Qualidade microbiológica da água e dos mexilhões Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) cultivados em Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brasil / Microbiological quality of water and Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) mussels cultivated in Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brazil

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou verificar a qualidade microbiológica da água e dos mexilhões cultivados pela Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma (AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram realizadas sete coletas de água e mexilhões, mensalmente, entre outubro de 2016 e maio de 2017. Os mexilhões foram coletados nos long lines da AMPI, e em cada mês foram coletados 40 mexilhões Perna perna e 100 mL de água do local. O material coletado foi destinado ao laboratório para a realização das análises microbiológicas em duplicata, número mais provável de coliformes totais (CT) e termotolerantes (Ctt), presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp e número de unidades formadoras de colônias de Staphylococcus aureus. Os resultados mostraram que o número de Ctt nas amostras de água no mês de janeiro estavam acima do permitido pela Resolução n° 357 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Já os níveis de Ctt e Staphylococcus aureus na carne dos mexilhões mostraram-se dentro do limite aceitável pela RDC n° 12 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Entretanto, foram encontradas bactérias com características do gênero Salmonella sp nos meses de dezembro e março nos mexilhões, impossibilitando sua comercialização e seu consumo. Durante esses meses, a cidade tem alto fluxo de turistas. Por fim, recomenda-se a realização das análises microbiológicas continuamente, principalmente no período do verão, época que tem grande fluxo de turistas no município de Piúma e que registrou presença de Salmonella na carne dos mexilhões e níveis de Ctt na água acima do permitido pelas legislações vigentes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the microbiological quality of water and mussels cultivated by the Piúma Farmers Association (Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma — AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brazil. Seven samples of water and mussels were collected monthly from October 2016 to May 2017. The mussels were collected from the long lines of the AMPI, and in each month 40 mussels Perna perna and 100 mL of water were sampled from the site. The collected material was sent to the laboratory for duplicate microbiological analysis, Most Probable Number of Total (CT) and Thermotolerant (Ctt) coliforms, presence or absence of Salmonella sp and number of Staphylococcus aureus colony forming units. The results showed that the number of Ctt in the water samples in January was higher than that allowed by Resolution 357 of the National Environment Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente — CONAMA). The levels of Ctt and Staphylococcus aureus in mussel meat were within the acceptable range by the Brazilian National Environment Council (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária — ANVISA) Resolution RDC No. 12. However, colonies with characteristics of Salmonella sp were found in December and March in the mussels, making it impossible to sell and consume. This period coincides with a high flow of tourists in the municipality. Finally, it is recommended to perform microbiological analyzes continuously, especially in the summer, where there are a lot of tourists in the city of Piúma, period that showed the presence of Salmonella in the meat of mussels and Ctt levels in water above the allowed current legislation.

Toxicity of Copper in Epinephelus marginatus (Perciformes; Serranidae) After Ingestion of Contaminated Food.

The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is predator fish subjected to be impacted due to the contamination of their habitats. A viable source of metal contamination, i.e., copper (Cu), in this species is the ingestion of contaminated food. The objective of this work was to verify the toxic effects of Cu contaminated feed in dusky grouper. A 15 days trial was conducted with three treatments: control, 1 g and 2 g Cu/kg of fish feed. After the trial, the gut was analyzed for Cu concentration and the liver for SOD and GST activity. The Cu concentration in the intestinal tract was significantly greater in fish from contaminated treatments when compared with control. The SOD was significantly lower in contaminated fish, and the GST did not show differences among treatments. Copper showed to be toxic for the species, as evidenced by gut accumulation and suggested by SOD response.

Artemia franciscana as a vector for infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) to Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile.

In 2004, the infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) was recognized as the main cause of Litopenaeusvannamei shrimp culture's drop in Brazil. In health animal control programs, in order to reduce virus prevalence in production units it is necessary to screen live feed used. Among live diets used in aquaculture, the brine shrimp Artemia sp. is essential in crustacean larviculture and maturation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of Artemiafranciscana to IMNV through an immersion challenge and virus-phytoplankton adhesion route and to elucidate its role as a vector for IMNV transmission to L.vannamei. A. franciscana adults were infected with IMNV through both routes, as demonstrated by PCR-positive reactions. However, infected A. franciscana showed no signs of infection. More than 40% of L. vannamei juveniles fed with IMNV-infected A. franciscana by virus-phytoplankton adhesion route were positive by real-time PCR, whereas only a 10% infection rate was found among shrimp fed with IMNV-infected brine shrimp using the immersion challenge. Significant differences were found in mean viral load between immersion and virus-phytoplankton adhesion shrimp treatments (p ⩽ 0.05). Moreover, the mean viral loads were 1.34 × 10(2) and 1.48 × 10(4) copies/µg(-1) of total RNA for virus-phytoplankton adhesion and IMNV-infected tissue treatments, respectively, and the difference was not significant (p ⩾ 0.05). The results indicated that A. franciscana act as a vector for IMNV transmission under the experimental conditions examined. Although no mass mortalities were detected in L. vannamei fed with IMNV-infected brine shrimp, these infected shrimp should not be disregarded as a source of IMNV in grow-out units.