Pregnancy and cirrhosis: four cases at the Lome campus university teaching hospital (Togo).

To evaluate the hepatic and obstetric complications in pregnant women with cirrhosis. We report the cases of four pregnant women with cirrhosis treated in the gastroenterology and obstetrics-gynecology departments of the Lome Campus University Teaching Hospital between 2013 and 2015. The women's mean age was 32 years. Three were in the first trimester of pregnancy. Almost all had signs of advanced cirrhosis, including ascites (50%), lower-limb edema (75%), and jaundice (25%). All (100%) had liver failure and anemia. Cirrhosis was due to hepatitis virus B infection for 3 women. All had singleton pregnancies. Two mothers died; fetal outcome included one fetal loss and one stillbirth. This study shows the high risk associated with the combination of pregnancy and cirrhosis. Prognosis is poor for both mother and fetus.

[Accessibility of early infant diagnosis of HIV infection in Lome (Togo)]. / Accessibilité au diagnostic précoce de l'infection à VIH chez les enfants à risque de Lomé (Togo).

BACKGROUND: Early infant diagnosis of HIV is the key step for the early initiation of HAART among HIV-exposed children. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of children born to mothers infected with HIV who completed the early infant HIV diagnosis process and the factors associated with this complete process. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Tokoin University Hospital in the pediatrics ward. This study included all HIV-exposed children born between July 2009 and June 2011. The association between the mother's, spouse's, and child's characteristics as well as access to early HIV diagnosis by PCR (blood collection and reporting of results before the 6months of age) was studied using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 455 HIV-exposed children were included: for 52.7%, the first test was PCR, 99 of them received their results, 59 of whom received their results before the 6th month of life (undergoing the complete process). In multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with the complete process of early HIV diagnosis was the maternal age≥28years (adjusted odds ratio, 1.75, 95% CI [1.18-2.76]). CONCLUSION: The availability of early infant PCR diagnosis remains a challenge and innovative strategies must be implemented.

[Fate of children born to HIV positive mothers followed in the context of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Togo. Study of 1042 infants]. / Devenir des enfants nés de mères séropositives au VIH suivis dans le cadre de la prévention de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant au Togo. Etude portant sur 1 042 nourrissons.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the fate of children born to HIV-positive mothers and to determine the impact of feeding options on the HIV status of the children in preventing mother-to-child transmission sites (PMTCT) in Togo. It was a retrospective and descriptive study, focused on medical files of 1042 children of both sexes aged from 0 to 59 months born to HIV-positive mothers and registered in the PMTCT sites between January 2004 and December 2008. Our study was conducted in seven PMTCT sites located in four of the six health regions in the country. We analyzed a total of 1042 medical files in seven PMTCT sites selected. The majority of children were born vaginally (77.4%). Antiretroviral prophylaxis most used in the mothers and/or the children was nevirapine in 86% of the cases. Breastfeeding (49%) was dominated by milk substitutes (50%). Globally, dropout rate was 52.2% (525), with 44.9% (408) at six months and 65.09% (483) at 12 months. At 12 months, 196 of 742 children (26.4%) had their retroviral serology. Among them, we have 5.6% overall rate of HIV infection. The transmission rate in the group of children breastfed was 5.9% (six children infected out of 102) and 8.5% in the group of children fed by formula milk (seven children out of 82). Death occurred in half of the cases (8 of 16) during the first two months of life. Follow-up was the major issue in monitoring children born to HIV-infected mothers. The HIV transmission rate is very high, irrespective of the feeding method.

[Imflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of nose and paranasal sinuses in a little girl of 7-year-old]. / Tumeur myofibroblastique inflammatoire endonasale chez une fillette de 7 ans.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (IMTs) are clinical and pathological distinct entities with controversial biological entities. IMTs have been described in the lungs, abdomen, retroperitoneum and extremities but rarely in the head and neck region. This case report corresponds to an IMT of the nose and the paranasal sinuses in a little girl of 7 years of age. The computed tomography scan showed an expanding tumoral process without skull destruction. First case report in the west African region, this observation describes the treatment instituted according to the possible care in our medical area, and the treatment when the patient was referred to a centre with efficient technical platform. This case underlines the aggressiveness of this type of tumour: an invasive tumour with local-regional extension and high recurrence potential. Currently, after 2 years, the tumoral process is considered cured after several radical surgical excisions.

[Knowledge of sickle cell disease and prevention methods in an urban district of Lomé, Togo]. / Connaissances de la drépanocytose et pratiques de prévention dans la population d'un district urbain de Lomé, Togo.

Despite the important frequency of the gene "S" in Togo, essential information remains insufficient to elaborate a prevention campaign on this affection. In order to assess the knowledge on sickle cell diseases as well as the prevention practices in the Togo population in one of the five districts of the township of Lomé, a cross sectional study was conducted in the third district of the township of Lomé from January 21, 2004 to January 26, 2004 in 210 natives from Togo aged of 15 and over, through a semi-structured questionnaire. The variables studied were: - the socio-demographic features and the knowledge of sickle cell disease characteristics (symptoms, biological diagnosis, treatment and means). Data collected were analysed through software Statically Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 10.0 of Windows using the chi2 test with 5% significance in the comparison of some variables. 117 women and 93 men were interviewed. Sickle cell disease was known in almost all ethnic groups but incompletely: 79.5% of the individuals knew about premarital check up but only 12.4% knew about haemoglobin electrophoresis check up. 74,8% of the people had a good knowledge of the cause of sickle cell disease, 78.6% had a fairly good knowledge of its symptoms, 57.6% knew the factors inducing attacks, 64.3% the prognosis and 69.5% the prevention methods, but a poor knowledge of the complications (62.4%), biological diagnosis (71%) and treatment (97.2%). The prevention practices were poorly adopted: 12% had an haemoglobin electrophoresis check up and 15% of them had their husband to have one as well. Professional status influenced the level of knowledge of the biological diagnosis (p=0.001) and prevention means (p=0.018). The educational level influenced biological diagnosis knowledge (p = 0.000) and prevention means (p = 0.02). On the whole, sickle disease was linked to marital status (p = 0.00). Sickle cell disease remains quite unknown in spite of the gene "S" important frequency in Togo. These results are to be taken into account to implement information, education and communication program to struggle against sickle cell disease.

[Pediatric salmonellosis at the Tokoin's teaching hospital, Lomé (Togo)]. / Les salmonelloses chez l'enfant au CHU Tokoin de Lomé (Togo).

OBJECTIVE: The authors had for aim to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects and outcome of pediatric Salmonella enterica, Salmonella septicemia, over the last 10 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the case history of 132 patients hospitalized for Salmonellasepticemia (positive blood culture) between 1995 and 2004. RESULTS: Salmonellosis accounted for 0.36% of all hospitalizations. The mean age of patients was 5.86 plus or minus 4.06 years, significantly higher in patients with S. ser. Typhi (7.14+/-4.04 years) than in patients with other serotypes (4.95+/-3.8 years). The clinical presentation was severe in many children (with dehydration (34.8%) and emaciation (55.3%)), so HIV was suspected and investigated in 51 patients (38.6%). Eight patients were HIV positive. Three serotypes of S. enterica were predominant: S. ser. Typhi, 55 cases (41.7%), S. ser. Enteritidis, 32 cases (24.2%), and S. ser. Typhimurium, 19 cases (14.4%). The bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics was good for ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin (100%). But 78.8% of the serotypes were resistant to amoxicillin, 75.4% to chloramphenicol, and 69.4% to cotrimoxazole. The mean duration of hospitalization was 13.7 plus or minus 7.4 days (range 4-34 days). Complications occurred in 15.9% of cases, dominated by digestive bleeding (10.6%), and 6.1% of patients died.

Anémie et parasitoses intestinales en milieu scolaire dans la Commune de Lomé au Togo

Les données de la littérature ont révélé l'existence d'une relation entre les parasitoses intestinales et l'anémie. Cette étude se propose de tester l'existence de cette relation en milieu scolaire dans la commune de Lomé. Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive transversale portant sur 302 élèves de l'Ecole Primaire Catholique Immaculée Conception de Nyékonakpoè à Lomé (Togo). L'examen parasitologique direct et la méthode de KATO pour la coprologie ; l'hémogramme et la Goutte Epaisse ont été réalises pour tous les écoliers impliques dans l'enquête. Il ressort de cette étude que 36.19 % des enfants étaient parasités dont 92.7% par des protozoaires intestinaux et 7.29% par des nématodes intestinaux. Giardia intestinalis et Ascaris lumbricoïdes étaient plus fréquents, respectivement 33.71% des protozoaires et 57.14% des nématodes. L'anémie a été retrouvée chez 34.44% des enfants. Elle a été surtout légère, microcytaire hypochrome, 59.61% avec un taux moyen d'hémoglobine à 11.08 g/dl. De plus 13.24% des enfants ont présenté des signes de malnutrition

[Primary results of antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS infected children in Lomé (Togo)]. / Traitement antirétroviral des enfants infectés par le VIH/sida à Lomé (Togo): premiers résultats.

UNLABELLED: Since 2004 in Togo HIV/AIDS infected children have, free of charge, access to antiretroviral drugs according to the national program. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, biological and prognosis aspects of anti-retroviral treatment on HIV/AIDS infected children. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We conducted a cross sectional study on 72 HIV/AIDS infected children with anti-retroviral treatment, under the supervision of clinicians within 3 associations specialized in the management of subjects infected by HIV/SIDA at Lomé (Togo). RESULTS: The average age of children was 6 years 9 months. The middle age to HIV screening was 4 years 2 months. The sex ratio was 1.05. The majority of these children (79.2%) were orphans of at least 1 of their parents. All the children were stemmed from families with modest income. The transmission mother to child was the way of HIV contamination found among all the children. To a certain extent, all the children were infected by the HIV 1. Most of the children (66.7%) receiving an antiretroviral treatment for at least 6 months were asymptomatic and had no more immunodeficiency. After 15 months, the children have gained 464 CD4/mm(3). The initial protocols antiretroviral prescribed among children were: zidovudine-lamivudine-abacavir (36.1%), lamivudine-didanosine-nevirapine (30.5%), lamivudine-stavudine-nevirapine (29.2%), zidovudine-lamivudine-didanosine (4.2%). The digestive disorders have been the first side effects (83.4%). The rate of good observance was middle (51%) and lowered with the increased age of children, and the period of the anti-retroviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS infected children is giving good results in Togo. But many efforts remain to increase the number of beneficiaries.

[Diluted injectable quinine in the intramuscular and intrarectal route: comparative efficacity and tolerance in malaria treatment for children ]. / Quinine injectable diluee en intramusculaire et en intrarectal: efficacite et tolerance comparees dans le traitement du paludisme de l'enfant.

The intramuscular (i.m.) route is generally used for treatment of childhood falciparum malaria in outlying health care units in Togo. The purpose of this randomized therapeutic trial was to compare the efficacy and tolerance of diluted injectable quinine administered by the i.m. versus intrarectal (IR) route. A total of 64 children ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated, i.e. 32 for each administration route. All children presented uncomplicated falciparum malaria in association with vomiting in 30 cases, a single unrecurring seizure with postictal coma lasting less than 30 minutes in 25 patients, or prostration without neurological manifestations in 9. Injectable quinimax (an association of cinchona alkaloids) was diluted to a concentration of 60 mg base/ml for i.m. injection into the thigh and 30 mg base/ml for use by the IR route. Administration was performed every 12 hours for 72 hours at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg for patients in the i.m. group or at a dose of 15 mg/kg in the IR group. The anus and lower rectal mucosa were examined using an anal valve before and after treatment using the IR route. Analysis of mean temperature curves demonstrated no significant difference between the clinical effectiveness of quinimax administered by the i.m. versus IR route (p > 0.05). Similar effect were also observed on parasitemia which disappeared completely in all patients by the end of the 72-hour treatment. The main problems were insufficient product retention requiring re-administration in 25% of patients in IR group and residual pain at the injection site in 12.5% of patients in the i.m. group. Endoscopic examination revealed no evidence of ulceration or necrosis of the anorectal mucosa. These findings indicate that administration of diluted injectable quinine by IR route is an effective, well-tolerated alternative for treatment of childhood falciparum malaria. It should be used preferentially in outlying health care units in patients presenting severe malaria pending transfer to an hospital, or signs of "intermediate severity" such as hyperpyrexia, hyperparasitemia, unrepeated seizure, or intensive vomiting.

[Severe malaria in children in Togo]. / Paludisme sévère de l'enfant au Togo.

BACKGROUND: The definition of severe malaria is no longer limited to cerebral malaria, but is as well extended to other clinical forms of the disease. This work analyses epidemiological, clinical and evolutive aspects of severe malaria in Togo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 549 children, aged from 0 to 15 years, hospitalized in 1994-5 in the pediatric department of the Lome-Tokoin University Teaching Hospital for severe malaria as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. RESULTS: The hospitalization frequency was 7.44%; the maximum frequency was from 1 to 5 years of age, but 6.56% of patients were more than 10 years old. The most frequent clinical form was that of severe anemia, followed by cerebral complications, as seen in many African countries. The death rate was 18.94% and the proportional mortality was 8.21%; 2.73% of the patients had neurological sequelae (behaviour disturbances in five cases, aphasia in four, hemiplegia in three, mumbling in one, oculomotor paralysis in one, and cerebellar ataxia in one). Hypoglycemia was fairly frequent (11.6%) and was associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: It is possible to improve severe malaria prognosis in Africa by insisting not only on better equipment in intensive care wards, but also on improved and early management of hypoglycemia.