction with event-level negative affect. Negative affect consistently exhibited both within- and between-person effects on aggression. CONCLUSION: In real-life social interactions, narcissism dimensions differentially affect the way individuals experience social interactions and process negative affect, and thus in both research and clinical practice, narcissism is best assessed as a heterogeneous, multidimensional construct.

Religious Coping Is Differentially Associated with Physiological and Subjective Distress Indicators: Comparing Cortisol and Self-Report Patterns.

Use of religious coping in response to life stress is associated with improved mental and physical health outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of religious coping on conscious self-reported and non-conscious physiological stress responses to an acute, real-world stressor to better understand how this benefit may be conferred. This study examined the trajectory of subjective distress and cortisol patterns leading up to and following a stressful college exam using daily diary and ambulatory saliva samples, respectively (N students = 246). Religious coping was not significantly associated with subjective reports of distress. However, prior to the exam, greater use of religious coping was associated with an ostensibly more adaptive accelerated return to a cortisol baseline. This protective effect was no longer significant when the exam was over, suggesting that religious coping acts as a protective buffer against physiological stress responses rather than aiding in subjective recovery from stress.

Do Unified Protocol modules exert general or unique effects on anxiety, depression, and transdiagnostic targets?

Several transdiagnostic cognitive-behavior therapies include multiple treatment components. However, it is unclear whether some components are more efficacious than others at reducing symptoms or whether these components uniquely influence their putative mechanism of change. Participants (N = 70; Mage = 33.7; 67.1% female, 74.3% White) with a primary anxiety or depressive disorder were randomized to one of three standard or personalized sequences of core Unified Protocol modules. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we tested (a) whether the average session-to-session change in anxiety and depression differed between modules and (b) whether the average session-to-session change in the putative mechanism of each module differed between modules. All modules led to similar changes in anxiety, but Confronting Physical Sensations led to significantly less change in depression than other modules. There were no significant differences among modules predicting putative mechanisms of change, although there was a trend for Mindful Emotion Awareness to predict greater improvements in mindfulness than Understanding Emotions. Consistent with its transdiagnostic nature, UP modules may exert similar effects on anxiety and putative mechanisms of change, although interoceptive exposures may be less impactful for changing depressive symptoms and the mindfulness module may promote relatively specific improvements in mindfulness.

Negative affect provides a context for increased distrust in the daily lives of individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.

Evidence on individuals affected by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childhood maltreatment (CM) supports cognitive models suggesting that trauma engenders distrust and interpersonal threat sensitivity. We examined the associations between CM and both distrust and interpersonal threat sensitivity in daily life and investigated whether momentary negative affect (NA) provides a context that strengthens this association. Hypotheses were based on cognitive models of trauma and the feelings-as-information theory. In a 7-day ambulatory assessment study with six semirandom daily prompts (2,295 total), we measured self-reported momentary NA and assessed behavioral trust as well as interpersonal threat sensitivity via facial emotion ratings with two novel experimental paradigms in 61 participants with varying levels of CM (45,900 total trials). As hypothesized, NA was associated with increased momentary distrust, ß = .03, p = .002, and interpersonal threat sensitivity, ß = -.01, p = .021. Higher levels of CM were associated with more negative emotion ratings, independent of affective context, ß = -.07, p = .003. Momentary behavioral distrust was associated with CM at high levels of momentary NA, ß = .02, p = .027. The findings for both tasks support the feelings-as-information theory and suggest that cognitive alterations surrounding distrust and interpersonal threat, which were originally proposed for PTSD, likely also affect individuals with a history of CM.

Introduction and behavioral validation of the climate change distress and impairment scale.

Governmental agencies and the medical and psychological professions are calling for a greater focus on the negative mental health effects of climate change (CC). As a first step, the field needs measures to distinguish affective/emotional distress due to CC from impairment that requires further scientific and diagnostic attention and that may require treatment in the future. To this end, we constructed the climate change distress and impairment scale, which distinguishes CC distress (spanning anger, anxiety, and sadness) from impairment. In four studies (N = 1699), we developed and validated English and German versions of the scale. Across samples, spanning 2021-2022, CC distress was at least moderate, while we observed general moderate to high levels of distress and low to moderate levels of impairment. In three English-speaking samples, younger individuals and women were most affected by CC distress, whereas this was not the case in a German-speaking sample, suggesting sociopolitical influencing factors. We demonstrate convergent validity with previous measures and discriminant validity for general negative affectivity and depressive and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, which underlines that CC distress is not in itself pathological. Employing a fully incentivized social dilemma paradigm, we demonstrate that CC distress and (to a lesser degree) CC impairment predict pro-environmental behavior, underscoring them as possible drivers, and targets, of climate-change mitigation efforts.

Emotion differentiation and intimate partner violence: Effects of provocation and alcohol intoxication.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the impact of relational provocation on intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration as a function of alcohol intoxication and individuals' emotion differentiation (ED; i.e., the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions). We hypothesized that provocation and acute intoxication would be associated with lower ED, such that individuals would demonstrate lower ED following provocation and while intoxicated. We also hypothesized an intoxication-by-ED interaction, such that only individuals who were intoxicated and undifferentiated would perpetrate IPV. METHOD: Two hundred fifty community-based adults completed an aggression paradigm ostensibly with their romantic partners where they were randomly assigned to an alcohol or no-alcohol condition. Participants' ED across positive and negative subscales was calculated at baseline (Time 1), postprovocation and intoxication (Time 2), and postbehavioral aggression (Time 3). IPV was operationalized as the strength and duration of shocks issued to their partner during the aggression paradigm. RESULTS: Both sober and intoxicated participants experienced lower ED following provocation, suggesting a main effect of provocation but no main effect of intoxication. There was a significant alcohol-by-ED interaction in the predicted direction. For intoxicated participants, low ED was associated with greater IPV perpetration. For sober participants, low ED was associated with less IPV perpetration. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with hypotheses, low ED is associated with greater IPV perpetration among intoxicated individuals. In contrast to prior research, low ED was associated with less IPV perpetration among sober individuals. Alcohol-related cognitive impairments may increase the likelihood of IPV perpetration by disrupting the ED process that may otherwise inhibit impulsive aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Temporal dynamics of emotional processing: Parsing trial-wise variance of the late positive potential using Generalizability Theory.

The reliability of individual trial event-related potential (ERP) components extracted from electroencephalogram has been consistently questioned since ERP research began. This ambivalence is based on misunderstood assumptions stemming from Cronbach and Classical Test Theory. Contemporary methods allow for the reliability of individual ERP trials to be estimated and for analyses of these trial-level ERP components to be meaningfully parsed. We illustrate the use of Generalizability Theory procedures in estimating the reliability of trial-level ERPs using the late positive potential (LPP), a neural measure of motivated attention toward emotionally evocative stimuli. Individuals (N = 88) completed a passive viewing task while continuous EEG was recorded. Variability in trial-level LPP responses was decomposed into facets corresponding to individual differences, chronological trial within block, stimulus type, their two-way interactions, and specific stimuli. We estimated various reliability coefficients and found that both overall and category-specific person-level LPP estimates have good-to-excellent reliability, while the reliability of within-person differences (i.e., change) between arousal categories was fair for the early LPP. These results were generally consistent across time windows, but were highest early in the LPP time course. We argue that investigating reliability using trial-level data allows researchers to pursue hypotheses focused on neurophysiological dynamics that unfold over the course of an experiment and not risk false inferences (i.e., ecological fallacy) when using person-level aggregates to deduce such processes. Moreover, such analyses provide information that allows researchers to optimize their protocols by potentially reducing the number of individual trials, burden on participants, and cost, while retaining sufficient reliability.

Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based App for the Longitudinal Assessment of Anxiety in Daily Life.

Current methods to assess human anxiety often ignore that anxiety is a dynamic process and have limitations such as high recall bias and low generalizability to real life. Smartphone apps using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may overcome such limitations. We developed a smartphone app for the longitudinal evaluation of anxiety symptoms using EMA. We assessed the feasibility (retention and compliance) and psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the app over 6 months in a sample of 99 participants with different levels of anxiety. The EMA-based smartphone app was highly feasible. It showed excellent within-person and between-person reliability, high convergent and moderate discriminant validity, and significant incremental validity. Assessing anxiety longitudinally using a smartphone and following EMA principles is feasible and can be reliable and valid. Studies combining EMA-based anxiety longitudinal assessments with other assessment methods deserve further research and may offer novel insights into human anxiety.

Statistical power for longitudinal developmental trajectories: The (non-)impact of age matching within measurement occasions.

Recruiting participants for studies of early-life longitudinal development is challenging, often resulting in practical upper bounds in sample size and missing data due to attrition. These factors pose risks for the statistical power of such studies depending on the intended analytic model. One mitigation strategy is to increase measurement precision by conducting assessments of children as close to a fixed chronological age as possible. We present analyses that illustrate how such practices are only sometimes useful, focusing on cases where temporal trajectories are analyzed using multilevel modeling approaches. Simulations were conducted using results from two studies of longitudinal development. Data were generated according to both continuous and discrete developmental processes and factorially analyzed treating time on either interval, ordinal, or categorical scales. The power to detect continuously generated developmental processes was robust to, and even benefited from, increased variability around target ages. For discrete processes, power was unaffected when modeled ordinally/categorically, but declined steadily if modeled using exact chronological age on an interval scale. Our results suggest that in many circumstances, researchers may be unnecessarily devoting resources toward minimizing age sampling variability when studying functional patterns across time. In fact, when the theoretical developmental process is continuous, increasing the age sampling variability of assessments and utilizing multilevel models in favor of latent growth curve alternatives can be associated with substantial gains rather than reductions in power. Such considerations also extend to limited equivalent formulations of other common developmental models, such as panel analysis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Operationalizing undifferentiated affect: Validity and utility in clinical samples.

Emotion differentiation is conceptualized as the process of categorizing one's general affective experiences into discrete emotions. The experience of undifferentiated affect or the inability to distinguish the particular emotion or combination of emotions that one is experiencing is often considered a hallmark of emotion dysregulation. Some past research has attempted to operationalize the general tendency to experience undifferentiated affect at the trait level using explicit questionnaire measures. More recently, indirect measures using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to estimate the consistency between simultaneous measures of different in-the-moment emotional experiences have become the favored method of quantifying undifferentiated affect. While the ICC method constitutes an advancement in estimating undifferentiated affect, which is theorized to be a dynamic process that occurs at a very granular level, prior investigations have used aggregate ICC measures or momentary ICC derivations that ignore multiple sources of dynamic variability to make inferences about in-the-moment experiences. We introduce a new, flexible method of calculating ICC measures of undifferentiated affect at different levels of experience that takes full advantage of time-intensive data measurement and more closely maps onto the theorized process. This method provides more refined estimates of undifferentiated affect and its associations with various behavioral outcomes, as well as uncovers more nuanced associations regarding the temporal process of emotional differentiation. It also elucidates potential conceptual issues in mapping empirical estimates of emotion undifferentiation onto their underlying theoretical interpretations.

Developmental trajectories of internalizing distress among ethnic minoritized mothers following childbirth: Associations with early child psychological adjustment.

A substantial body of work has established that mothers' internalizing distress can negatively affect children's socioemotional development. Yet few studies have examined how distinct patterns of mothers' distress over time differentially impact child behaviors across early childhood. To address this gap, the current study explored developmental trajectories of mothers' internalizing distress and examined the associations of these patterns with child adjustment outcomes. Mexican immigrant, Dominican immigrant, and African American mothers (N = 272) were annually assessed for internalizing distress over the first 6 years following childbirth. Children's psychological adjustment (internalizing, externalizing, and hyperactivity behaviors) was measured at the last yearly assessment in first grade. A growth mixture model revealed two distinct classes of distress where mothers were classified as having low stable distress (82.4%) or moderate distress that began as stable then declined when their children were 64 months old (17.6%). Children of mothers in the moderate, late decline class showed greater internalizing, externalizing, and hyperactivity behaviors in the first grade compared to children of mothers in the low stable class. Findings highlight the necessity of supporting the mental health of ethnic minoritized mothers following childbirth and further expand our knowledge of family psychopathology to promote healthy psychological adjustment in children.

Preliminary evidence for the factor structure, concurrent validity, and construct validity of the Roommate Relationship Scale in a college sample.

Roommate relationships are fundamental to the social environment of many emerging adults. However, no validated, widely used, measure of roommate relationship quality exists for examining the impact of these relationships on individual functioning and health. In this report, we present preliminary evidence of the factor structure, concurrent validity, and construct validity of the Roommate Relationship Scale (RRS) as a measure of roommate relationship quality using a sample of U.S. college students who participated in a multi-wave study. An exploratory factor analysis at the first wave, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with independent samples of new participants at each of two subsequent waves showed stable factor loadings and adequate fit. Moreover, the scale demonstrated good fit and reliability in a longitudinal multilevel CFA framework. The RRS significantly positively correlated with relationship length, self-esteem, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and negatively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and avoidant attachment style, indicating concurrent validity of the scale with respect to these constructs. Consistent with findings from other relationship types, self-reported RRS scores decrease longitudinally, both across and between semesters of academic life, indicating construct validity of the scale. We conclude that the RRS is useful for evaluating roommate relationship quality among U.S. college students, and hopefully beyond. Further research should validate the scale's utility in other, more diverse, populations and refine its underlying generating psychological process.

The roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self-compassion in loss of control eating.

OBJECTIVE: Negative affect intensity is robustly related to binge eating, but the relationship between negative emotion differentiation (i.e., the ability to differentiate negatively-valenced emotions) and binge eating is unclear. Further, little is known about factors that might reduce emotion intensity and/or enhance emotion differentiation, thereby reducing binge eating. Self-compassion is consistently linked to less binge eating, which may be due to decreased negative affect and/or an enhanced ability to differentiate emotions. The current study examined the roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self-compassion in binge eating using ecological momentary assessment. METHOD: Participants were 201 university students (52.2% female) who completed questionnaires assessing affect seven times a day, and engagement in loss of control (LOC) eating episodes at the end of each day, for 10 days. The average of sadness, fear, guilt, and hostility subscales represented negative emotion intensity; intraclass correlations across negative affect subscales defined negative emotion differentiation. Both daily (i.e., within-person) and trait (i.e., between-person) emotion variables were examined as predictors. RESULTS: Between-person negative emotion intensity, but not negative emotion differentiation, significantly predicted LOC eating occurrence. Self-compassion had a significant effect on LOC eating frequency, and this relationship was partially mediated via negative emotion intensity, but not via negative emotion differentiation. DISCUSSION: Lower levels of negative emotion intensity partially account for the relationship between greater self-compassion and less frequent LOC eating. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating self-compassion to down-regulate negative emotions and to reduce LOC eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our findings suggest that university students who approach their limitations compassionately experience fewer negative emotions in daily life and engage in less loss of control eating. Lower levels of negative affect partially explain this relationship between self-compassion and loss of control eating. These results highlight the importance of cultivating an understanding and a compassionate attitude toward oneself for reducing eating pathology.

Reliability of Differential Item Functioning in Alcohol Use Disorder: Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Criteria Discrimination Estimates.

Numerous studies leverage item response theory (IRT) methods to examine measurement characteristics of alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnostic criteria. Less work has examined the consistency of AUD IRT parameter estimates, an essential step for establishing measurement invariance, making statements about symptom diagnosticity, and validating the theoretical construct. A Bayesian meta-analysis of IRT discrimination values for AUD criteria across 33 independent samples (Total N = 321,998) revealed that overall consistency of AUD criteria discriminations was low (generalized intraclass correlation range = .105-.249). However, specific study characteristics accounted for substantial variability, suggesting that the unreliability is partially systematic. We replicated evidence of differential item functioning (DIF) via established factors (e.g., age, gender), but the magnitudes were small compared with DIF associated with assessment instrument. These results offer practical recommendations regarding which instruments to use when specific AUD criteria are of interest and which criteria are most sensitive when comparing demographic groups.

The roles of personality traits and close social contact in the expression of momentary borderline personality disorder symptoms in daily life.

Dimensional models of personality, such as the five-factor model (FFM), have demonstrated strong coherence with the presentation of personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Given that select personality trait elevations have been linked to impairments in multiple life domains across diagnostic groups, we sought to replicate findings from a previous investigation of the utility of the FFM in predicting BPD-relevant outcomes (i.e., negative affect intensity and instability, impulsivity, and interpersonal disagreements) in the daily lives of those with BPD (Hepp et al., 2016) and community participants. As interpersonal context is instrumental in determining the strength of effects observed in studies examining individuals with BPD, we utilized ecological momentary assessment across 3 weeks (6 times daily; ntotal = 15,889) to test whether close social contact (CSC) would moderate the effects of personality on momentary outcomes. Overall, results suggest that CSC is an important moderator between the effects of personality and daily life outcomes for individuals with BPD (N = 56), but not for community individuals (N = 60). For individuals with BPD, CSC may function as both a protective buffer and a risk factor, depending on outcome. For example, CSC attenuates experience of negative affect intensity for individuals with elevated neuroticism, but CSC may predict more frequent disagreements for individuals who report lower agreeableness. We replicated approximately half of the original study's findings, and results support that FFM personality is predictive of BPD-relevant outcomes broadly. However, interpersonal context is key to understanding these relationships for individuals with BPD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The influence of narcissistic vulnerability and grandiosity on momentary hostility leading up to and following interpersonal rejection.

Wide empirical support exists for 2 aspects of narcissism-grandiosity and vulnerability. Hostility is a form of interpersonal antagonism, which is considered central to narcissism broadly. Though it has often been subsumed by the concept of narcissistic grandiosity, interpersonal antagonism is associated with vulnerability as well. Rejection represents an interpersonal stressor that evokes hostility to a greater degree in those high in narcissism, with mixed evidence regarding whether it stems from threat to one's egotism (grandiosity) or low self-esteem (vulnerability). Therefore, investigating the associations between narcissistic dimensions and individuals' trajectories of hostility leading up to and following rejection may provide a basis for a more unified conceptualization. In this study, we leverage the wide range of narcissistic expression displayed in a combined sample of borderline personality disorder (N = 56) and community (N = 60) individuals who completed ambulatory assessments approximately 6 times per day for 21 consecutive days. We examine whether narcissistic vulnerability and grandiosity, as measured by NEO Personality Inventory facet combinations constructed based on the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory, moderate trajectories and overall levels of hostility surrounding self-reported interpersonal rejections. Grandiosity and vulnerability were independently positively associated with a faster rise in hostility leading up to rejection; however, greater grandiosity was uniquely associated with a greater spike in hostility at the occasion of rejection and subsequent faster recovery. These results are consistent with both the idea that grandiosity is proportionately more central to interpersonal antagonism and that antagonism serves as a bridge, connecting and reinforcing both narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Ratings of dimensional traits in clinical practice: Comparing therapist and client perspectives.

Research has repeatedly evidenced the structural validity of the five-factor model (FFM), but questions remain about the use of its dimensions in clinical practice. Samuel and colleagues (2018) found therapists reported their clients had lower levels of personality pathology compared with clients' own self-reports when using the unipolar Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) scale. The present study utilized the same sample of 54 client-therapist dyads to examine their use of the bipolar FFM Rating Form. When comparing the clinical ratings to expertly rated healthy profile ratings, clients rated themselves as more aligned with healthy than their therapists rated them. Alternatively, clients were up to 3.6 times more likely to use the extreme (i.e., theoretically pathological) ratings of the FFM Rating Form compared with their therapists. These results suggest that therapists and clients use these measures quite differently, and we cannot firmly conclude which source reports more pathology. Theoretical explanations, limitations, and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).