Evaluation of Dental Enamel Thickness in Maxillary Teeth of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus by Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

Tooth enamel thickness is widely studied in primates and is important in differentiating taxa and in interpreting diet and feeding behavior. The objective of this study was to measure enamel thickness and discuss whether the results can be associated with different feeding patterns. Thirty-four syncraniums of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus were subjected to cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans, and the dental enamel was measured in different regions of the crown using the multiplanar reconstruction tool. The differences observed indicate that for many variables and teeth, A. guariba clamitans showed significantly higher values compared to the other 2 species, with the exception of the cuspid region. Although the A. guariba clamitans is a folivorous species, it showed thicker enamel for most of the variables. CBCT was efficient in performing the measurements, allowing analysis of the syncraniums.

SELECTED OPHTHALMIC TESTS AND OCULAR DIMENSIONS IN RELATION TO ACTIVITY PATTERN IN THREE NEOTROPICAL NONHUMAN PRIMATES: BLACK-TUFTED MARMOSET (CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA), GUIANAN SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS), AND AZARA'S NIGHT MONKEY (AOTUS AZARAE INFULATUS).

The goals of this study were to compare ocular morphology, determine the reference intervals of selected ophthalmic tests, ocular measurements, intraocular pressure, and tear production, and to establish possible relationships in the visual ecology of three different Neotropical nonhuman primates (NHP). Nineteen black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillate), 24 Guianan squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and 24 night monkeys (Aotus azarae infulatus) were included in the study. Schirmer tear test, ocular dimensions, ocular ultrasonography, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and corneal touch threshold were determined. The ratio of the average corneal diameters and axial diameters (CD/AGL) were established. No significant difference was noted between males and females, nor left and right eyes, for all three species for all measurements (P > 0.05). CD/AGL ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in night monkeys (a nocturnal species) as compared to black-tufted marmoset and Guianan squirrel monkeys (two diurnal species). The reference intervals will aid veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose pathological changes in the eyes of these species. In addition, ocular dimension comparison will allow other NHP species to be evaluated and examined in relationship to behavioral traits (nocturnal versus diurnal).

Novel Anaplasmataceae agents Candidatus Ehrlichia hydrochoerus and Anaplasma spp. Infecting Capybaras, Brazil.

We amplified Ehrlichia and Anaplasma DNA from Amblyomma dubitatum tick-infested capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in southern Brazil. Sequencing of 16S rRNA, sodB, and groEL indicated a novel Ehrlichia species, and sequencing of 16S rRNA from 2 capybaras indicated a novel Anaplasma species. The tick vectors remain unknown.

'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematohydrochoerus', a novel hemoplasma species in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Brazil.

Three different species of hemoplasmas have been described in rodents, Mycoplasma coccoides, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosphiggurus'. Additionally, potentially novel hemoplasma species have been detected in wild rodents from Brazil, including capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Capybaras are the largest rodent in the world and are well adapted to live within close proximity to humans, which increases the risk to spread of zoonotic pathogens. Herein, we investigate the occurrence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas infecting free-ranging capybaras from southern Brazil. Blood samples and ticks from 17 capybaras were collected. Packed cell volume and total plasma protein were measured, DNA was extracted, and further screened by species-specific and pan-hemoplasma PCR assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene of hemoplasmas. Sixteen out of 17 (94.12%; 95% CI: 73.02-98.95%) were anemic. Only one young female was hypoproteinemic. All capybaras were infested by adults and nymphs of Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. Using the PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene of M. coccoides, 13/17 (76.47%; 95% CI: 52.74-90.44%) capybaras were positive for hemoplasmas. When DNA samples were tested by the pan-hemoplasma PCR, 16/17 (94.12%; 95% CI: 73.02-98.95%) animals were positive. One out of 11 (9.09%) adult ticks salivary glands tested positive for hemoplasma by the pan-hemoplasma PCR assay. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S and 23S rRNA gene fragments confirmed that animals were infected by a novel hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. previously reported in capybaras from Brazil. Additionally, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 23S rRNA gene from three hemoplasma-positive capybaras samples from a previous study performed in midwestern Brazil also confirm our findings. Based on phylogenetic and Neighbor-Net network analysis of the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes, the name 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematohydrochoerus' is proposed for this novel organism.

Comparison of blind intubation and a smartphone-based endoscope-assisted intubation in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To compare between blind and smartphone-based endoscope-assisted techniques for endotracheal intubation in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: A total of 34 rabbits. METHODS: Rabbits were assigned to four groups: intubation by a veterinary anesthesiologist (VA) or an exotic pet medicine specialist (EPS) using blind or endoscope-assisted techniques. Propofol dose, number of attempts until successful intubation, total time for intubation, duration of the successful attempt and occurrence of lingual cyanosis/laryngeal lesions were recorded. Data were analyzed by t test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square test. Pearson correlation for body weight was performed. RESULTS: The success rate of blind intubation was 88.9% and 77.8% for VA and EPS, respectively. Propofol dose, total and median number of attempts, total time for intubation and duration of the successful attempt were 3.1 (0-6.2) mg kg-1, 19, 2 (1-5), 79 ± 65 and 30 ± 20 seconds for VA and 1.5 (0-4.5) mg kg-1, 24, 3 (1-5), 136 ± 92 and 38 ± 16 seconds for EPS. The success rate of endoscope-assisted intubation was 87.5% for both operators. Propofol dose, total and median number of attempts, total time for intubation and duration of the successful attempt were 2.5 (1.3-7.4) mg kg-1, 22, 3 (1-5), 170 (65-368) and 46 (22-150) seconds for VA and 3.2 (0-6) mg kg-1, 11, 1 (1-4), 56 (27-432) and 55 (26-79) seconds for EPS. VA performed blind intubation more quickly, propofol dose was lower and cyanosis was less frequent than in the endoscope-assisted group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both techniques were reliable for rabbit endotracheal intubation. Best results were achieved when the operator was experienced in the technique. The smartphone-based endoscope is a useful aid for rabbit intubation.

Reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in two species of microchiroptera bats (Artibeus lituratus and Anoura caudifer).

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference values for ophthalmic tests in two bat species. BATS: Fourteen bats including seven great fruit-eating bats (Artibeus lituratus) and seven tailed tailless bats (Anoura caudifer). PROCEDURES: Normal values for following ophthalmic tests were investigated as follows: (a) aqueous tear production using the standardized endodontic paper point tear test (EPPTT), (b) rebound tonometry, and (c) horizontal palpebral fissure length. RESULTS: Aqueous tear production was 2.53 ± 1.65 mm/min for A lituratus and 1.89 ± 0.62 for A caudifer. Intraocular pressure measured in the upright position was 11.0 ± 3.28 mm Hg for A lituratus and 7.28 ± 2.70 for A caudifer. Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 5.04 ± 0.45 mm for A lituratus and 3.92 ± 0.51 for A caudifer. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in the present study may serve as a reference for ophthalmic parameters and help practitioners in the diagnosis and management of eye diseases in bats, as well for future investigations about microchiroptera bats.

THE EYE OF THE AZARA'S AGOUTI ( DASYPROCTA AZARAE): MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND SELECTED OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS.

The purpose of this study was to carry out a descriptive investigation of the Azara's agouti ( Dasyprocta azarae) eye and to establish reference values of select ophthalmic diagnostic tests and physiologic parameters. A total of 19 healthy agoutis were used. Select ophthalmic diagnostic tests were performed, including Schirmer tear test type I (STTI), analysis of the conjunctival bacterial microflora, corneal esthesiometry, and tonometry. B-mode ultrasonic biometry, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and gross and histologic analysis of two eyes were also performed. Reference range parameters found for the ocular diagnostic tests were esthesiometry, 4.50 ± 0.36 cm (0.7 ± 0.01 g/mm2); tonometry, 11.61 ± 0.44 mm Hg; palpebral fissure length, 1.70 ± 0.25 mm; STTI, 9.73 ± 0.47 mm/min; corneal thickness, 0.8 ± 0.003 mm; anterior chamber depth, 1.71 ± 0.07 mm; lens thickness, 5.03 ± 0.05 mm; vitreous chamber depth, 5.12 ± 0.01 mm; and globe axial length, 14.02 ± 0.01 mm. A paurangiotic, retinal, vascular pattern with a conspicuous pigment-laden optic disc was observed. The most frequent bacteria isolated were nonhemolytic Streptococcus sp. (36.84%), followed by Enterobacter harfinia (31.58%) and Escherichia coli (28.95%). No significant differences between genders or between left and right eyes were found for any of the results. Gross and histologic evaluation of two eyes confirmed the presence of melanocytic pigment granules between optic nerve fibers. The diagnostic values and the morphologic observations described here provide a reference to veterinarians to aid in the diagnosis of ocular disease.

Reference intervals for biochemical analytes of captive Black-Fronted Piping-Guan (Aburria jacutinga).

BACKGROUND: Black-Fronted Piping-Guan (Aburria jacutinga) is considered one of the most threatened bird species on the American continent. Ex situ conservation efforts have been developed in Brazil, and monitoring the health status of these populations is essential to ensure reproductive success in captivity. Reference intervals (RI) for biochemistry analytes from a larger population of Black-Fronted Piping-Guan are unavailable. OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed at establishing RI for biochemical analytes of captive Black-Fronted Piping-Guan for future improved health assessments in these animals. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 32 adult Black-Fronted Piping-Guans for serum and plasma separation. Liver and kidney function markers, and concentration of protein and lipids were measured. Reference intervals were determined using an Excel program with Reference Value Adviser (version 2.0). RESULTS: The RI of the analytes were: AST 20.7-188.0 U/L; CK 713.7-4741.4 U/L; LDH 360.7-1173.7 U/L; γ Glutamyl Transferase 1.1-5.4 U/L; total plasma protein 3.5-6.2 g/dL; total serum protein 1.7-4.7 g/dL; uric acid 0.9-19.2 mg/dL; urea 7.0-25.3 mg/dL; cholesterol 71.8-232.2 mg/dL; triglycerides 25.6-183.4 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The RI are similar to the ones published for other avian species. Only CK and uric acid values were in discordance with the usually reported avian ranges. This could be due to different methods of capture and physical restraint. Alternatively, some differences could be species-specific. In general, physical restraint should be limited to a minimum and without stress to prevent capture myopathy and death.

The eye of the red-eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests.

PURPOSE: To perform a descriptive investigation of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) eye, performing selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests with the aim of establishing normal reference values for this species. METHOD: Thirty adult healthy red-eared slider turtles were used to establish normal ophthalmic test values in this investigation. Selected ophthalmic tests included: collection of material for bacterial culture analysis, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), A- and B-mode ultrasonic biometry, fundus photography, and central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Normal parameters found for the ocular diagnostic tests were: esthesiometry: 5.84 ± 0.48 cm; IOP: 5.42 ± 1.70 mmHg; CCT: 154.5 ± 0.14 µm; palpebral fissure length: 9.71 ± 0.55 mm; modified Schirmer tear test: 2.55 ± 3.4 mm; globe axial length: 7.60 ± 0.23 mm; anterior chamber depth: 0.76 ± 0.23 mm; lens axial length: 2.45 ± 0.28 mm; vitreous chamber depth: 4.31 ± 0.42 mm. An avascular retinal pattern with nerve fibers radiating from the small white circular optic disk was observed. None of the animals had a conus papillaris. The most frequent bacteria found were Bacillus spp. (33.33%) followed by Proteus vulgaris (20.69%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.39%). No significant differences between left and right eyes or genders were found for any of the results. Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation might help veterinary ophthalmologists to diagnose ocular diseases in the red-eared slider turtle.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica e mensurações das glândulas adrenais em primatas não humanos neotropicais: mico-de-cheiro (Saimiri sciureus), macaco-da-noite (Aotus azarae infulatus) e bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) / Adrenal glands measurements and ultrasound evaluation in nonhuman primates: squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), owl monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) and howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans)

As glândulas adrenais possuem funções endócrinas relacionadas a múltiplas funções vitais, estando intimamente relacionadas à capacidade do animal em se adaptar ao estresse. O exame ultrassonográfico é o método diagnóstico de escolha para avaliação das glândulas em diferentes espécies. Considerando a escassa literatura, questiona-se se as doenças adrenais em primatas não humanos são incomuns ou subdiagnosticadas, havendo a hipótese desse fato ser determinado pela falta de parâmetros. Objetivou-se descrever as características ultrassonográficas das glândulas adrenais para três espécies de primatas não humanos mantidas em cativeiro: Saimiri sciureus (mico-de-cheiro), Aotus azarae infulatus (macaco-da-noite) e Alouatta guariba clamitans (bugio-ruivo). Conclui-se que é possível a identificação das glândulas adrenais por meio de exame ultrassonográfico, sendo que os padrões de referência foram estabelecidos com sucesso para as espécies em questão. Ressalta-se que a adequação de animais em ambientes estressantes é frequentemente acompanhada por uma hipertrofia das glândulas adrenais, portanto deve-se levar em consideração que as mensurações realizadas nesse estudo foram estabelecidas em animais de cativeiro...

The adrenal glands have endocrine functions related to multiple vital functions and are closely related to the animal's ability to adapt to stress. The ultrasound is the diagnostic method of choice for evaluation of glands in different species. Considering the scarce literature, one may question whether the adrenal disorders in nonhuman primates are uncommon or underdiagnosed, and a hypothesis exists that this fact is determined by the lack of parameters. The goal is to describe the sonographic features of the adrenal glands for three species of nonhuman primates kept in captivity: squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), owl monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) and howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans). It is concluded that it is possible to identify the adrenal glands by ultrasound, and the reference standards have been established successfully for the species in question. It is noteworthy that the adaptation of animals in many stressful environments is often accompanied by a hypertrophy of the adrenal glands, so one should take into account that the measurements performed in this study were established in captive animals...

Reference values for the production of the aqueous fraction of the tear film measured by the standardized endodontic absorbent paper point test in different exotic and laboratory animal species.

The aqueous fraction of the tear film and the horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were measured in exotic and laboratory animals, specifically saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola), chestnut-bellied seed-finches (Sporophila angolensis), red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus). These species possess small eyes making it difficult to perform the typical Schirmer tear test. Measurement of the aqueous fraction of the tear was performed using the standardized endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (PPTT), accomplished with manual restraint by a single operator. The following results were obtained: saffron finches (n = 42)-HPFL (4.46 ± 0.09 mm) and PPTT (5.10 ± 0.26 mm); chestnut-bellied seed-finches (n = 38)-HPFL (4.77 ± 0.05 mm) and PPTT (4.11 ± 0.34 mm); red-eared sliders (n = 56)-HPFL (8.59 ± 0.08 mm) and PPTT (8.79 ± 0.38 mm); rats (n = 60)-HPFL (6.45 ± 0.09 mm) and PTT (6.18 ± 2.06 mm); and mice (n = 22)-HPFL (3.59 ± 0.27 mm) and PPTT (4.39 ± 1.45 mm).

O olho da coruja-orelhuda: observações morfológicas, biométricas e valores de referência para testes de diagnóstico oftálmico / The eye of the striped owl: morphologic observations, biometric findings and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostics tests

Objetivou-se relatar características morfológicas do bulbo ocular e determinar valores de referência para testes oftálmicos selecionados em corujas-orelhudas (Asio clamator). Foram estudados 32 olhos de 16 corujas (Asio clamator), adultas e jovens, machos e fêmeas, de vida livre. Sendo compilados dados referentes a observações morfológicas do crânio, bulbo ocular e anexos, além de mensuração de testes oftálmicos, incluindo, Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), cultura da microbiota normal da conjuntiva, estesiometria, pressão intraocular (PIO), espessura de córnea central (ECC), diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral, diâmetro horizontal da córnea e oftalmoscopia indireta. Vinte e dois tipos de bactérias foram identificados em 12 corujas havendo predominância de microrganismos Gram-positivos. A média encontrada para o TLS foi de 5,03±3,28mm/min, para o diâmetro horizontal da rima palpebral em 16 corujas foi 21,24±1,17mm, e 15,7±2,74mm para o diâmetro horizontal da córnea. O valor médio para o teste de estesiometria foi de 0,80±0,59cm, a PIO média de 13,81±5,62mmHg e ECC média de 0,28±0,03cm. O estudo contribuiu para a caracterização da morfologia ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores de referências de testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em corujas-orelhudas, sendo necessário ainda o desenvolvimento de estudos complementares sobre histologia ocular desta espécie.

The investigation aimed to describe the most relevant morphological characteristics of the eyes of the striped owl (Asio clamator) and determine normal values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests. A total of 32 eyes of 16 young and adult free-ranging healthy striped owls of both sexes were investigated. Data of different morphological observations of the skull, eye globe and adnexa, clinical tests and parameters were collected, including Schirmer Tear Test (STT), normal conjunctival bacterial microbiota, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), horizontal palpebral fissure length, horizontal, corneal diameter and fundoscopy. Twenty two types of bacteria were identified in twelve owls, the most frequent bacteriae were the Gram-positive. The mean value found for the STT was 5.03±3.28mm/min; horizontal palpebral fissure lengths was 21.24±1.17mm, and 15.7±2.74mm for horizontal corneal diameter. The mean value for the esthesiometry was 0.80±0.59cm, IOP was 13.81±5.62mmHg and CCT was 0.28±0.03cm. This study contributes to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the striped owl, as well as for morphological characterization of the eyeball of Asio clamator; but it is still necessary to characterize furthermore its histologic features.

Valores eletrocardiográficos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) / Electrocardiographic values in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)

Knowledge of cardiac parameters in experimental animal models is essential for comparative medical research. Our study aimed to establish electrocardiographic parameters and reference values for marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). Nineteen healthy adult marmosets were used. A combination of tiletamine and zolazepam was used for chemical restrained before performing electrocardiography (ECG). A computerized ECG machine was used. Values of the ECG parameters were a mean heart rate of 264±74 beats/min, a variation MCA between 60° and -90°, a mean P wave duration of 34±6ms and amplitude of 0.132±0.051mV, a mean PR interval duration of 56±11ms, a mean QRS complex duration of 35±7ms and amplitude of 0.273±0.269mV, a mean QT interval duration 130±26ms, ST segment was isoelectric (13 animals) and with elevation (six animals) and a mean T wave amplitude of 0.19±0.083mV and positive. There was no significant difference between males and females. Thus, the electrocardiographic parameters obtained in our study in marmosets can be used as a reference values to in other future researches, providing researchers electrocardiographic parameters that contribute with the literature.

O conhecimento de parâmetros cardíacos em animais modelo experimentais é essencial para a investigação médica comparativa. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros eletrocardiográficos e valores de referência para saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Dezenove saguis-de-tufo-preto adultos saudáveis foram utilizados. Uma combinação de tiletamina e zolazepam foi empregada para contenção química antes da realização do exame eletrocardiográfico (ECG). Foi utilizado para o exame de ECG um equipamento computadorizado. Os valores dos parâmetros do ECG encontrados foram frequência cardíaca média de 264±74 bpm, uma variação do eixo cardíaco médio entre 60° e -90°, a duração da onda P média de 34±6ms e amplitude de 0,132±0,051mV, um intervalo PR com duração de 56±11ms, duração média do complexo QRS de 35±7ms e amplitude de 0,273±0,269mV, duração do intervalo QT de 130±26ms, segmento ST isoelétrico (13 animais) e com supradesnível (seis animais) e uma amplitude de onda T de 0,19±0,083mV e com polaridade positiva. Não houve diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas. Os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos obtidos em nosso estudo em saguis-de-tufo-preto podem ser utilizados como referência em outras pesquisas futuras, oferecendo aos pesquisadores parâmetros eletrocardiográficos que contribuem com a literatura.

Efeito do sítio de venopunção nos parâmetros hematológicos em tigre-d'água-americano, Trachemys scripta elegans / Effect of the blood collection site on the hematological parameters in red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre dois sítios de coleta sanguínea em 24 exemplares de tigre-d'água-americano (Trachemys scripta elegans) oriundos de um criadouro comercial, localizado no município de Antonina, litoral do Paraná, Brasil. Os animais foram submetidos a contenção física e as venopunções foram realizadas no seio supraocciptal e na veia coccígea dorsal. As amostras heparinizadas foram identificadas e refrigeradas para posterior análise laboratorial. A contagem total de eritrócitos e leucócitos foi realizada pela técnica de hemocitometria. O hematócrito (Ht) e a hemoglobina (Hb) foram determinados pelo método de microhematócrito e cianometahemoglobina, respectivamente. A proteína plasmática total (PPT) foi determinada por refratometria e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos foi realizada através da técnica de Shilling. Houve diferença significativa no número de leucócitos e no valor da proteína plasmática total, e em ambos os casos os valores encontrados nas amostras provenientes da veia coccígea dorsal foram inferiores. A diferença encontrada no número de leucócitos provavelmente foi devido à contaminação por linfa, que também justifica o menor valor na concentração da proteína plasmática total. Conclui-se que é mais indicada a venopunção no seio supraocciptal quando comparado a veia coccígea dorsal.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to compare two different blood collection sites of 24 red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) from a commercial breeder, situated in Antonina, Paraná, Brasil. The animals were physically restrained and paired blood samples were collected from the dorsal coccygeal vein and the occipital sinus. The samples were collected in syringes containing heparin. After collection the samples were identified and refrigerated to posterior hematological analysis. Red blood cell and white blood count were performed using a hemocytometer. The packed cell volume and hemoglobin were determined by the microhematocrit method and cyanmethemoglobin method, respectively. Total plasma protein was determined by refractometry and differential leukocyte count was performed by the Shilling technique. There was a significant difference in the total white blood cell count and on the total plasma protein value, and on both cases the results found on the samples from the dorsal coccygeal vein were lower. The difference found on the white blood cell count was probably due to the lymph contamination of the samples, which also justifies the lower values of total plasma protein. In conclusion, the occipital sinus is more recommended blood collection site than the dorsal coccygeal vein.(AU)

Measurement of tear production in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) using three different methods: modified Schirmer's I, phenol red thread and standardized endodontic absorbent paper points.

OBJECTIVE: To report normal tear production of healthy adult black-tufted marmosets and propose a novel alternative for the measurement of the aqueous portion of tear production in animals with small eyes. ANIMAL STUDIED: Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). PROCEDURES: Tear production of 19 animals was evaluated by the following methods: modified Schirmer's I, phenol red thread and the novel use of standardized endodontic absorbent paper points. These methods and results were compared. Additionally, blink frequency and palpebral fissure length were measured. RESULTS: Modified Schirmer's test I, mean = -0.46 ± 3.41 mm/min; Phenol red thread, mean = 13.27 ± 5.41 mm/15 s.; Standardized endodontic paper points, size 30, mean = 9.32 ± 3.09 mm/min; Mean palpebral fissure length = 7.83 ± 0.72 mm. Blink frequency, mean = 20.27 ± 5.92/5 min. CONCLUSIONS: Normal parameters for blink frequency, palpebral fissure length and tear production measurement are presented. The palpebral fissure of black-tufted marmoset is very small and tear production is one of the lowest reported for all animal species. A novel and practical alternative for tear production measurement using standardized endodontic absorbent paper points is presented and is indicated for animals with small eyes.

Bilateral phacoemulsification in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus).

A 14-year-old, female, captive-born orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) developed bilateral cataracts. Ultrasonography, electroretinography and cataract correction using phacoemulsification were performed bilaterally. This case report aims to describe the ophthalmic procedures performed in this animal critically endangered of extinction. The surgery successfully restored vision and normal activity to the patient.

Determinação da taxa metabólica basal em cutias, Dasyprocta azarae, por calorimetria indireta / Determination of the basal metabolic rate in agoutis, Dasyprocta azarae, by indirect calorimetry

A melhor ferramenta para comparação fisiológica entre organismos diferentes é a taxa metabólica basal, inter-relação fundamental que existe entre todos os seres vivos. Mensurações diretas das concentrações de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono, pela análise do ar inspirado e expirado, podem ser usadas para a mensuração de taxa metabólica. Este trabalho foi executado com o propósito de aferir as taxas metabólicas basal e específica, e reexaminar o escalonamento do metabolismo basal em cutias (Dasyprocta azarae). Foram utilizadas 34 cutias (D. azarae) adultas sadias, sendo 9 machos não castrados, 9 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas, pertencentes ao plantel do Criadouro Científico do Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, PR. Os animais passaram por jejum prévio de 6 horas e foram acondicionados em caixas especiais, com temperatura ambiente controlada (22,0±1,0ºC), sendo então submetidos à aferição da taxa metabólica basal, por calorimetria indireta. Empregou-se o monitor metabólico Deltatrac®II, (Datex Ohmeda, Finlândia) usualmente indicado para a mensuração da produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) em seres humanos, por meio da mensuração das variações na concentração de VCO2 e de VO2, com uma precisão de 0,01 por cento. Após a aferição da taxa metabólica basal, foi calculada a taxa metabólica específica, e efetuada a análise dos dados por estatística indutiva. Os testes de hipóteses para comparação entre amostras indicaram que a taxa metabólica específica de machos não castrados é maior que a de fêmeas e machos castrados (5 por cento de significância), e que a taxa metabólica específica de fêmeas e machos castrados é equivalente (1 por cento de significância). Constatou-se ainda, com a análise da correlação de pontos experimentais, que outra variável que não o tamanho corporal afeta a taxa metabólica dos machos não castrados (1 por cento de significância), o que indica a necessidade de novos estudos sobre...

The best way to compare different organisms is the basal metabolic rate, a fundamental interrelation existent among all living beings. Direct measures of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations by evaluation of inspired and expired air can be used to measure metabolic rate. So, this research was done in order to measure basal and specific metabolic rates in agoutis (Dasyprocta azarae), and reexamine the scaling of basal metabolism in this species. There were used 34 adult healthy agoutis (9 non-castrated males, 9 castrated males, and 16 females), that belong to the wild animal scientific breeding facility of the Natural History Museum of the Curitiba city, State of Paraná, Brazil. After a six-hour fasting the animals were placed in special boxes under controlled temperature (22.0±1.0ºC), and submitted to measuring of the basal metabolic rate, by indirect calorimetry. It was used the Deltatrac®II metabolic monitor, usually indicated to measure carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) in human beings, by measuring variations in the concentration of VCO2 and of VO2, with a precision of 0.01 percent. The specific metabolic rate was calculated after determination of the basal metabolic rate and the obtained data were analyzed by inductive statistics. The hypotheses tests for comparison among samples indicated that the specific metabolic rate is higher in non-castrated males than in females and castrated males (significance of 5 percent), and that the specific metabolic rate of females and castrated males are equivalent (significance of 1 percent). In addition, analysis of the correlation of experimental points indicates that another variable beyond body size affects the metabolic rate of non-castrated males (significance of 1 percent), and therefore new studies on the metabolism of Dasyprocta azarae are required.

The capybara eye: clinical tests, anatomic and biometric features.

PURPOSE: To carry out a descriptive investigation of the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) eye and to perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species. METHOD: A total of 22 healthy, capybaras were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Ages varied from 2 to 4 years of age. Selected diagnostic ocular tests were performed including Schirmer tear test, tonometry using an applanation tonometer (Tonopen), central corneal thickness using an ultrasonic pachymeter (Sonomed, Micropach, Model 200P +), axial globe length and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Capybara's normal ocular features include: dorsal and ventral puncta, vestigial third eyelid, true cilia only at the upper eyelid margins. The bulbar conjunctiva is noticeably densely pigmented with a brown to bronze color. The capybara's pupil is oval in shape and vertical in position No tapetum lucidum is present in this species and the retinal blood vessels are almost absent. Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated were: Intraocular pressure: 18.4 +/- 3.8 mmHg; Schirmer tear test: 14.9 +/- 5.1 mm/min; Central corneal thickness: 0.46 +/- 0.03 mm; Axial globe length: 22.20 +/- 1.71 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctiva, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the capybara eye. The corneal epithelium of the capybara possesses a thin and discrete Bowman's layer. Results and parameters obtained in this investigation exposed unique anatomic features of the capybara eye and will help veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the capybara eye. Furthermore, corneal thickness and axial length of the capybara are similar to that of human beings, revealing that the world's largest living rodent might be an excellent biological model for ophthalmic studies.

Doenças de aves selvagens diagnosticadas na Universidade Federal do Paraná (2003-2007) / Diseases of wild birds diagnosed at the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil (2003-2007)

Dentre os 253 atendimentos realizados em aves selvagens entre agosto de 2003 a agosto de 2006 no Ambulatório de Animais Selvagens do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná, 45 casos (17,8 por cento) referiram-se a consultas à espécie Serinus canarius (canário-belga). Dentre as aves atendidas e suas respectivas ordens obteve-se uma maior ocorrência da ordem Psittaciforme. As enfermidades mais freqüentemente visualizadas foram as afecções traumáticas com 56 casos (22,13 por cento). Destas, 17 animais (30,91 por cento) possuíam algum tipo de fratura, sendo a fratura rádio-ulnar a mais comum, com 17,65 por cento de ocorrência. As outras moléstias mais relatadas foram a presença de ectoparasitos (12,50 por cento) e endoparasitos (10,68 por cento), doenças respiratórias (10,42 por cento), procedimentos preventivos (7,55 por cento), afecções dermatológicas (6,51 por cento), neoplasias (4,95 por cento), afecções oftálmicas (4,43 por cento), afecções gastrintestinais (3,91 por cento), caquexia (3,39 por cento), afecções neurológicas (2,86 por cento), automutilação (2,86 por cento), obesidade (2,34 por cento), agressão por outros animais (1,56 por cento), doenças nutricionais (1,30 por cento), retenção de ovo (1,04 por cento), bouba aviária (0,78 por cento) e gota úrica (0,52 por cento). Tendo em vista a alta prevalência de traumatismos e presença de ecto e endo parasitas que poderiam ser evitados se estivesse ocorrendo um manejo adequado com a ave, sugere-se a necessidade que o Médico Veterinário assuma um papel mais efetivo na Medicina Veterinária Preventiva buscando informar e debater questões referentes ao modo correto de alimentação, criação e manejo das aves, assim como também o esclarecimento acerca das questões referentes às zoonoses quando da consulta veterinária.

From 253 wild birds attended at the Wild Animal Ambulatory of the Veterinary Hospital, Paraná Federal University, between August 2003 and August 2006, 45 cases (17.8 percent) were related to the species Serinus canarius (Belgian Canary). Within these attended birds and its respective orders, most morbid conditions occurred with the Psittaciforme order and were caused by traumatism, in 45 cases (14.32 percent). Of these, 17 animals (30.91 percent) had bone fractures; the most common were on radius-ulna (17.65 percent). Other conditions were presence of ectoparasites (12.50 percent) and endoparasites (10.68 percent), respiratory disease (10.42 percent), dermatological ailments (6.51 percent), neoplasms (4.95 percent), ophthalmic illnesses (4.43 percent), gastrointestinal diseases (3.91 percent), cachexia (3.39 percent), neurological diseases (2.86 percent), self-mutilation (2.86 percent), obesity (2.34 percent), aggression by other animals (1.56 percent), nutritional deficiencies (1.30 percent), egg retention (1.04 percent), avian poxvirus (0.78 percent) and uric gout (0.52 percent), as well as there was clinical routine measures to be taken (7.55 percent). Traumas and illnesses were observed as the highest prevalence on the casuistic, which could be prevented by correct husbandry practices.

[Seroprevalence of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii in captive wild canids]. / Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Toxoplasma gondii em canídeos selvagens cativos.

Neosporosis is considered one of the main cause of abortion in dairy cattle in the world. The prevalence of Neospora caninum in wild species has been studied since the coyote (Canis latrans), a North American wild canid specie was discovered as definitive host of this parasite. The aim of the present study was to determine the serum prevalence of N. caninum and T. gondii in wild native canids species from Brazil. Serum samples of 25 crab-eating dogs (Cerdocyon thous), five pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), six bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) e 14 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) were tested. The animals were from zoos and sanctuaries from the states of Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District. The total prevalence obtained for N. caninum was 36% (18/50) and for T. gondii was 40% (20/50). The present study demonstrated for the first time the presence of antibodies to N. caninum in bush dogs and the prevalence found was 33,3% (2/6). This study showed the presence of these protozoans in captive wild canids species and to alert about possible contamination sources.