Comparison of the effect of licorice and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine mouthwash is a common oral hygiene product used in intensive care units, but it may have some adverse effects. Licorice, a natural herb, could be a potential alternative to chlorhexidine. However, the effect of licorice mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of licorice and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral health of intubated patients. METHODS: This was a triple-blind clinical trial. The sample included 130 intubated patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Iran. The samples were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups: A and B. In group A, the main researcher applied 15 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash after each brushing (twice a day for 5.5 days) and suctioned it after 30 s. In group B, 20% licorice mouthwash was used instead of chlorhexidine. The demographic information questionnaire and the Beck Oral Assessment Scale (BOAS) were completed by one of the nurses before and on the sixth day of the study. RESULTS: Finally, 60 patients in each group completed the study. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic variables or oral health before the intervention (P > 0.05). The oral health of patients in both the chlorhexidine and liquorice mouthwash groups improved significantly after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in oral health between the two groups at postintervention (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that both mouthwashes exerted a comparable effect on dental and oral health. However, the chlorhexidine mouthwash showed a greater impact on the reduction of dental plaque and the thinning of saliva compared to licorice mouthwash. In essential cases, licorice mouthwash can be employed as an alternative to chlorhexidine.

Antibacterial and Anti-Glucosyltransferase Activity of Verbascum speciosum Against Cariogenic Streptococci.

Objectives: Dental caries is a prevalent chronic human infection worldwide and several plants have shown anticariogenic properties through antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. The present study aimed to assess anticariogenic activity of Verbascum speciosum, in search of novel agents for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extracts from flowers and total aerial parts of the plant were prepared by maceration. Antibacterial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35668) and Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 27607) was investigated by agar diffusion and microdilution techniques. Inhibitory concentration-fifty values of the flowers' extract against Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase enzymes were determined. The total flavonoid content of the extracts was determined using an aluminum chloride reaction. Results: Verbascum speciosum flowers' extract showed significantly higher flavonoid content and antibacterial activity; with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/mL for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, respectively. The extract inhibited the synthesis of glucan by cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner with higher activity against the extracellular enzyme. Conclusion: This study indicated effective anticariogenic activity of Verbascum speciosum flowers extract. This extract can be considered as an alternative to current anticaries therapies or an additive to dental care products.

Chlorogenic acid protective effects on paraquat-induced pulmonary oxidative damage and fibrosis in rats.

Paraquat (PQ) is a widely used herbicide that can cause severe oxidative and fibrotic injuries in lung tissue. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of chlorogenic acid (CGA), the present study investigated its effects on PQ-induced pulmonary toxicity. To this end, 30 male rats were randomly categorized into five groups of six. Initially, the first and third groups were treated intraperitoneally (IP) with normal saline and CGA (80 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days, respectively. The second, fourth, and fifth groups were treated with normal saline and 20 and 80 mg/kg of CGA for 28 consecutive days, respectively, and received a single dose of PQ (IP, 20 mg/kg) on Day 7. Then, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and lung tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological examinations. The results showed that PQ significantly increased hydroxyproline (HP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased the lung tissue antioxidant capacity. In addition, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity increased significantly, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity declined substantially. The administration of therapeutic doses of CGA could prevent the oxidative, fibrotic, and inflammatory effects of PQ-induced lung toxicity, and these changes were consistent with histological observations. In conclusion, CGA may improve the antioxidant defense of lung tissue and prevent the spread of inflammation and the development of PQ-induced fibrotic injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and preventing inflammatory cell infiltration.

The Antimicrobial and Healing Effect of Scrophularia striata Boiss Hydroalcoholic Extract on First- and Second-Grade Pressure Wounds in Patients with Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial study was performed on grade 1 and 2 pressure wounds in 120 patients with cerebral-spinal cord lesions. The patients were randomly divided into four groups (n = 30). Topical treatments in all groups were performed twice a day. These groups included experiment 1 (SHE + phenytoin), experiment 2 (SHE + SHE), control (phenytoin + phenytoin), and placebo (eucerin + phenytoin). After evaluating the effect of SHE on wound healing, its antibacterial activity was determined by the standard agar well diffusion method. Results: Patients in each group in this study did not significantly differ in demographic and clinical variables. Complete wound healing by the 10th day of the intervention occurred in 63%, 100%, and 27% of patients in experimental 1, experimental 2, and control groups, respectively. In contrast, the placebo group had no complete wound healing until the 10th day. Topical application of SHE, twice a day in the experimental 2 groups, had a higher potency to heal wounds and reduce the duration of complete wound healing in patients compared with other groups. Conclusion: SHE, as a novel treatment option, has good potential to accelerate the healing of first- and second-degree pressure wounds in patients with brain-spinal cord injuries.

Novel naltrexone hydrochloride nanovaccine based on chitosan nanoparticles promotes induction of Th1 and Th17 immune responses resulting in protection against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in a mouse model.

This study was aimed to encapsulate and construct the Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen (SAG1) and naltrexone hydrochloride (NLT-HCL) as an adjuvant within chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) to develop efficacious vaccine against T. gondii. Seven groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with SAG1, chitosan (CS), NLT-SAG1, CS-SAG1, CS-SAG1-NLT, CS-NLT and PBS. The efficiency of each approach was detected in vivo mouse immunization. Moreover, the immuno-induction effect of SAG1 recombinant protein and CS-NPs-based NLT-HCL as an adjuvant in a vaccine delivery was evaluated. Experimentally, Th1/Th17 biased cellular and humoral immune responses were activated in the mice immunized with CS-SAG1-NLT nanoparticles that were accompanied by considerable increased production of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-12, IL-4, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, IgG, IgG2a. This group of mice also showed significantly increased survival time post-challenging. The successful encapsulated SAG1 recombinant protein and NLT-HCL, as an adjuvant, within CS-NPs can induce immune responses against toxoplasmosis. We could incorporate NLT-HCL adjuvant into the CS-NPs based delivery systems, which makes CS-NPs attractive as a colloidal carrier system for NLT-HCL as secondary adjuvant. This new approach or the simultaneous use of CS and NLT demonstrated that the co-administration of CS-NPs and NLT-HCL induce production of IL-17 cytokine. This approach can be used for vaccination purposes, in which Th17 and Th1 cellular immune are considered the key of the successful immune response.

Rapid determination of metanil yellow in turmeric using a molecularly imprinted polymer dispersive solid-phase extraction and visible light spectrophotometry.

The present study aimed to develop a sensitive and available method for determining metanil yellow (MY) as an adulterating agent in food samples. Solid-phase extraction was chosen for pre-concentrating metanil yellow prior to its determination using a validated UV-spectrophotometric method. The precipitation polymerization method was applied to synthesize a range of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective extraction of MY. Polymers were characterized by SEM and FTIR and investigated for MY extraction through batch rebinding experiments. The extraction process was optimized in the term of pH, time, capacity, and the desorbing solvent. Results of this study showed the critical role of template/functional monomer ratio in the preparation of the MIPs. The developed MIP solid-phase extraction/UV-spectrophotometric method was employed for determining MY in spiked samples and showed 88.10-92.76% recovery for turmeric samples containing 0.1-10 mg/kg MY. The developed method was shown selective for MY in the presence of another azo dye.

Evaluation of Nrf2, Keap1 and Apoptotic Pathway Genes Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-p45 derived factor 2) and Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) genes and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), Bcl-XL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large), Bax (Bcl2-associated X protein) apoptotic pathway genes in acute myeloid leukemia patients. In this case-control study, the expression of genes encoding Nrf2, Keap1, Bcl2, Bcl- XL and Bax in 40 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients were compared with 40 normal individuals in the Iranian population. We evaluated the mRNA expression of genes by using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of Nrf2, Bcl2 and Bcl- XL genes in new AML patients were increased (p < 0.05). The patients treated with chemotherapy had a significantly more than four times higher expression level of Nrf2 than new case patients (P < 0.05), while there was a decrease in the expression level of Bcl2 and Bcl-XL, which was not statistically significant. In other hands in relapsed patients, the expressions of Nrf2, Bcl2 and Bcl- XL were higher level than new case patients (p < 0.05) but this was less than patients treated with chemotherapy (p > 0.05). The high levels of mentioned genes may be associated with poor treatment response, chemoresistance and disease recurrence. Because of hyperactivation and overexpression of Nrf2 in leukemia, suggest that Nrf2 inhibitors could be used as a pharmacological target in combination with classical chemotherapeutic agents to increase the efficacy of anticancer therapy.

The Effect of Comfrey on Enoxaparin-Induced Bruise in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Randomised Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Bruising is an important side effect of enoxaparin injection. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) is used to treat different types of wounds, bone fractures, and bruising in traditional medicine in many countries for centuries. This study aimed to determine the effects of the Comfrey ointment on the bruise size and color following enoxaparin injection. METHODS: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 40, namely Comfrey and Placebo. Changes in bruise size and color in both groups were assessed daily before and after the intervention. RESULTS: The Comfrey and Placebo groups were homogeneous in demographic and clinical variables. A downward trend was observed in the bruise size in both groups throughout the study. However, the bruise size was smaller in the Comfrey group than the Placebo group on day 2-5 of the intervention. Moreover, there was a significant difference in bruise color between the groups, with a shorter healing course in the Comfrey group. CONCLUSION: The Comfrey ointment accelerated the healing process of enoxaparin injection-induced bruising in patients with ACS. It is recommended as a safe and simple approach for these patients.

Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in a Patient with COVID-19: A Case Report.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents clinical manifestations similar to the influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). However, in the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), various pathological complications of high clinical significance have remained unknown. Impaired blood supply to the visceral vascular system can cause serious life-threatening acute damage. We report a case of extensive acute mesenteric ischemia associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed in a patient hospitalized in Amin Hospital - a COVID-19 referral center in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. This case highlights the importance of paying attention to serious and less common or less known clinical manifestations other than fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and myalgia.

Pharmacy students' level of financial literacy and its differences among students with various career intentions.

BACKGROUND: Many pharmacy students will work at managerial positions after graduation, so policymakers' awareness from their level of financial literacy and intentions regarding their future career field and path might be helpful to identify existing gaps and needed interventions. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of financial literacy among pharmacy students and their intentions regarding career path and field. METHODS: Data were gathered in early 2018 using a questionnaire which consisted of three parts: questions on financial literacy, career intentions, and participants' characteristics. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, comparison of the level of financial literacy and career intention among different demographic groups, as well as the comparison of the level of financial literacy among students preferring various career fields and paths. RESULTS: A total of 173 usable questionnaires were gathered. Significant differences were observed in terms of the level of financial literacy between various groups of students' personal income, term of education, and history of receiving finance-related information from people around them. Students showed more weakness in responding to questions related to investment. It was also revealed that students with higher scores in financial literacy gave priority to fast entrance to the job market compared to other suggested career paths. CONCLUSIONS: Although improvement in all aspects of financial literacy seem required for the studied population, more weakness was observed in terms of investment questions. Community pharmacy and rapid entrance to the work market were the preferred career field and path, respectively.

The heel amelanotic melanoma, a rare subtype of skin cancer misdiagnosed as foot ulcer: A case report.

Amelanotic melanoma (AM) of the heel is a very rare subtype of malignant melanoma in which the tumour cells, unlike other types of melanoma, are characterised by little or no melanin pigmentation. AM resembles many benign dermatological complications that often lead to late diagnosis of lesions, poor prognosis, and occasionally misdiagnosis at an early stage of the disease. We report a case of a 73-year-old man with a heel ulcer who was admitted to Al-Zahra Hospital (Isfahan, Iran). Chronic osteomyelitis was considered the primary diagnosis, and several courses of antibiotics were prescribed for the patient. The ulcer failed to improve after 9 months' of therapy, and because of an increase in the size of the ulcer and the growth of two tumours in the right heel, a biopsy of the lesion was conducted. The pathology report confirmed invasive AM. The present report emphasises the necessity to biopsy all skin lesions, even with low clinical significance, to avoid wrong subsequent treatments, prevent a delay in diagnosis, reduce misdiagnosis, and improve the survival rate of patients.

A rare enzymatic defect, true isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency leading to endocrine disorders and infertility: case report.

The cytochrome P450 17A1 catalyzes the formation of 17-hydroxysteroids and 17-ketosteroid. Most defects in CYP17A1 impair both enzymatic activities and cause a combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, which impairs hormone production (cortisol and sex steroids), sexual development, and puberty. Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency is usually defined by evidently normal activity of 17α-hydroxylase with a dramatic decline of 17,20-lyase activity or complete inactivity. The changes in enzyme activity lead to a lack in the production of sex steroids with normal levels of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormones. A 24-years-old married woman, as a product of a consanguineous marriage, presented with infertility and a background marked by primary amenorrhea. Laboratory data showed low normal serum cortisol levels and low levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Also, her adrenal androgens were low but estradiol was normal. The chromosomal investigation uncovered a male karyotype of 46, XY. These clinical and laboratory evidence confirm the determination of an isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency in a genotypic male.

The role of ghrelin and tumor necrosis factor alpha in diazinon-induced dyslipidemia: insights into energy balance regulation.

The evidence shows that organophosphate compounds (OPCs), as toxic agents that stimulate the cholinergic system, can increase the incidence of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia. In the present study, we focused on the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and serum leptin and ghrelin in Diazinon (DZN)-induced dyslipidemia. The rats were randomly divided into five groups comprising eight animals, and all were treated via oral gavage for 28 consecutive days as follows: group one received only corn oil daily, while groups two through five received different doses of DZN dissolved in corn oil equal to 1/40, 1/20, 1/10 and 1/5 of the LD50 daily, respectively. The alteration of the serum lipid profile, such as triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), was confirmed the occurrence of dyslipidemia in the range of doses 1/20-1/5 LD50 of DZN. Although no changes were found in the serum leptin levels, a significant increase was observed in the size of adipocytes, as well as in the TNF-α and ghrelin serum levels, and in the accumulation of epididymal fat, especially at a dose of 1/5 LD50 of DZN. It seems that interactions among the inflammatory reaction, cholinergic pathways and ghrelin secretion may be effective causes of DZN-induced dyslipidemia.

Protective effects of Allium hirtifolium Boiss extract on cadmium-induced renal failure in rats.

Cadmium (Cd), as a toxic metal, can accumulate in kidneys and induce renal failure. This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of Allium hirtifolium Boiss bulbs against Cd-induced renal failure in rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups: group 1, 2, and 3 received vehicle, Cd (100 mg/L/day by drinking water), and AhB extract (200 mg/kg/day; orally), respectively. Groups 4, 5, and 6 were Cd groups which treated AhB extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively). After 2 weeks, renal function and oxidative stress markers were determined by using colorimetric methods. Our findings showed that Cd caused a significant increase in creatinine (Cr; p<0.05), uric acid (p<0.01), BUN (p<0.05), serum levels, lipid peroxidation (LPO; p<0.01), and nitric oxide (NO; p<0.01); the depletion of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC; p<0.01) and total thiol molecules (TTM; p<0.001); and structural alterations in the renal tissue. Following AhB extract administration, a remarkable improvement was observed in the functional and oxidative stress markers of renal tissue.This study suggests that AhB may prevent progression of Cd-induced renal failure via improvement of oxidative/antioxidant balance in renal tissue.

Protective effect of amlodipine on diazinon-induced changes on oxidative/antioxidant balance in rat hippocampus.

Oxidative stress (OS) is a main mechanism in organophosphorus poisoning. The effects of calcium channel blockers have been confirmed in decreasing of oxidative stress. In the current study, the effects of amlodipine (AM), as a calcium channel blocker, were evaluated on oxidative damages induced by diazinon (DZN) in hippocampus tissue of Wistar rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups and treated intraperitoneally for two weeks. Group 1 served as control received vehicle, group 2 was treated with 9 mg/kg of AM, group 3 (positive control) received DZN (32 mg/kg), Groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg of AM adjunct with DZN (32 mg/kg), respectively. After 14 days, all the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia and hippocampus tissue and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathology experiments. The results showed that DZN caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001), nitric oxide (P < 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) levels, depletion of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01), and structural changes in hippocampus tissues. Following AM administration, a significant improvement was observed in oxidative biomarkers in hippocampus tissues. Additionally, our biochemical findings were related well with histopathological examinations. In conclusion, the data of this study indicated that AM administration may prevent oxidative damages via improving of energy production and preventing of free radical formation in DZN-exposed animals.

Wound healing property of milk in full thickness wound model of rabbit.

OBJECTIVE: Wound healing consists of several continuous phases in which various cells and chemical intermediates are involved. Milk as a rich source of nutritional elements has proved to have potential benefits for treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the healing effect of low-fat cow's milk on an open skin wound model in the rabbit. METHODS: The 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) ointments of lyophilized powder of low-fat milk were prepared in the eucerin base and were applied twice daily in the treatment groups. Phenytoin 1% ointment was used as a standard control. The healing effect of the milk ointment (MO) was evaluated through the measurement of wound surface area, the extent of tissue tension, and the content of hydroxyproline. Histological evaluation of skin tissue specimens was also performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: The results showed that the healing rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of untreated group and eucerin group (p < 0.01). The best healing effect was seen in 5% milk ointment with the shortest healing time (15 days) and the highest tissue tension in comparison to other groups. Although the tissue hydroxyproline content in this group was slightly lower than that of the phenytoin group, this difference was not significant. Histologic, findings indicated increased collagen fibers, increased fibroblasts and an evident decrease in inflammatory cells in that group. CONCLUSION: It can, therefore, be concluded that low-fat cow's milk has significant beneficial effects on skin wound healing. Therefore, it may be used as a healing agent in different types of the wound in humans after certain clinical trials.

A comparative study on the effect of "black cohosh" and "evening primrose oil" on menopausal hot flashes.

INTRODUCTION: Hot flashes are considered to be a common experience for menopausal women and they can compromise the quality of life. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa in comparison with evening primrose oil (EPO) in postmenopausal women with menopause-related symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 80 postmenopausal women with hot flashes. The participants were randomly divided into two groups by blocked randomization. The participants of one group received black cohosh and the other group received EPO for 8 weeks. The severity and number of hot flashes and quality of life were measured by four-point scale, and the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire at pre-intervention, 1st, 4th, and 8th weeks after treatment. Data were analyzed in SPSS Version 16 using independent t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Average severity of hot flashes in both groups and number of hot flashes in black cohosh group in 8th week were significantly lower than 1st week (P < 0.001), but number of hot flashes in primrose oil group in 8th week showed no significant differences (P = 0.32). The number of hot flashes and quality of life score in black cohosh arm compared to EPO showed a significant decrease in the 8th week (P < 0.05). All MENQOL scores were significantly improved in two groups (P < 0.05), but the percentage of improvement in black cohosh arm was significantly superior to EPO group. CONCLUSION: Both herbs were effective in reduction of severity of hot flashes and improvement of the quality of life, but it seems that black cohosh is more effective than primrose oil because it was able to reduce the number of hot flashes too.

Thymoquinone attenuates hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage caused by diazinon: an in vivo study.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main active constituent of Nigella sativa seeds. The objective of this study was to explore the protective effects of TQ on diazinon (DZN)-induced liver toxicity in the mouse model. The animals were divided into five groups of 6 each and treated intraperitoneally. Group 1 received the vehicle, group 2 was given 16 mg/kg DZN, group 3 received 5 mg/kg TQ, and groups 4 and 5 were treated with 1.25 and 5 mg/kg of TQ as well as 16 mg/kg DZN, respectively. Finally, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum activity as well as nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecule (TTM), and histopathological experiments were evaluated in the liver samples. Our findings showed that DZN caused a significant increase in ALT (P < 0.01), AST (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) serum levels, LPO (P < 0.001) and NO (P < 0.001), the depletion of the TAC (P < 0.05) and TTM (P < 0.001), and structural changes in the liver tissue. Following TQ administration, a significant improvement was observed in the oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue. In addition, our biochemical findings were correlated well to the histopathological examinations. In conclusion, the data from this study indicate that the administration of TQ may prevent liver damage by preventing free radical formation in animals exposed to DZN.

Comparison the Effect of Fish-Oil and Calcium Supplementation on Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea.

BACKGROUND: Primary dysmenorrhea is common among young girls and childbearing women. Dysmenorrhea is a painful contraction of uterus which occurs in the beginning of bleeding or before the menstrual cycle begins. Regarding the mechanism of calcium in response to hormonal change and the role of fish oil on reducing prostaglandins, we compared the effectiveness of fish-oil and calcium supplementation in treating primary dysmenorrheal. METHODS: This randomized double-blinded clinical trial was conducted on women aged 18 to 45 years with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea symptoms from January 2015 to March 2015. The women were randomly divided to two groups (fish oil and calcium). The drugs were given every day in the first cycle and from 8 days before till 2 days after initiation of menstruation for the second and third cycles. The intensity of pain and other symptoms of dysmenorreha were recorded and data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using T-test and X2 tests. Significant level was considered to be less than 0.05. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of the patients in the fish oil group was 25.0±4.3 and in calcium group was 25.48±6.6 years. According to this result, there was no statistically significant difference in the intensity of pain between fish-oil group and calcium group before and 1 month after the study (P>0.05). However, there was statistically significant difference between fish-oil group and calcium group before the study and 2 months (P=0.001) and 3 months after study (p<0.001). Besides, the fishoil patients needed less analgesic as compared to the calcium patients. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that omega-3 is more effective than calcium, what can be justified by pain mechanisms and symptoms pathology in dysmenorrheal.