RESUMO
Australia implemented conjugate meningococcal C immunization in 2003 with a single scheduled dose at age 12 months and catch-up for individuals aged 2-19 years. Several countries have recently added one or more booster doses to their programmes to maintain disease control. Australian disease surveillance and vaccine coverage data were used to assess longer term vaccine coverage and impact on invasive serogroup C disease incidence and mortality, and review vaccine failures. Coverage was 93% in 1-year-olds and 70% for catch-up cohorts. In 10 years, after adjusting for changes in diagnostic practices, population invasive serogroup C incidence declined 96% (95% confidence interval 94-98) to 0·4 and 0·6 cases/million in vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts, respectively. Only three serogroup C deaths occurred in 2010-2012 vs. 68 in 2000-2002. Four (<1/million doses) confirmed vaccine failures were identified in 10 years with no increasing trend. Despite published evidence of waning antibody over time, an ongoing single dose of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the second year of life following widespread catch-up has resulted in near elimination of serogroup C disease in all age groups without evidence of vaccine failures in the first decade since introduction. Concurrently, serogroup B incidence declined independently by 55%.
Assuntos
Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Meningocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Meningocócicas/administração & dosagem , Neisseria meningitidis/fisiologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Austrália/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Infecções Meningocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Meningocócicas/prevenção & controle , Neisseria meningitidis/classificação , Sorogrupo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D (EHV-1 gD) expressed constitutively in mammalian cell lines had similar electrophoretic mobility to gD produced in EHV-1 infected cells but lacked a possibly complexed higher molecular weight form seen in the latter. Recombinant gD was N-terminally cleaved at the same site as gD in EHV-1 infected cells and expression was associated with enhanced levels of cell-cell fusion, indicating a role for EHV-1 gD in cell-to-cell transmission of virus.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/fisiologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/biossíntese , Animais , Células CHO , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Cavalos , Mamíferos , Proteínas Recombinantes/análise , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Mapeamento por Restrição , Transfecção , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/análiseRESUMO
The nucleotide sequence of 3,134 bp from the genome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strain U1102 was determined. The sequence overlaps and is contiguous with the 21,858 bp nucleotide sequence published by us previously. The sequence reported here encodes two open reading frames, named 18L and 19R. The protein encoded by 18L shares amino acid sequence similarity with the multiply hydrophobic glycoprotein M conserved in the genomes of all herpesviruses sequenced to date. ORF 19R encodes a protein which shares a significant degree of amino acid sequence conservation with the origin-binding protein homologues encoded by members of the alphaherpesvirus subgroup, but does not share detectable amino acid sequence homology with positionally analogous open reading frames present in the genomes of other betaherpesviruses or in the genomes of gammaherpesviruses.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Herpesviridae/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas Virais/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência Conservada , Citomegalovirus/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/químicaRESUMO
The glycoprotein C (gC) gene of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) was expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus as several products with apparent molecular weights of 66 kDa-80 kDa. The baculovirus EHV-1 gC products were recognised by monoclonal antibody and by EHV-1 convalescent equine sera, indicating conservation of antigenic determinants and confirming this glycoprotein as a target for the equine immune system. Mice immunized with recombinant EHV-1 gC showed accelerated clearance of EHV-1 from respiratory tissues following intranasal challenge. Virus clearance was accompanied by virus specific antibodies and by cell mediated immune responses measured by a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and lymphocyte stimulation by killed EHV-1 as antigen.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/genética , Imunização , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nucleopoliedrovírus/genética , Spodoptera , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Sets of primers were designed which enabled specific amplification of homologous regions of the glycoprotein C and gene 76 genetic loci of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4). The resultant virus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products arising from each loci could be discriminated easily on the basis of size on an agarose gel, allowing rapid differentiation of the two equine herpesviruses. Specificity of the amplifications were confirmed by Southern hybridization and restriction endonuclease digestion. The PCR test was applied to nasal swab samples from weanling foals and to archival aborted fetal tissue samples and the results compared to those obtained by virus isolation. A strong correlation was found between this PCR assay and virus isolation methods of EHV-1 and EHV-4 detection and discrimination.
Assuntos
Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesviridae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Herpesviridae/microbiologia , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Cavalos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores de Tempo , Virologia/métodosRESUMO
Equid herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) was detected in nasal swabs taken from foals using a PCR based test and this information used to study the epidemiology of EHV-4 disease on three Australian Thoroughbred stud farms in NSW in 1992. There was a very high level of agreement (kappa value of 0.84) between the PCR results and virus isolation using cell culture techniques. There was a strong seasonal distribution of EHV-4 shedding. Twenty-five of 26 positive samples were collected in January and March with the remaining positive sample collected in February. Foals with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract infection per se were no more likely to be shedders of EHV-4 (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence limits [CL] 0.5-3.8). However, EHV-4 was more likely to be isolated from foals exhibiting copious serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge than those with no clinical signs (OR 4.6, 95% CL 1.1-19.0 and OR 2.5, 95% CL 0.8-8.0, respectively). The month of the year was more important than weaning or age as a risk factor for excretion of EHV-4. Male foals and those with a history of respiratory disease that had required veterinary treatment were more likely to shed EHV-4.
Assuntos
Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesviridae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA/química , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Herpesviridae/genética , Infecções por Herpesviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/microbiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , New South Wales/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Glycoprotein D (gD) of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was expressed at the surface of insect cells infected by a recombinant baculovirus. EHV-1 gD was detected as multiple forms (56, 52, and 48 kDa) from 18 to 96 h postinfection. Laboratory animals inoculated with the recombinant EHV-1 gD developed neutralizing antibody responses against both EHV-1 and EHV-4.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Animais , Clonagem Molecular , Imunofluorescência , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/imunologia , Mariposas , Testes de Neutralização , Nucleopoliedrovírus/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
The sequence of 10079 bp corresponding to the overlapping SalI H and SmaI G restriction fragments of the genome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strain U1102 was determined. The sequence contains six complete open reading frames (ORFs) and two incomplete ORFs located at the 5' and 3' ends of the SalI H and SmaI G fragments respectively. Seven of these ORFs have recognizable homologues only in the beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), no obvious counterparts being detectable in the genomes of the human alpha-herpesviruses, varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 or the gamma-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus. The DNA sequenced is located proximal to the left repeat of the HHV-6 genome outside the well recognized region encompassing conserved herpesvirus gene blocks. A close colinear relationship is evident between the HHV-6 ORFs identified in this study and their counterparts in HCMV, ORFs UL23, UL24 and UL27 to UL31. Four of the HHV-6 ORFs, SHL1, SHL2, SFL1 and SSL2, are related to members of the HCMV US22 family of proteins, which are themselves tandemly arranged and located predominantly within the unique short and the left end of the unique long region of the prototype HCMV strain AD169 genome. Two adjacent HHV-6 ORFs, SSL1 and SHL3, are related to HCMV UL27. The identification of this gene set in addition to the HHV-6 ORFs with amino acid sequence similarity to the HCMV US22 family indicates a particularly close relationship between these two human herpesviruses, and suggests that the clustering of these related tandemly arranged genes may be a general feature of beta-herpesvirus-type genomes.
Assuntos
Citomegalovirus/genética , Genes Virais , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , DNA Viral/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fases de Leitura AbertaRESUMO
A sequence of 21,858 base pairs from the genome of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strain U1102 is presented. The sequence has a mean composition of 41% G + C, and the observed frequency of CpG dinucleotides is close to that predicted from this mononucleotide composition. The sequence contains 17 complete open reading frames (ORFs) and part of another at the 5' end of the sequence. The predicted protein products of two of these ORFs have no recognizable homologs in the genomes of other sequenced human herpesviruses (i.e., Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], human cytomegalovirus [HCMV], herpes simplex virus [HSV], and varicella-zoster virus [VZV]). However, the products of nine other ORFs are clearly homologous to a set of genes that is conserved in all other sequenced herpesviruses, including homologs of the alkaline exonuclease, the phosphotransferase, the spliced ORF, and the major capsid protein genes. Measurements of similarity between these homologous sequences showed that HHV-6 is clearly most closely related to HCMV. The degree of relatedness between HHV-6 and HCMV was commensurate with that observed in comparisons between HSV and VZV or EBV and herpesvirus saimiri and significantly greater than its relatedness to EBV, HSV, or VZV. In addition, the gene for the major capsid protein and its 5' neighbor are reoriented with respect to the spliced ORFs in the genomes of both HHV-6 and HCMV relative to the organization observed in EBV, HSV, and VZV. Three ORFs in HHV-6 have recognizable homologs only in the genome of HCMV. Despite differences in gross composition and size, we conclude that the genomes of HHV-6 and HCMV are closely related.
Assuntos
Citomegalovirus/genética , Genes Virais , Simplexvirus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Recombinante/isolamento & purificação , DNA Viral/genética , Éxons , Humanos , Íntrons , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Mapeamento por Restrição , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
We have sequenced a gene in human cytomegalovirus and a homologous gene in human herpesvirus 6 which could specify a product related to protein kinases. This gene appears to be generic in the herpesvirus family as homologues were found in three other human herpesviruses. The five sequences were aligned and found to be quite divergent. Some of the differences occur at amino acid positions which are functionally important and highly conserved in known protein kinases. Hence these genes may represent a significant departure from known protein kinases in terms of structure and/or function.
Assuntos
Genes Virais , Herpesviridae/genética , Proteínas Quinases/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Evolução Biológica , Catálise , Citomegalovirus/enzimologia , Citomegalovirus/genética , DNA Viral/genética , Herpesviridae/enzimologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
Assessment was made of the impact of depression on the intelligence, memory, and functional competence of elderly community residents (aged 57-88 years) with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Outpatients with either dementia (n = 21) or dementia coexisting with depression (n = 14) were given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), and Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). No significant group differences were found for verbal IQ, performance IQ, or WMS memory quotient. Patients with coexisting dementia and depression earned significantly lower full scale IQ scores than patients with only dementia. Analysis of WAIS and WMS subtest scores and profiles revealed no difference between the two groups. Significant associations were found among the various cognitive measures and functional competence in both groups, but the patterns of these relationships differed. Intellectual measures accounted for the greatest proportion of functional competence variance in the patients with dementia, whereas memory measures accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in the patients with coexisting dementia and depression.
Assuntos
Demência/complicações , Transtorno Depressivo/complicações , Testes Psicológicos , Idoso , Demência/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Humanos , Testes de Inteligência , Memória , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The official AOAC method for determining chlorine in cake flour lipids has been modified to determine chlorine in lipids of animal carcasses cooled with chlorinated water. The sensitivity of the method has been improved 1000-fold to attain a detection limit of 2 ppm Cl in lipids. Recovery of the fine silver chloride precipitate was improved through centrifugation rather than filtration. The official method also did not take into consideration that when the silver chloride precipitate is exposed to light, it is converted to free chlorine and silver. Recovery of organic chlorine ranged from 84.6% at 4.1 ppm to 100.1% at 100 ppm. A number of samples of commercially chlorinated beef, pork, and chicken and laboratory-chlorinated chicken were analyzed by this method. In all cases where the level of chlorination was sufficient to result in a chlorine level in lipids in excess of 2 ppm, the chlorine content of the carcass lipids was measurable.