Gastrointestinal bleeding among hospitalizations for salicylate poisoning in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the incidence, as well as evaluate risk factors, and impact of gastrointestinal bleeding on outcomes and resource use in patients admitted for salicylate poisoning. METHODS: We used the National Inpatient Sample to construct a cohort of patients hospitalized primarily for salicylate poisoning from 2003 to 2014. We compared clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatments, outcomes and resource use between salicylate poisoning patients with and without gastrointestinal bleeding. RESULTS: Of 13 805 hospital admissions for salicylate poisoning, gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 482 (3.5%) admissions. The risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding included older age, history of atrial fibrillation and cirrhosis. After adjusting for difference in baseline characteristics, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding required more gastric lavage, gastrointestinal endoscopy, invasive mechanical ventilation and red blood cell transfusion. Gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly associated with increased risk of anemia, circulatory, liver and hematological failure but was not significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality. The length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost was significantly higher in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in about 4% of patients admitted for salicylate poisoning. Gastrointestinal bleeding was associated with higher morbidity and resource use but not mortality.

Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are effective treatment for venous thromboembolism. However, safety data in patients with cirrhosis are limited. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the safety of DOACs compared with warfarin or low-molecular weight heparin in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception up to June 2018. We included prospective and retrospective studies involving adults ≥18 years with cirrhosis in whom anticoagulants were indicated for any indications. Primary outcome was all-cause bleeding events. Secondary outcome was major bleeding. Pooled risk ratio, pooled odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects model. RESULTS: Five studies with a total of 447 patients were included in the analysis. When compared with controls, the use of DOACs in cirrhotic patients did not show a significant difference in all-cause bleeding (risk ratio 0.72; 95% CI, 0.32-1.63). There was also no significant difference in major bleeding between both groups (odd ratio 0.46; 95% CI, 0.10-2.09). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that, compared to those who were treated with traditional anticoagulants, cirrhotic patients who were treated with DOACs had no significant increase risk of all-cause bleeding and major bleeding.

Effects of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can suppress the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells in vitro through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. However, the effects of aspirin and NSAIDs on the risk of CCA remain unclear. We performed this meta-analysis to assess the risk of biliary tract cancers in patients who take aspirin and/or NSAIDs. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted utilizing MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane databases from inception through October 2017 to identify studies that assessed the association of aspirin and/or NSAIDs use with risk of biliary tract cancers including CCA, gallbladder cancer and ampulla of Vater cancer. Effect estimates from the studies were extracted and combined using the random-effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. RESULTS: Five observational studies with a total of 9 200 653 patients were enrolled. The pooled OR of CCA in patients with aspirin use was 0.56 (95% CI, 0.32-0.96). Egger's regression asymmetry test was performed and showed no publication bias for the association between aspirin use and CCA with P = 0.42. There was no significant association between NSAIDs use and CCA, with a pooled OR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.28-2.21). One study showed a significant association between aspirin use and reduced risk of gallbladder cancer with OR of 0.37 (0.17-0.80). However, there was no significant association between aspirin and ampulla of Vater cancer with OR of 0.22 (0.03-1.65). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates a significant association between aspirin use and a 0.56-fold decreased risk of CCA. However, there is no association between the use of NSAIDs and CCA.