The immunolocalization of HIF-2α, GLUT1 and CAIX in porcine oviduct during the estrous cycle.

Oxygen (O2 ) rates in the oviduct are essential to human and animal reproduction. These rates are regulated by the activity of hypoxia markers such as the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the glucose transporters (GLUT), and the carbonic anhydrase (CA). In the porcine model, scarce studies have been reported regarding these markers and their effects in reproduction are unknown. The objective was to characterize the immunolocalization of HIF-2α, GLUT1, and CAIX in porcine oviducts throughout the estrous cycle. Oviducts (ampulla and isthmus) of adult sows (n = 45) were collected for histological and immunohistochemical analysis with HIF-2α, GLUT1, and CAIX markers. The percentage of immunopositive area was quantified, and the differences among phases of the estrous cycle were analyzed (folicular, early luteal, and late luteal). The three markers showed epithelial presence mainly. Significantly lower expression of HIF-2α was found in the luteal phases, especially in the isthmus. GLUT1 expression did not change throughout the estrous cycle, but differences were found between the ampulla and isthmus. CAIX expression showed the highest, with a significant downward trend throughout estrous cycle. The ubiquitous expression of hypoxia markers shows the porcine oviduct physiology in relation to O2 . The differential expression of HIF-2α, GLUT1, and CAIX in different subcompartments of the oviduct throughout the estrous cycle contributes to improve the knowledge of the cell physiology of the oviduct, which can be useful in fertilization studies.

Entrenamiento en enteroscopia asistida. Revisión rápida / No disponible

La enteroscopia asistida no dispone actualmente de un modelo validado de entrenamiento, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con la otra técnica principal de estudio del intestino delgado como es la cápsula endoscópica. La formación debería basarse en definir y alcanzar una serie de competencias para la adquisición de los conocimientos y habilidades necesarios para desarrollar la enteroscopia de forma segura y efectiva. La necesidad de formación es clara, ya que esta técnica se considera como endoscopia avanzada, y además de equipación específica, requiere de unas maniobras diferentes a las habituales que necesitan de entrenamiento. Por lo que los candidatos ideales para recibir formación son profesionales con una acreditada experiencia en endoscopia digestiva terapéutica. Dentro de las recomendaciones para el entrenamiento en enteroscopia asistida destaca principalmente el aprendizaje de la estimación de la profundidad de exploración del intestino delgado y la elección de la ruta de exploración, bien oral o anal. La descripción de las curvas de aprendizaje presentan la limitación de que son explorador-dependiente y de que no existe consenso sobre que parámetro debe escogerse para determinar una correcta curva de aprendizaje en enteroscopia. El parámetro más frecuentemente empleado es la profundidad de exploración alcanzada. Los escasos modelos de entrenamiento descritos recomiendan el empleo de una herramienta de gran utilidad como es el uso de simuladores y el inicio de la práctica bajo la tutela de expertos. Sobre la base de la variabilidad de datos publicados, un endoscopista experimentado podría realizar una técnica de enteroscopia de forma segura y eficaz después de un entrenamiento de entre 5 y 35 exploraciones, aunque alcanzar el nivel de experto requiere de una larga práctica clínica con la exposición a diferentes patologías del intestino delgado

No disponible

Device-assisted enteroscopy training. A rapid review.

Device-assisted enteroscopy is currently lacking a validated training model, in contrast to the other major technique used for the study of the small bowel, namely capsule endoscopy. Training should be based on defining and achieving competency for the acquisition of the knowledge and skills required to perform enteroscopy in a safe and effective manner. The need for training is clear, since the technique is considered an advanced endoscopy form that requires maneuvers that differ from the usual ones that must be learned, in addition to specific equipment. Therefore, the ideal candidates for this training include professionals with accredited experience in therapeutic digestive endoscopy. Amongst the recommendations issued regarding device-assisted enteroscopy training, the estimation of small-bowel insertion depth and the choice of the examination route, whether oral or anal, should be highlighted. Learning curve descriptions have the limitation of being explorer-dependent with no consensus on the parameter that should be selected to establish a correct learning curve in enteroscopy. The most commonly used parameter is insertion depth. The few training models that have been proposed recommend using a highly useful tool, namely simulators and to start practicing under expert guidance. Based on the variability of published data, an experienced endoscopist may perform enteroscopy in a safe and effective manner after 5 to 35 training procedures. Although reaching the expert level requires prolonged clinical practice with exposure to the various disorders of the small bowel.