Quantitative time-resolved vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy as a tool for thin film kinetic studies: new insights into oleic acid monolayer oxidation.

Environmental air-water interfaces are often covered by thin films of surface-active organic substances that play an important role for air-sea gas exchange and aerosol aging. Surface-sensitive vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has been widely used to study the static structure of organic monolayers serving as simple model systems of such films. Probably due to the difficulties to correlate the SFG signal intensity with the surface concentration, corresponding time-resolved studies of surface reactions are scarce. In this study, quantitative time-resolved measurements have been performed on the oleic acid monolayer ozonolysis, which is considered a benchmark system for investigating the reactivity and fate of unsaturated natural organics. Surface concentration calibration data have been obtained by combining the pressure-area isotherm and VSFG spectra acquisition such that the 2D phase behavior of the oleic acid film could be properly taken into account. In contrast to literature reports, surface-active oxidation products were found to be negligible and do not interfere with the VSFG measurements. A pseudo-first-order kinetic analysis of the time-resolved data yielded a bimolecular rate constant of k2(oleic acid + O3 → products) = (1.65 ± 0.64) × 10(-16) cm(3) molecules(-1) s(-1), corresponding to an uptake coefficient of γ = (4.7 ± 1.8) × 10(-6). This result is in very good agreement with most recent monolayer measurements based on alternative methods and underlines the reliability of the time-resolved VSFG approach.

Density-functional theory study of vibrational relaxation of CO stretching excitation on Si(100).

A first-principles theory is presented for calculating the lifetime of adsorbate vibrations on semiconductor or insulator surfaces, where dissipation of the vibrational energy to substrate phonons is the dominant relaxation mechanism. As an example, we study the stretching vibration of CO/Si(100), where a lifetime of 2.3 ns has been measured recently [K. Lass, X. Han, and E. Hasselbrink, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 051102 (2005)]. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations for the local modes of the adsorbate, including their anharmonic coupling, are combined with force field calculations for the substrate phonons. Using the DFT-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional, we have determined the most stable adsorption site for CO on top of the lower Si atom of the Si surface dimer, the local normal modes of CO, and the multidimensional potential energy surface for the CO vibrations. The anharmonic stretching frequency of adsorbed CO obtained in DFT-PBE is 5% lower than the experimental value, while the B3LYP functional reproduces the CO stretching frequency with only 1.4% error. The coupling between the anharmonic vibrational modes and the phonon continuum is evaluated within first-order perturbation theory, and transition rates for the CO vibrational relaxation are calculated using Fermi's golden rule. The lifetime of 0.5 ns obtained with DFT-PBE is in qualitative agreement with experiment, while using vibrational frequencies from the B3LYP functional gives a much too long lifetime as compared to experiment. We find that the numerical value of the lifetime is very sensitive to the harmonic frequencies used as input to the calculation of the transition rate. An empirical adjustment of these frequencies yields excellent agreement between our theory and experiment. From these calculations we conclude that the most probable microscopic decay channel of the CO stretching mode is into four lateral shift/bending quanta and one phonon.

The surprisingly short vibrational lifetime of the internal stretch of CO adsorbed on Si(100).

Picosecond sum-frequency generation spectroscopy has been employed to study the dynamics of the internal stretch vibration of CO adsorbed on a Si(100) surface. Using the IR pump-sum-frequency generation probe method, the vibrational lifetime of the C-O stretch vibration has been determined to be 2.3+/-0.5 ns. Within the experimental error limits, the identical lifetime was observed for 12C16O and 13C16O. No strong dependency on the carrier density in the substrate, inferred from measurements using differently doped crystals, was observed.