The Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Children's Cycling Knowledge, Mode of Commuting and Perceived Barriers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The low rates of active commuting to/from school in Spain, especially by bike, and the wide range of cycling interventions in the literature show that this is a necessary research subject. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of a school-based cycling intervention program for adolescents, (2) to analyse the effectiveness of a school-based cycling intervention program on the rates of cycling and other forms of active commuting to/from school (ACS), and perceived barriers to active commuting in adolescents. A total of 122 adolescents from Granada, Jaén and Valencia (Spain) participated in the study. The cycling intervention group participated in a school-based intervention program to promote cycling to school during Physical Education (PE) sessions in order to analyse the changes in the dependent variables at baseline and follow up of the intervention. Wilcoxon, Signs and McNemar tests were undertaken. The association of the intervention program with commuting behaviour, and perceived barriers to commuting, were analysed by binary logistic regression. There were improvements in knowledge at follow-up and the cycling skill scores were medium-low. The rates of cycling to school and active commuting to/from school did not change, and only the "built environment (walk)" barrier increased in the cycling group at follow-up. School-based interventions may be feasibly effective tools to increase ACS behaviour, but it is necessary to implement a longer period and continue testing further school-based cycling interventions.

Convergent Validation of a Self-Reported Commuting to and from School Diary in Spanish Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to examine the convergent validity of self-reported diary times for commuting to and from school with device-measured positional data (Global Positioning System; GPS) in Spanish adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from four Spanish public secondary schools in 2021, comprising 47 adolescents and 141 home-school and school-home trips. Participants self-reported the time they left and arrived at home and school through a commuting diary. They wore a GPS device recording the objective time during three trips (i.e., one home-school trip and two school-home trips). Agreement between commuting diary and GPS data regarding home-school trips and school-home trips was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Total commuting time differed by 1 min (95% limits of agreement were 16.1 min and -18.1 min) between subjective and objective measures (adolescents reported 0.8 more minutes in home-school trips and 1 more minute in school-home trips compared to objective data). Passive commuters reported 0.7 more minutes and active commuters reported 1.2 more minutes in the total commuting time compared to objective data. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported commuting diaries may be a useful tool to obtain commuting times of adolescents in epidemiological research or when tools to measure objective times are not feasible.

The Physical Education Class Perceived by Schoolchildren from 6 to 8 Years Old Expressed through Drawings.

Physical Education is one of the subjects that arouses the most interest in children. The aim of this study is to find out the opinion that primary school students have about the Physical Education class. Drawings from a sample of 62 students from an educational centre in the city of Jaén, aged between six and eight years old, were analysed. The results show that the larger size of the drawings corresponds to the aspects that are to be emphasised. This subject is carried out regularly in the sports pavilion of the centre, making frequent use of materials such as sticks, hoops or balls. Cheerful colours are used, reflecting their enthusiasm for the subject. The smiling facial expression represents the schoolchildren's interest in the subject. The most popular games or sports are basketball and pichi, both of them collective.

A School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Cycling to School in Adolescents: The PACO Study.

This manuscript describes the rationale and protocol of a school-based randomized controlled trial called "Cycling and Walk to School" (PACO, by its Spanish acronym) that aims to promote cycling to and from school and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. This study will examine the effects of this intervention in cycling and active commuting to and from school (ACS), PA and several ACS-related factors based on self-determination theory (SDT) and a social-ecological model (SEM). A total of 360 adolescents attending six high schools (three experimental and three control) from three Spanish cities will participate in this randomized controlled trial. The intervention (four cycling sessions; 1-2 h per session, one session per week) will be conducted by the research staff; the control group will continue their usual activities. PA levels will be measured by accelerometers, whereas ACS and the other study variables will be self-reported using questionnaires at baseline and post-intervention. The primary outcomes will be: rates of cycling to school, ACS and PA levels. In addition, SDT-related variables and individual, interpersonal, community, and environment variables relevant to ACS will be based on SEM. The findings will provide a comprehensive understanding of the short-term effects of this school-based intervention on cycling to school behaviour, ACS and PA levels in Spanish adolescents.

Systematic Review of the Literature About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of School Children.

Background: The year 2020 has been marked by the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has reached many countries and has paralyzed the lives of many people who have been forced to stay at home in confinement. There have been many studies that have sought to analyze the impact of this pandemic from different perspectives; however, this study will pay attention to how it has affected and how it may affect children between 0 and 12 years in the future after the closure of schools for months. Objective: The objective of this article is to learn about the research carried out on the child population in times of confinement, especially those dealing with the psychological and motor aspects of minors. Methods: To carry out this systematic review, the PRISMA statement has been followed to achieve an adequate and organized structure of the manuscript. The bibliography has been searched in the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Dialnet databases, using as keywords: "COVID-19" and "Children." The criteria that were established for the selection of the articles were (1) articles focusing on an age of up to 12 years, (2) papers relating COVID-19 to children, and (3) studies analyzing the psychological and motor characteristics of children during confinement. Results: A total of nine manuscripts related to the psychological and motor factors in children under 12 have been found. The table presenting the results includes the authors, title, place of publication, and key ideas of the selected manuscripts. Conclusion: After concluding the systematic review, it has been detected that there are few studies that have focused their attention on the psychological, motor, or academic problems that can occur to minors after a situation of these characteristics. Similarly, a small number of studies have been found that promote actions at the family and school level to reverse this situation when life returns to normal. These results may be useful for future studies that seek to expand the information according to the evolution of the pandemic.

Use of the Smartphone and Self-Concept in University Students According to the Gender Variable.

The university stage comprises a very important and vital period in the modification of students' lifestyles, and these changes can affect their self-concept. The excessive use of technology today can also influence the formation of their identity. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-concept and the use of the smartphone by university students in terms of gender. The sample included 253 students (mean age 21.39 ± 3.27) of the Primary Education Degree of the University of Jaén (106 men and 147 women). A questionnaire was used to unify several instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire, a Self-Concept Form-5 questionnaire (AF-5), and a questionnaire on cell phone-related experiences (CERM). The results show the existence of significant differences between both genders in the academic, emotional, and social dimensions of self-concept, with women showing a greater academic self-concept and men showing an emotional and physical one. Regarding the use of the smartphone in relation to self-concept, significant differences are found in the academic and emotional dimensions depending on the degree of use. In addition, in relation to the use of the smartphone, it has been detected that half of the students present potential problems. It is concluded that there is a relationship between both constructs, especially the academic and emotional self-concept.

Motivational Climate Is Associated with Use of Video Games and Violence in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Model According to Healthy Behaviors.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop an explanatory model of motivational climate, problematic use of videogames, violent behaviour and victimisation in schoolchildren. The sample included 734 children aged between 10 and 12 years of age from the province of Granada (Spain). A multi-group structural equation model was used, with an excellent fit (CFI = 0.964; NFI = 0.954; IFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.048). The results showed a positive relationship between the problematic use of video games, victimisation and violent behaviors, associating negatively with the task climate. Likewise, the task-oriented motivational climate was indirectly related to victimisation situations and violent behavior, while the ego climate did so positively with special emphasis on children who did not perform physical activity. As a main conclusion it is shown that adherence to the practice of physical activity, and particularly within a task-oriented motivational climate, can act as a protective factor against the problematic use of video games.

Mini Review of the Use of the Mobile Phone and Its Repercussion in the Deficit of Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Current technology has the ability to distract and evade its users, this resulting in an addiction or "escape" from the real world. The excessive use of smartphones can cause a decrease in physical activity (PA) for many people prefer to use these devices rather than do the recommended physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to analyze the possible relation between the use of smartphones and the reduction in the practice of PA that is reflected in scientific articles. METHODS: The PRISMA statement has been followed for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in order to achieve a correct organization and integrity of the work. Our search for bibliography has been carried out in the WOS and Scopus databases, together with the research domains "Social Sciences Other Topics," "Education Educational Research," and "Sport Sciences." After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were obtained, these forming the base body of this research. RESULTS: Nine of the fourteen articles show that there is a negative relationship between the smartphone and PA practice. The age groups most studied in relation to this topic range from 13 to 18 and from 19 to 25. CONCLUSION: It is our conclusion that the inappropriate use of these mobile devices is associated with low levels of motivation and practice of PA in their users. Similarly, we have emphasized the lack of scientific work dealing with this issue.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en estudiantes de educación / Psychometric Properties of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in Teacher Training Students

Resumen Este trabajo tiene por objeto aplicar la escala UWES-S a los sujetos que se están formando como profesores y estudiar la inferencia de las variables sociodemográficas y personales en el compromiso con sus estudios. Material y Método: Para esta investigación, instrumental y empírica, se ha utilizado la versión española del Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-S), adaptada a dichos estudios, que evalúa el grado de compromiso individual (motivación) del sujeto hacia la actividad que realiza. El cuestionario comprende 17 ítems, con escala Likert de cinco posiciones. Se han usado cuatro programas estadísticos: SPSS.22, Factor.10, MPlus.7 y G*Pwer 3.1.9.2. Han participado 373 estudiantes del grado de Maestro (n = 196 de Educación Primaria, n = 85 de Educación Infantil) y n = 92 del Máster de Formación del Profesorado de Secundaria) de dos universidades del norte y sur de España, y una universidad de Chile. Tras el análisis de resultados y la discusión, se concluye que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo y situación geográfica de las universidades. Las mujeres se sienten más comprometidas con sus estudios, así como los estudiantes del sur de España y los latinoamericanos, al compararlos con los del norte.

Abstract This paper undertook to apply the UWES-S scale to the individuals training as teachers, and to study the inference of sociodemographic and personal variables with their commitment in their studies. Material and method: This is an instrumental and empirical research wherein we utilized the Spanish version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-UWES-S, which evaluates the degree of individual commitment inherent in the activity performed. This survey contains 17 items under a Likert scale of 5 positions. We utilized three statistical software programs: SPSS.22, Factor.10, MPlus.7, and G*Pwer 3.1.9.2. 373 Education Undergraduate students (n=196 of Primary, n=85 of Preschool) and n=92 students under the Master Degree in Secondary Education partook in this study. Say students appertained to two Universities of north and south of Spain, and a University of Chile. After analyzing the results and the discussion, we have concluded that there are significant differences in the personal variables, both in the social demographical character and the geographical location of the Universities. In addition, the female students, and students from southern Spain and Latin America, are more committed to their studies as compared to students from the North of Spain.

Influencia del entorno donde se habita (rural vs urbano) sobre la condición física de estudiantes de educación primaria / Influence of environment (rural vs urban) on the physical condition of primary school students

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la influencia del entorno donde se habita (rural vs urbano) sobre la condición física y parámetros antropométricos en estudiantes de educación primaria. Material y método: Se seleccionaron 509 sujetos (290 urbanos y 219 rurales) de entre 8 y 11 años, a los que se les realizó una valoración antropométrica (masa, talla, IMC, ratio cintura/cadera) y de la condición física (fuerza de prensión manual, salto vertical, flexibilidad y fitness cardiorrespiratorio).Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la población urbana obtiene valores más bajos en parámetros antropométricos, y la población rural mejores resultados en condición física: fuerza de prensión manual (15,72 ± 4,10 vs 19,78 ± 5,20 kg), flexibilidad (8,38 ± 4,59 vs 17,08 ± 6,24 cm) y fitness cardiorrespiratorio (46,00 ± 4,19 vs 46,79 ± 4,49 ml/kg/min), no existiendo diferencias para el salto vertical. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto que el lugar de residencia (rural vs urbano) se debe tener en cuenta a la hora de aplicar programas de intervención para la promoción de la actividad física

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the environment (rural vs.urban) on fitness and anthropometric parameters in elementary education pupils. Material and method: A total of 509 subjects (290 urban and 219 rural) between 8 and 11 years were selected. Anthropometric variables (weight, height, BMI, weight/height ratio) and physical fitness (handgrip strength, vertical jump, flexibility and maximal oxygen consumption) were evaluated. Results: The results show lower values in anthropometric variables in the urban population and the best rural results in physical fitness: handgrip strength (15.72 ± 4.10 kg vs19.78 ± 5.20 kg), flexibility (8.38 ± 4.59 cm vs 17.08 ± 6.24 cm), and maximum oxygen consumption(46.00 ± 4.19 ml/Kg/min vs 46.79 ± 4.49 ml/Kg/min), with no differences for the verticaljump. Conclusions: The results show that the place of residence (rural vs urban) should be taken intoaccount when implementing effective intervention programs to promote physical activity

La percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo como herramienta válida para la monitorización de la intensidad del esfuerzo en competición de jóvenes futbolistas / Rate of perceived exertion as a useful tool during a football competition in young soccer players / Percepção subjetiva de esforço como uma ferramenta útil durante competição em jovens jogadores de futebol

El propósito de este estudio es analizar una competición oficial de futbol en categoría juvenil y observar la utilidad de la Percepción Subjetiva de Esfuerzo (RPE) como intensidad de la misma. Se seleccionaron un total de 22 jugadores juveniles (17,43 ± 0,84 años, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) pertenecientes a categorías inferiores de un equipo de 1ª división española. Se evaluó una competición de fútbol oficial, realizando seis mediciones (primera, segunda parte y descansos) de tres variables: la escala de RPE (6 - 20 items); la Frecuencia Cardiaca (FC) y Concentración de Lactato sanguíneo ([Lac]). Los resultados muestran unos valores medios de RPE de 14,13; una FC de 158,65 lat·min-1; y una [Lac] de 3,75 mmol·l-1. Se ha observado en líneas generales un comportamiento similar entre el RPE - FC y RPE- [Lac]. RPE puede ser un indicador de intensidad en jugadores de fútbol en categorías de formación, siendo una herramienta sencilla y eficaz para que los entrenadores puedan emplearla en el control de la carga interna que supone la competición oficial (AU)

The purpose of this study is to analyze an official football competition between young soccer players and test the effectiveness of the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to measure the intensity during the match. 22 players were selected (17,43 ± 0,84 years, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) from of a youth football team from the first Spanish division. An ofcial football competition was assessed, carrying out 6 measurements (first and second halves, halftime and fulltime) from three variables: RPE (6 - 20 items); Heart Rate (FC) and Blood Lactate Concentration) ([Lac]). Theresults show an average values of RPE of 14,13; a FC of 158,65 lat·min-1; and a [Lac] de 3,75 mmol·l-1. It has been found in general, a similar behavior between the RPE - FC and RPE - [Lac]. RPE might be a good indicator to register the intensity for young soccer players, being an easy and effective tool for coaches to use it while controlling the internal load that involves the official competition (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar uma competição oficial de futebol entre jovens jogadores de futebol e testar a eficácia da percepção subjetiva de esforço (RPE) para medir a intensidade durante a partida. 22 jogadores foram selecionados (17,43 ± 0,84 anos, 71,71 ± 5,71 kg, 178,65 ± 4,10 cm) a partir de uma equipe de futebol juvenil da primeira divisão espanhola. A competição oficial de futebol foi avaliada, a realização seis medições (primeiro e segundo semestres, de meio expediente e tempo integral) a partir de três variáveis: RPE (6 - 20 itens); Freqüência Cardíaca (FC) e concentração de lactato sanguíneo) ([Lac]). Os resultados mostram um valor médio de RPE de 14,13; um FC de 158,65 lat · min-1, e uma [Lac] de 3,75 mmol · L-1. Tem-se encontrado, em geral, um comportamento semelhante entre os RPE - FC e RPE - [Lac]. RPE Pode ser um bom indicador para registrar a intensidade para jovens jogadores de futebol, sendo uma ferramenta fácil e eficaz para os treinadores para usá-la enquanto controla a carga interna que envolve a competição oficial (AU)

Análisis de la condición física en bomberos en función de la edad / Analysis of physical fitness in fire-fighters according to age

Introducción: Los bomberos deben presentar un excelente estado de forma para desempeñar de modo seguro su actividad profesional. Los objetivos de este trabajo son describir las características antropométricas y de condición física en dos grupos de bomberos y discutir sobre las diferencias que existen en función de la edad. Material y métodos: Han participado 33 bomberos: G1, menores de 40 años, y G2, mayores de 40 años. Se ha analizado la composición corporal, el test de salto, la flexibilidad isquiosural, la dinamometría manual y la fuerza de las extremidades superiores e inferiores, así como la frecuencia cardíaca, la estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en Course Navette. Resultados: Ambos grupos han presentado valores de composición corporal correspondientes a niveles de normopeso, y solamente se han encontrado diferencias significativas en la talla. Respecto a la condición física, G1ha presentado mejores valores que G2 en todas las variables, aunque solo han sido significativas en cuanto a consumo máximo de oxígeno, percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo, fuerza manual de la mano izquierda y fuerza dinámica máxima. Conclusiones: Los grupos analizados muestran características de condición física adecuadas para el buen desarrollo de su actividad profesional. No obstante, G1 ostenta mayores valores que G2 en todas las variables evaluadas(AU)

Introduction: Fire-fighters must be in good physical condition to safely perform their activities. The aims of this study were to describe the anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness of two groups of fire-fighters and discuss the differences according to age. Material and methods: A total of 33 fire-fighters from the two groups took part: G1, under 40, and G2, over 40 years. We analysed body composition, jump test, hamstring flexibility, hand dynamometry, strength of upper and lower extremities, and heart rate, estimated maximal oxygen consumption and perceived exertion in Course Navette. Results: Both groups had body composition values as regards weight, and significant differences were only found in height. As regards physical condition, G1 showed better values for all variables than G2. They only significant differences being in the estimated maximal oxygen consumption, rate of perceived exertion, manual strength of the left hand, and maximum dynamic force. Conclusions: Both groups presented characteristics of fitness appropriate for the proper development of their professional activity. However, G1 had higher values than G2 in all variables of physical fitness(AU)

Concepto de coeducación en el profesorado de Educación Física y metodología utilizada para su trabajo / Concept of coeducation in Physical Education teachers and the methodology followed in its practice

El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer cual es la concepción general del profesorado de Educación Física(EF) sobre la coeducación en EF y que estratégias metodológicas utiliza el profesorado para trabajarla. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas sometidas a análisis de contenido. Se destaca que; la categoría "Definición de coeducación" no existe unanimidad en el profesorado sobre que es la coeducación. La categoría "Utilización del espacio motriz" pone de manifiesto que los chicos utilizan la mayoría del espacio. La categoría "Lenguaje", resalta que el profesorado admite que existe un lenguaje sexista en lós centros escolares pero que su uso es inconsciente.

O objetivo desta investigação consistiu em conhecer qual é o conceito geral dos professores de Educação Física (EF) sobre educação mista em EF e que estratégias metodológicas utilizam os professores para trabalhar. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, procedendo-se análise do seu conteúdo. Destaca-se que, na categoria "Definição de coeducação" não existe um consenso entre os professores sobre o que é coeducação. A categoria "Uso de espaço motriz" revela que os meninos usam a maioria do espaço. A categoria "Linguagem" enfatiza que os professores admitem que exista uma linguagem sexista nas escolas, porém o seu uso é inconsciente.

The aim of this research was to know the general conception of Physical Education teachers about the coeducation in their own subjects and to find out which methodological strategies are followed by the teachers to work with coeducation. Some semi structured interviews were done to ask for the content analysis. To stand out: in the category "Coeducation definition", there isn't any arrangement by the professorate about what coeducation is. The category "Drive space employment" shows up that the kids use the most part of the space. The category "Language"stands out that the teachers admit that a sexist way of speaking is inadvertently used in the schools by the kids.

Effects of electrostimulation and plyometric training program combination on jump height in teenage athletes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eight-week (2 days/week) training periods of plyometric exercises (PT) and neuromuscular electrostimulation (EMS) on jump height in young athletes. Squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) were performed to assess the effects of the training protocols 98 athletes (100 & 200m and 100m & 110m hurdles) voluntarily took part in this study, 51 males (52%) and 47 females (48%), 17.91 ± 1.42 years old, and 5.16 ± 2.56 years of training experience. The participants were randomly assigned to four different groups according to the frequency and the timing of the stimulation. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the effects of every training program on jump height. Our findings suggest that compared to control (Plyometrics (PT) only), the combination of 150Hz EMS + PT simultaneously combined in an 8 week (2days/week) training program, we could observe significant jump height improvements in the different types of strength: explosive, explosive-elastic, and explosive-elastic-reactive. The combination of PT after ≤ 85 Hz EMS did not show any jump height significant increase in sprinters. In conclusion, an eight week training program (with just two days per week) of EMS combined with plyometric exercises has proven useful for the improvement of every kind of vertical jump ability required for sprint and hurdles disciplines in teenage athletes.

Jump peak power assessment through power prediction equations in different samples.

The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of jump capacity in a group of secondary school students and to develop 2 specific equations-applied to boys and girls, respectively, to estimate the jump power of secondary school students. Four hundred and fifty-six boys (age, 14.1 ± 0.8 years; mass, 61.9 ± 15.7 kg; height, 1.64 ± 0.10 m) and 465 girls (age, 14.1 ± 0.9 years; mass, 55.1 ± 10.0 kg; height, 1.58 ± 0.07 m), all of them secondary school students, volunteered to participate in this study. They performed a vertical jump test (Abalakov) on a force platform, and jump height and peak power were measured. Most importantly, peak power was also estimated through a series of previously established power equations. For the purpose of establishing statistically significant differences, a p value ≤ 0.05 was fixed. The equations proposed by Canavan and Vesconvi, and Harman were the most precise with respect to actual power, reaching a percentage of 1.9-2.1 and 3.6-4.1%, respectively. The equations by Sayers and Lara showed a greater difference in percentage (9.9-12.4 and 22.4-24.2%, respectively) with that of actual power. Similar results were not obtained in other studies, which means that a specific equation will be required according to the characteristics of the assessed sample. Two equations specifically addressed to secondary school students will be established in this article: boys: ([61.8 jump height (cm)] + [37.1 body mass (kg)] - 1,941.6); girls: ([31 jump height (cm)] + [45 body mass (kg)] - 1,045.4). Crossvalidation tests that were done to prove the validity of said equations showed positive results. Practical applications: Those teachers who wish to estimate the jump power of their pupils can use these equations and thereby calculate jump power by the indirect method from jump height and body mass index, without any need to use any expensive tools.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento mixto sobre la condición física en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso / Effects of a mixed training program on physical fitness in young overweight women

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de un entrenamiento mixto de 6 semanas de duración sobre la condición física de mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 20 mujeres (18,55 ± 1,09 años, 63,47 ± 12,25 kg de masa y 161,75 ± 7,74 cm de altura). El entrenamiento se llevó a cabo durante 6 semanas, ejecutándolo 3 veces por semana un tiempo de entre 40 a 50 min. Antes y después del programa se evaluó: consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2 max), fuerza dinámica máxima (press de banca, prensa de piernas, jalon frontal y tríceps en polea), resistencia muscular local (press de banca y prensa de piernas) y flexibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural. Se observó un incremento del VO2 max (7%); fuerza dinámica máxima (entre 22 y 32%), resistencia a la fuerza dinámica máxima (49-87%) y flexibilidad isquiosural (10%).Se concluye que el entrenamiento mixto de 6 semanas de duración en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso produce mejoras en los parámetros funcionales estudiados, incidiendo con ello en la mejora de la salud (AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a mixed six weeks training on the physical condition in young women with overweight. The sample was 20 women (18.55 ± 1.09 years, 63.47 ± 12.25 kg of mass and 161.75 ± 7.74 cm tall). Training is conducted during six weeks, three times a week one time from 40-50 min. Before and after the program was evaluated: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal dynamic strength (bench press, leg press, front and triceps jalon curl), local muscular endurance ( bench press and leg press) and hamstring flexibility. There was an increase of VO2max (7%); maximal dynamic strength (22% - 32%); local muscular endurance (49% - 87%) and hamstring flexibility (10%). We conclude that the mixed training of 6 weeks duration in overweight young women leads to improvements in functional parameters studied, thereby impacting on the improvement of health (AU)

Fuerzas de reacción del suelo en pies cavos y planos / Ground reaction forces in high-arch and flat feet

El objetivo de este estudio se ha centrado en medir las fuerzas de reacción en diferentes movimientos (marcha, carrera, cambio de dirección y amortiguación de caída) en una muestra de sujetos sedentarios sanos con pies planos y cavos. Participaron en el estudio 15 mujeres jóvenes (edad: 19,4 +/- 1.3 afios; peso: 57,17 +/- 8,98 Kg); 8 con pies planos (P) y 7 con pies cavo s (C). Fueron sometidas a una batería de pruebas: marcha (velocidad = 1,6 mis), carrera (velocidad = 3 mis), amortiguación de caída (desde una altura de 0,75 m) y cambio de dirección. Se estudiaron las fuerzas verticales, anteroposteriores y mediolaterales, utilizando una plataforma de fuerzas piezoeléctrica. Aparecieron diferencias significativas (p<0,01) entre pies planos y cavos en la duración del apoyo en el cambio de dirección, siendo mayores en los planos (C = 0,30 +/- 0,04 s Y P = 0,37 +/- 0,04 s) y en el primer pico de fuerza de la amortiguación de la caída (p<0,05), con valores superiores en los cavos (C = 5,78 +/- 1,29 BWy P = 4,29 +/- 0,84 BW). El resto de variables estudiadas no mostraron diferencias significativas, aunque todos los picos de fuerza en los movimientos máximos fueron mayores en el grupo con pies cavos y los picos de impacto en marcha y carrera fueron ligeramente superiores en los pies planos. El grado de significación estadística no tiene por qué ser el límite que marque el mayor o menor riesgo de futura lesión asociada a las fuerzas de reacción. Pequefias y no significativas diferencias podrían marcar un incremento sustancial del riesgo. Cabe destacar los mayores valores registrados en los pies cavos, en los movimientos máximos, en los que existiría un mayor riesgo para ellos. Por otro lado las mínimas o nulas diferencias observadas en los patrones de movimiento podrían explicarse por adaptaciones que realiza el sujeto en el movimiento

The aim of this study was to measure the ground reaction force s in different movements (walking, running, changes of direction and landing), in a sample of sedentary subjects with high-arch feet or flat feet. Fifteen young women volunteered for the study (age: 19,40 +/- 1,29 years; weight: 57,17 +/- 8,98 Kg); 8 with flat feet (P) and 7 with high -arch feet (C). AlI of them carried out the following tests on a force platform: walking (speed = 1,6 mis), running (speed = 3 mis), drop landing (height = 0,75 m), and changes of direction. Vertical, horizontal and mediolateral ground reaction forces were collected using a piezoelectric force platform. There were significant differences (p < 0,01) between flat and high-arch feet in the contact time during the change of direction test, with greater contact times in subjects with flat feet (C = 0,30 +/- 0,04 s Y P = 0,37 +/- 0,04 s), and in the first peak vertical force during landing (p<0,05), with greater values in subjects with high-arch feet (C = 5,78 +/- 1,29 BW Y P = 4,29 +/- 0,84 BW). The other variables studied did not show significant differences between groups, although peak vertical force s for the maximum tests were greater in the high-arch feet group, and peak forces during walking and running were slightly greater for the flat feet group. The lack of significant differences does not have to be the limit to predict the risk of injury provoked by greater peak forces. Small and not significant differences might be enough to increase this risk. The higher force values found in the high-arch feet group during maximal tests show a higher risk of injury during these kinds of movements. The minimal differences found in the movement pattems between groups could be explained by individual adaptations during the tests

Medición directa de la potenciá con tests de salto en voleibol femenino / Direct measurement of power with jump tests in female volleyball

La potencia mecánica en los tests de salto se puede medir tanto de forma directa, mediante plataforma de fuerzas, comocalculada (forma indirecta) a partir de la altura del salto y de la masa corporal de los sujetos, mediante diferentes fórmulas (Lewis, Harman y Sayers). El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la potencia de extensión de los miembros inferioresen tests de salto en un equipo de voleibol femenino de nivel medio (n = 13) de forma directa e indirecta. Por otro lado,discutir acerca de la idoneidad de unos métodos frente aotros. Para ello, los sujetos realizaron tres tipos de saltossobre una plataforma de fuerzas: abalakov (ABK), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ) y salto sin contramovimiento (SJ). Los picos de potencia obtenidos han sido, para ABK: plataforma 3536 +/- 6;31 W; Lewis 839 +/- 120 W y Harman 2834 +/-: 542 W; para CMJ: plataforma 2856 +/- 554 W; Lewis 760 +/- 110 W; Harman 2408 +/- 465 W y Sayers 2703 +/- 450 W y para SJ: plataforma 2878 +/- 538 W; Lewis 677 +/- 106 W; Harman 1996 +/- 428 W y Sayers 2310 +/- 459 W La plataforma de fuerzas es el método más preciso para medir la potencia mecánica en tests de salto. La fórmula de Lewis ha infraestimado el pico de potencia (p<0,01). La fórmula de Harman también lo ha infraestimado, aunque en menor medida (p<0,01). Con la fórmula de Sayers se han obtenido unos valores más aproximados a los de la plataforma de fuerzas, aunque también han sido significativamente diferentes (p<0,01). La conclusión que se desprende es que lo ideal sería evaluar la potencia de forma directa pero si no se dispusiera de instrumentos, con la fórmula de Sayers se podrían obtener unos valores muy cercanos

Mechanical power in jump tests can be directly measured by a force platform, or estimated (indirect way) from a subject's jump height and body mass, by means of different equations (Lewis, Harman and Sayers). The aim ofthis studywas to evaluate, directly and indirectly, peak power from lower extremities usingjump tests in a club level female volleyball team (n= 13). A secondarypurposewas to compare if one method is more suitable than the others. Subjects performed three different jump tests, on a force platform: Abalakov (ABK), countermovementjump (CMJ) and squatjump (SJ). Peak power in ABK was 3536 +/- 631 W (force platform); 839 +/- 120 W (Lewis) and 2834 +/- 542 W (Harman). Peak power in CMJwas 2856 +/- 554 W (force platform); 760 +/- 110 W (Lewis); 2408 +/- 465 W (Harman) and 2703 +/- 450 W (Sayers), and for the SJ, peak power was 2878 +/- 538 W (force platform); 677 +/- 106 W (Lewis); 1996 +/- 428 W (Harman) and 2310 +/- 459 W (Sayers). The force platform is the more accurate instrument to measure mechanical power in jump tests. The Lewis equation underestimated peak power (p<0,01). The Harman equation also underestimated peak power, but less than Lewis equation (p<0,01). The Sayers equation gave measures closer to those taken from the force platform, although they have been significantly different, as well (p<0,01). In conclusion, the betterwayto evaluate power would be directly, using a force platform. The Sayers equation seems to give power measures closer to those obtained by direct methods