Variantes genéticas frecuentes del factor von Willebrand: su influencia en el laboratorio y la clínica / Frequent genetic variants of von Willebrand factor: its influence in the laboratory and clinic

El factor von Willebrand (VWF) es una glucoproteína altamente polimórfica. Se describen aquí diferentes variantes genéticas asintomáticas altamente frecuentes, sus influencias sobre los estudios fenotípicos, en los niveles plasmáticos del mismo, y por consiguiente en diferentes entidades clínicas. Se detallan también variaciones en la frecuencia alélica según las etnias analizadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue alertar sobre la necesidad de conocer la frecuencia de los polimorfismos en la población normal para evitar posibles conclusiones erróneas al momento del hallazgo de cambios no previamente reportados en la literatura científica.

The von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a highly polymorphic glycoprotein. Several frequent asymptomatic genetic variants, their influences on phenotypic studies, on the plasma levels of VWF, and therefore in different clinical entities are described here. Variations in allele frequency in different ethnic groups analyzed are also detailed. The aim of this study was to highlight the need to know the frequency of polymorphisms in the normal population to avoid possible erroneous conclusions at the time of finding genetic variants not previously reported in the scientific literature.

O fator von Willebrand (VWF) é uma glicoproteína altamente polimórfica. Diversas variantes genéticas assintomáticas muito frequentes são descritas aqui, suas influências em estudos fenotípicos, nos níveis plasmáticos de VWF e, portanto, em diferentes entidades clínicas. Variações na frequência alélica também são detalhadas segundo diferentes grupos étnicos analisados. O objetivo desse trabalho é alertar sobre a necessidade de conhecer a frequência dos polimorfismos na população normal, a fim de evitar possíveis conclusões errôneas no momento de encontrar variações genéticas não relatadas anteriormente na literatura científica.

Contexto social y científico al momento de la llegada de la Dra. C. D. Pasqualini / Social and scientific context at the moment of the arrival of Dr. C. D. Pasqualini

Este capítulo pretende localizar en tiempo (mediados del siglo XX) y circunstancias la organización social y los eventos políticos de la Academia Nacional de Medicina y su Instituto de Investigación Hematológica. Puntualmente, cómo el Dr. Alfredo Pavlovsky, discípulo de Castex y Houssay y colega/amigo de Alfredo Lanari construyó un gran instituto donde trabajó la Dra. Pasqualini, una investigadora franco/canadiense de McGill University que vino a Buenos Aires con una beca para el Instituto del Dr Houssay. Desafíos, conflictos, desacuerdos y encuentros.

This chapter intends to locate in time and circumstances the social organization and the political events of the National Academy of Medicine of Buenos Aires and its Hematological Research Institute. Punctually, how Dr Alfredo Pavlovsky builded a great Institute where worked Dr Dosne de Pasqualini, a fellow from McGill University with a grant of Dr Houssay´ Institute. Challenges, conflicts, meetings and disagreements of the protagonists

Phenotypic Parameters in Genotypically Selected Type 2B von Willebrand Disease Patients: A Large, Single-Center Experience Including a New Novel Mutation.

von Willebrand disease type 2B (VWD2B) expresses gain-of-function mutations that enhance binding of an individual's von Willebrand factor (VWF) to its platelet ligand, glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), and which are usually identified by increased ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA). We describe here the phenotypic profile of 38 genotypically selected VWD2B-affected family members (AFMs) belonging to 19 unrelated families. Major bleeding was observed in 68.4% of AFMs (previous to their diagnosis and registered by lifetime interviews), with a total of 46 episodes (1.21/patient), and was found to be highly related to the individual bleeding score and presence of thrombocytopenia, but otherwise unrelated to other laboratory parameters. Excessive muco-cutaneous bleeding symptoms were often reported, the most frequent of which comprised menorrhagia, epistaxis, easy bruising, and bleeding after teeth extraction/in oral cavity. Eight unaffected family members were also studied. The prevalence of VWD2B within families was 0.826, and the penetrance of mutations was complete, making it mandatory to study entire family sets to complete diagnostic profiles. Seven heterozygous missense mutations were found, the most common being p.V1316M. In the p.R1308C group, 75% of the AFMs showed absence of RIPA at 0.5 mg/mL, 66.6% of whom had VWF:RCo < 10 IU/dL, and 50% of whom had VWF:CB < 10 IU/dL. In the p.S1310F group, none of the AFMs had VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag < 0.6 (RCo/Ag), but 100% had VWF:CB/VWF:Ag < 0.6/(CB/Ag). Patients with p.P1266L and p.R1304V were characterized as atypical VWD2B. Two de novo mutations were found in four AFMs belonging to two families. We also describe a novel mutation: p.Y1258C. Of our patients, 70.5% had O blood group. In conclusion, a normal RCo/Ag and a negative RIPA at 0.5 mg/mL do not necessarily rule out a diagnosis of VWD2B.

Factor von Willebrand y Enfermedad de von Willebrand: nuevos enfoques diagnósticos / Von Willebrand Factor and von Willebrand disease: new approaches to diagnosis / Fator Von Willebrand e doença de von Willebrand: novas abordagens diagnósticas

El factor von Willebrand (VWF) es una glicoproteína que se sintetiza en células endoteliales y en megacariocitos. Su vida media es de ~12 horas. Está formado por multímeros de diferentes pesos moleculares, pequeños, intermedios, grandes y extragrandes. La actividad funcional reside en los multímeros grandes, y los extragrandes son trombogénicos. Promueve la adhesión plaquetaria al subendotelio, la agregación plaquetaria y transporta al FVIII en plasma, protegiéndolo de su degradación por proteasas. La enfermedad de von Willebrand es el trastorno hemorrágico más frecuente; se describen deficiencias cuantitativas (parcial: VWD1; total: VWD3) o defectos cualitativos (VWD2A, VWD2M, VWD2B y VWD2N). La expresión clínica es variable (sangrado muco-cutáneo) y su herencia autosómica, dominante o recesiva, según las variantes. Los niveles del VWF dependen de factores genéticos y no genéticos que afectan el diagnóstico y la expresión clínica. Para llegar al diagnóstico se precisan varias pruebas, algunas inespecíficas. El laboratorio comienza con pruebas orientadoras, se continúa con pruebas confirmatorias, y posteriormente pruebas para definir la variante de VWD. El diagnóstico genotípico es fundamental para lograr el diagnóstico diferencial entre VWD2B vs. PT-VWD y VWD2N vs. Hemofilia A (leve-moderada), diferenciar VWD de AVWS y discriminar variantes VWD2.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a glycoprotein with essential roles in both primary and secondary hemostasis, synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. Its half-life is ~12 hours. VWF consists in multimers of different molecular weight: small, intermediate, large and ultra large. The functional activity resides in the large multimers; the ultra large are thrombogenic. VWF promotes platelet adhesion to subendothelium, platelet aggregation and binds FVIII, protecting it from proteolysis and preserving its hemostatic function. Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding disorder; qualitative defects (VWD2A, VWD2M, VWD2B and VWD2N) and quantitative deficiencies (VWD1 and VWD3) are described. The clinical expression is variable (mucocutaneous bleeding); VWF levels depend on genetic and non-genetic factors affecting diagnosis and clinical expression. The inheritance can be autosomal, dominant or recessive according to the variants. To reach diagnosis, several tests are required, being some of them unspecific. The laboratory testing begins with global tests, followed by confirmatory tests and further tests to define the variant of VWD. Genotypic studies are essential to achieve the differential diagnosis between VWD2B vs. PT-VWD, VWD2N vs. Hemophilia A (mild to moderate) and differentiate VWD from AVWS and discriminate VWD2 variants.

O fator de von Willebrand (vWF) é uma glicoproteína sintetizada em células endoteliais e em megacariócitos. Sua vida média é de ~12 horas. É constituído por multímeros de pesos moleculares diferentes, pequenos, intermediários, grandes e extragrandes. A atividade funcional reside nos multímeros grandes, sendo os extragrandes, trombogênicos. Promove adesão das plaquetas ao subendotélio, a agregação plaquetária e transporta o FVIII em plasma, protegendo-o de sua degradação. A doença de von Willebrand é o distúrbio hemorrágico mais frequente; são descritas deficiências quantitativas (parcial: VWD1; total: VWD3) ou defeitos qualitativos (VWD2A, VWD2M, VWD2B e VWD2N). A expressão clínica é variável, (sangramento mucocutâneo), e sua herança autossômica dominante ou recessiva de acordo com as variantes. Os níveis de vWF dependem de fatores genéticos e não-genéticos que afetam o diagnóstico e a expressão clínica. Para fazer o diagnóstico, vários testes são necessários, alguns inespecíficos. O laboratório começa com testes orientadores, continua com testes de confirmação e, mais tarde, com testes para definir a variante de VWD. O diagnóstico genotípico é essencial para alcançar o diagnóstico diferencial entre VWD2B vs. PT-VWD e VWD2N vs. Hemofilia A (leve a moderada), diferenciar VWD de AVWS, discriminar variantes VWD2.

Inhibidor lúpico en situaciones clínicas diferentes al síndrome antifosfolipídico / Lupus inhibitor in clinical situations other than antiphospholipid syndrome

El inhibidor lúpico (IL) es uno de los criterios de laboratorio para Síndrome Antifosfolipídico (SAF); sin embargo, puede detectarse en individuos asintomáticos o estar asociado a otras situaciones clínicas. Presentamos un análisis retrospectivo de 1000 exámenes consecutivos para IL (TTPA, DRVVT) de los cuales 249 casos no presentaban criterios clínicos de SAF. Aplicando los criterios SSC-ISTH, hallamos IL+ en 27,30% (205/751) y 43,37% (108/249) de los casos con y sin criterios clínicos de SAF respectivamente; analizándose en estos últimos casos las características clínicas y de laboratorio. Contexto clínico de casos IL+ sin SAF: 18,52% asintomáticos, 34,26% síntomas de sangrado y 47,22% otras manifestaciones. Otras alteraciones de laboratorio en casos IL+ sin SAF, con síntomas de sangrado: detectamos alteraciones plaquetarias, descenso de VWF:RCo y/o VWF:Ag, disminución de FVIII, FV, FVII, FXI o fibrinógeno e hiperfibrinolisis en el 54,05% de los casos. El análisis mostró detección de IL+ en un número importante de estudios (108/1000) sin criterios SAF. Los casos con IL+ y sangrado representan un desafío particular, al requerir evaluar otros posibles defectos subyacentes, que pudiesen justificar el comportamiento clínico. La detección e identificación de defectos combinados requiriere de un análisis minucioso, a fin de alcanzar un diagnóstico correcto, esencial para tomar decisiones terapéuticas adecuadas. (AU)

Despite lupus anticoagulant (LA) is one of the laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), it can be present in asymptomatic subjects or it can be associated with other clinical settings. We present a retrospective analysis of 1000 consecutive LA assays (APTT, DRVVT), 249 of them were performed in patients without clinical criteria for APS. According to ISTH criteria, positive LA was found in 27.30% (205/751) and 43.37% (108/249) of cases with or without APS criteria respectively; in the last group, the analysis of clinical background and laboratory characteristics was done. Clinical background of LA+ cases without APS: 18.52% asymptomatic, 34.26% bleeding symptoms and 47.22% other clinical settings. Other abnormal laboratory tests in LA+ cases without APS and bleeding symptoms: platelet dysfunction; low VWF:RCo and/or VWF:Ag; decrease of FVIII, FV, FVII, FXI or fibrinogen and hyperfibrinolysis were found in the 54.05% of the cases. The analysis showed positive LA in an important number of cases (108/1000) without criteria of APS. Those LA+ cases with bleeding symptoms represent a particular challenge because other possible underlying defects have to be analysed in order to explain the clinical behaviour. The detection and identifications of combined defects required a careful analysis in order to achieve accurate diagnosis, essential for therapeutic decisions. (AU)

Identificación por nuestro grupo de una nueva mutación en el gen GP1BA (P.W246L) asociada al fenotipo PT-VWD. Sexta mutación reportada internacionalmente / Identification by our group of a novel mutation in the GP1BA gene (P.W246L) responsible for PT-VWD. The 6th mutation internationally reported

La enfermedad de von Willebrand tipo plaquetario (PT-VWD) y tipo 2B (2B-VWD) son trastornos hemorrágicos raros, caracterizados por agregación plaquetaria a bajas concentraciones de ristocetina (RIPA). El diagnóstico diferencial no es fácil y representa un desafío. Hasta el presente, sólo se habían reportado cinco mutaciones en el gen GP1BA relacionadas con este desorden. Describimos aquí la sexta mutación relacionada con PT-VWD, en un paciente con sintomatología hemorrágica severa, macro-trombocitopenia, leve agregación plaquetaria espontánea, RIPA positivo a 0,3 y 0,4 mg/mL, VWF:RCo/VWF: Ag<0,2 y estudios discriminatorios positivos para PT-VWD. VWFpp/VWF: Ag resultó normal a diferencia del 2B-VWD que en algunas oportunidades resulta afectado. El exón 28 del gen VWF del paciente y su madre no reveló mutaciones. Identificamos una sustitución G>T en el nucleótido 3805 en el gen GP1BA del paciente, resultando en un cambio de Trp a Leu en el residuo 246 (p.W246L), en la región de la GPIBa que une al VWF. Esta mutación no se identificó en su madre ni en 100 controles sanos. Es considerada como dañina por análisis in sílico. Consideramos que esta sustitución es responsable del fenotipo PT-VWD del paciente. Dada la ausencia de la misma en los 100 normales estudiados, no se considera un polimorfismo

Platelet-type von Willebrand disease (PT-VWD) and type 2B von Willebrand disease (2B-VWD) are rare bleeding disorders characterized by increased ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) at low concentrations. Diagnosis of either condition is not easy and the differential diagnosis is especially challenging. Five mutations in the GP1BA gene related to PT-VWD and near 50 patients are currently reported worldwide. We herein describe a patient with severe bleeding symptoms, macro thrombocytopenia, mild spontaneous platelet aggregation, positive RIPA at 0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL, VWF: RCo/VWF: Ag <0.2, normal VWFpp/VWF: Ag ratio, and RIPA mixing tests and cryoprecipitate challenge positive for PT-VWD. GP1BA gene was studied in the patient, his mother, and 100 healthy control subjects. We identified a substitution G>T at nucleotide 3805 in the patient's GP1BA gene, resulting in a Trp to Leu amino acid change at residue 246 (p.W246L), within the VWF binding region. This mutation was absent in his unaffected mother and also in the 100 controls, and was predicted as damaging by in silico analysis. The residue is located in a strongly conserved position in the phylogenetic tree. These findings argue in favor of considering this substitution does not represent a polymorphism, and is therefore responsible for the PT-VWD phenotype of the patient

Identification of p.W246L as a novel mutation in the GP1BA gene responsible for platelet-type von Willebrand disease.

Platelet-type von Willebrand disease (PT-VWD) and type 2B von Willebrand disease (2B-VWD) are rare bleeding disorders characterized by increased ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) at low concentrations of ristocetin. Diagnosis of either condition is not easy and the differential diagnosis between the two entities is especially challenging as evidenced by high levels of misdiagnosis of both conditions, but particularly PT-VWD. Five mutations in the GP1BA gene related to PT-VWD and less than 50 patients are currently reported worldwide. We herein describe a patient with severe bleeding symptoms, macrothrombocytopenia, mild spontaneous platelet aggregation, positive RIPA at 0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL, von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) to antigen (VWF:Ag) < 0.2, normal VWF propeptide/VWF:Ag ratio, and RIPA mixing tests and cryoprecipitate challenge positive for PT-VWD. GP1BA gene was studied in the patient, in his mother, and in 100 healthy control subjects. We identified a heterozygous substitution G > T located at nucleotide 3805 in the g.DNA of the patient's GP1BA gene, resulting in a Trp to Leu amino acid change at residue 246 (p.W246L). This mutation was absent in his unaffected mother and also in the 100 controls, and was predicted as damaging by in silico analysis. The residue W246 is located within the VWF-binding region and exists in a strongly conserved position in the phylogenetic tree, which is expected to be unable to tolerate substitutions without changing its functional characteristics. These findings argue strongly in favor of the view that this substitution does not represent a polymorphism and is therefore responsible for the PT-VWD phenotype of the patient.

Vitamina K epóxido reductada (VKORC1): polimorfismos y sensibilidad a los dicumarínicos / Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1): polimorphisms and sensitivity to coumarin

Introducción: Los antagonistas de la vitamina K, tienen como blanco el complejo vitamina K epóxido reductasa. Hay polimorfismos (SNPs) en el gen de la subunidad 1 (VKORC1), como 1173 C>T (rs9934438) (intrón 1) y -1639 G>A (rs9923231) (región 3UTR), asociados con diferente sensibilidad a los dicumarínicos. Objetivo: confirmar la relación entre estos SNPs y la dosis media requerida para una correcta anticoagulación. Material y Método: Estudiamos 102 pacientes (15-87 años) bajo tratamiento anticoagulante oral crónico, principalmente acenocumarol. La genotipificación fue realizada usando RFLPs (amplificación del ADN por PCR, seguida por digestión con Msp I para -1639 G>A y Sty I para 1173 C>T); analizándose luego la dosis media en los portadores de los diferentes SNPs. La frecuencia alélica obtenida para 1173 C>T fue similar a la calculada para -1639 G>A, observándose que 1179 C>T y -1639 G>A se hallan en desequilibrio de unión. La dosis media fue más alta en los pacientes portadores hemocigotos del alelo 1173 CC o -1639 GG que en los no portadores. La dosis media fue menor en individuos mayores de 70 años, independientemente de su genotipo. Reultados: Estos confirman la relación entre los SNPs analizados y la dosis de dicumarínicos. (AU)

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex is the target of Vitamin K antagonists. Polymorphism (SNPs) in the gene of subunit 1 (VKORC1), 1173 C>T (rs9934438) (intrón 1) y -1639 G>A (rs9923231) (3UTR), are associated with different sensitivity to oral anticoagulants. Objectives: our aim was to comfirm the relationship between these SNPs and the mean dose required for anticoagulation. Material and methods: One hundred and two patients (15-87 years) on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy, mainly acenocoumarol, were tested. Genotyping was performed using RFLPs (DNAs PCR amplification, followed by digestion with Msp I to Sty I to 1173 C>T). The mean dose of anticoagulantin carriers of different SNPs was calculated. A similar allelic frequency was obtained for 1173 C>T and -1639 G>A with linkage desequilibrium between them. The mean dose was higher in patients homozygous for 1173 CC or -1639 GG alleles than in non carriers. In those individuals over the age of 70, regardless of genotype, a lower mean dose was observed. Results: The results confirm the relationship between SNPs and oral anticoagulants. (AU)

Vitamina K epóxido reductada (VKORC1): polimorfismos y sensibilidad a los dicumarínicos / Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1): polimorphisms and sensitivity to coumarin

Introducción: Los antagonistas de la vitamina K, tienen como blanco el complejo vitamina K epóxido reductasa. Hay polimorfismos (SNPs) en el gen de la subunidad 1 (VKORC1), como 1173 C>T (rs9934438) (intrón 1) y -1639 G>A (rs9923231) (región 3'UTR), asociados con diferente sensibilidad a los dicumarínicos. Objetivo: confirmar la relación entre estos SNPs y la dosis media requerida para una correcta anticoagulación. Material y Método: Estudiamos 102 pacientes (15-87 años) bajo tratamiento anticoagulante oral crónico, principalmente acenocumarol. La genotipificación fue realizada usando RFLPs (amplificación del ADN por PCR, seguida por digestión con Msp I para -1639 G>A y Sty I para 1173 C>T); analizándose luego la dosis media en los portadores de los diferentes SNPs. La frecuencia alélica obtenida para 1173 C>T fue similar a la calculada para -1639 G>A, observándose que 1179 C>T y -1639 G>A se hallan en desequilibrio de unión. La dosis media fue más alta en los pacientes portadores hemocigotos del alelo 1173 CC o -1639 GG que en los no portadores. La dosis media fue menor en individuos mayores de 70 años, independientemente de su genotipo. Reultados: Estos confirman la relación entre los SNPs analizados y la dosis de dicumarínicos.

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex is the target of Vitamin K antagonists. Polymorphism (SNPs) in the gene of subunit 1 (VKORC1), 1173 C>T (rs9934438) (intrón 1) y -1639 G>A (rs9923231) (3'UTR), are associated with different sensitivity to oral anticoagulants. Objectives: our aim was to comfirm the relationship between these SNPs and the mean dose required for anticoagulation. Material and methods: One hundred and two patients (15-87 years) on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy, mainly acenocoumarol, were tested. Genotyping was performed using RFLPs (DNA's PCR amplification, followed by digestion with Msp I to Sty I to 1173 C>T). The mean dose of anticoagulantin carriers of different SNPs was calculated. A similar allelic frequency was obtained for 1173 C>T and -1639 G>A with linkage desequilibrium between them. The mean dose was higher in patients homozygous for 1173 CC or -1639 GG alleles than in non carriers. In those individuals over the age of 70, regardless of genotype, a lower mean dose was observed. Results: The results confirm the relationship between SNPs and oral anticoagulants.

Diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease in a single institution of Argentina.

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a bleeding disorder with variable clinical expression. In this article we describe types, clinical features, genetic testing when needed, genotype/phenotype relationships, and the response to desmopressin (DDAVP) testing, according to our experience. Our findings are possible type 1, 69.6%; type 1, 13.5%; severe type 1, 0 .35%; type 3, 0.55%; type 2A, 9.5%; probable 2B, 0.6%; type 2M, 2.5%; and probable type 2N, 3.4%. The most frequent symptoms are ecchymoses-hematomas and epistaxis, and, in females >over 13 years also menorrhagia. In pregnant patients, assessment of laboratory parameters in months 7 and 8 is recommended to plan the need for prophylaxis at term. DDAVP merits to be considered as the first-choice therapy, including pregnant women and children, and no patient showed significant unwanted effects. Because this is a safe, effective, and affordable therapy, we hope to encourage clinicians, mainly pediatricians and obstetricians, to a wider use of DDAVP, especially in developing countries. We also report two patients with prophylactic treatment.

VWF and ADAMTS13 behavior in estradiol-treated HUVEC.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the role of 17ß-estradiol (E2) in the regulation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and ADAMTS13 synthesis, storage, and secretion was investigated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). METHODS: HUVEC were grown to 80-90% confluence and replaced with fresh medium containing E2 (1 nm) or vehicle for 24 h, after which the supernatant medium and cell lysates were collected to measure VWF and ADAMTS13. VWF was evaluated by VWF:Ag and multimeric analysis. ADAMTS13 was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. VWF and ADAMTS13 mRNA were quantified by real-time PCR after E2 or vehicle exposure for 18 h. A functional effect of ADAMTS13 on HUVEC VWF protein synthesis was further evaluated using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knockdown the expression of endogenous ADAMTS13. RESULTS: E2 did not increase the release or intracellular VWF levels in HUVEC. However, E2 increased the production of intracellular ADAMTS13, although there was no evidence of significant effects of their release into culture medium. Incubation of HUVEC with E2 resulted in a significantly increased expression of VWF and ADAMTS13 mRNA. ADAMTS13 gene inactivation upregulates release and intracellular VWF levels in E2-treated HUVEC. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that E2 may play a role in the regulation of VWF and ADAMTS13 gene expression and in its production in human endothelial cells. The mechanism of the protective effects of E2 on the cardiovascular system could be explained by the intracellular regulation of VWF produced by ADAMTS13.

Hemorragias mayores asociadas a cirugía en pacientes con enfermedad de Von Willebrand leve / Major haemorrhages associated with surgery in patients with mild von Willebrand disease

Introducción: Los pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand frecuentemente sangran frente a desafíos hemostáticos. Objetivos: Nuestro propósito fue identificar marcadores predictivos de hemorragia mayor en cirugías en pacientes con las variantes tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 de la enfermedad. Material y Métodos: Se registraron las hemorragias mayores en cirugías anteriores al diagnóstico y los parámetros de laboratorio en 311 pacientes. Éstos se agruparon de acuerdo con la ausencia (grupo A) o presencia (grupo B) de hemorragia mayor en cirugías. Resultados: Presentaron hemorragia mayor el 26 por ciento de los pacientes y 17,5 por ciento de las cirugías. No hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de pacientes tipo 1 (32,6 por ciento) y posible tipo 1 (24,8 por ciento) que tuvieron hemorragia mayor. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la prevalencia del grupo sanguíneo O, edad, género, historia familiar y niveles de FVIII y VW entre los grupos A y B. La hemorragia post exodoncia fue el antecedente clínico más frecuente (P<0,000; RR=2,11; IC 95 por ciento = 1,3-3,5) y podría definir riesgo de hemorragias mayores. El bleeding score y el número de sitios de sangrado no resultaron predictivos de hemorragias mayores. Las cesáreas (24,6 por ciento) y adenoamigdalectomías (22,3 por ciento) fueron las cirugías con mayor frecuencia de hemorragias mayores. Conclusión: Los pacientes con VWD tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 mostraron similar incidencia de hemorragia mayor en cirugías. Los niveles de FVIII y VWF, el tiempo de sangría, historia familiar y grupo sanguíneo no resultaron efectivos como marcadores predictivos de hemorragia mayor. Sin embargo, el antecedente de sangrado post exodoncia y el tipo de cirugía a llevar a cabo (cesáreas y adenoamigdalectomías) en pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand tipo 1 y posible tipo 1 parecen importantes como marcadores de riesgo.

Introduction: Patients with von Willebrand disease frequently bleed under haemostatic challenges. Objectives: The aim of our study was to identify predictive markers of perioperative major haemorrhage in type 1 and possible type 1 patients von Willebrand disease. Material and Methods: We recorded perioperative bleeding complications previous to diagnosis and laboratory parameters in 311 patients. They were grouped according to the absence (group A) or presence (group B) of perioperative major haemorrhage. Results: Twenty-six per cent of patients and 17.5 per cent of surgical procedures presented major haemorrhage. There was no difference neither between percentages of type 1 (32.6 per cent) and possible type 1 patients (24.8 per cent) who had major haemorrhage nor in the prevalence of O blood group, age, gender, family history and levels of FVIII and VWF, between group A and B. A history of bleeding after tooth extraction was the most frequent clinical feature (P<0.000; RR=2.11; CI 95 per cent = 1.3-3.5) observed in patients with major haemorrhage, and could defi ne risk factor. The bleeding score and the number of bleeding sites were not predictors of major haemorrhages. Caesarean sections (24.6 per cent) and adeno-tonsillectomies (22.3 per cent) showed the highest frequency of major haemorrhage. Conclusion: Type 1 and possible type 1 VWD patients showed similar incidence of perioperative major haemorrhage. The levels of FVIII and VWF, the bleeding time, blood group and family history did not prove to be effective as predictive markers of major haemorrhage. However, the personal history of bleeding after tooth extraction and the type of surgery (caesarean section and adeno-tonsillectomies) in patients with either type 1 or possible type 1 von Willebrand disease shown to be important in determining risk.

Biological and clinical response to desmopressin (DDAVP) in a retrospective cohort study of children with low von Willebrand factor levels and bleeding history.

The diagnosis and management of von Willebrand disease (VWD) in paediatrics is challenging. Our aim was to review patient's characteristics related to biological and clinical response to DDAVP in children with low von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels and bleeding history from a single institution. We included a retrospective cohort of 221 children (median age 11 years; 137 females): 27 type 1 (VWF levels within 15-30 IU dL-1) and 194 possible type 1 (VWF levels within 31-49 IU dL-1). The DDAVP infusion-test was performed in 214/221 children, 93.4% of whom showed good response. Patients with type 1 were at higher risk of DDAVP-test failure: 9/26 (34.6%) vs. 18/188 (9.6%) with possible type 1 (RR 3.44, 1.75-6.79; p= 0.002, Fisher's exact test). In 68 children, the clinical response to DDAVP was evaluated 87 times: i) to stop bleeding: menorrhagia (13), mucocutaneous (12), haemarthrosis (1); and ii) to prevent surgical bleeding: adenotonsillectomy (17), major (15) and minor surgery (10); and dental procedures (19). No major adverse events or bleeding were observed. The treatment was effective with one single dose of DDAVP in almost all patients, without antifibrinolytic or local therapy, except in a girl with severe haemorrhage during menarche who required replacement therapy. In conclusion, patients with VWD type 1 were at higher risk of no response to DDAVP infusion-test. In this series, one dose of DDAVP proved effective and safe for children with VWD. Since this is a safe, effective and affordable therapy, we consider that a wider use should be promoted, especially in developing countries.

Thrombotic complications in adult patients with lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 29 independent cohorts including 18 018 patients and 1149 events.

Thrombotic complications in hematologic malignancies have important clinical implications. In this meta-analysis we sought to obtain accurate estimates of the thrombotic risk in lymphoma patients. Articles were searched in electronic databases and references. Eighteen articles were identified (29 cohorts, 18 018 patients and 1149 events). Pooled incidence rates (IRs) were calculated by the use of a method based on the exact maximum likelihood binomial distribution. The global IR of thrombosis was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0%-6.8%). The global IRs of venous or arterial events were 5.3% (95% CI, 5.0%-5.7%) and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.2%), respectively. The IR of thrombosis observed in subjects with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was 6.5% (95% CI, 6.1%-6.9%), significantly greater than that observed for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (4.7%; 95% CI, 3.9%-5.6%). Within NHL, patients with high-grade disease had a greater risk of events (IR 8.3%; 95% CI, 7.0%-9.9%) than low-grade disease (IR 6.3%; 95% CI, 4.5%-8.9%). This meta-analysis shows that the IR of thrombosis in lymphoma patients is quite high, especially in those with NHL at an advanced stage of the disease. These results may help better defining lymphoma populations at high thrombotic risk, to whom prophylactic approaches could be preferentially applied.

Pilot study of homocysteine and cysteine in patients with thrombosis in different vascular sites. Epidemiology and response to folate.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. However, lowering homocysteine (Hcy) with vitamins not only failed to improve outcomes but also may lead to recurrent events. Our objectives were to evaluate Hcy and cysteine (Cys) levels in patients with thrombosis in different vascular sites, and their response to folate. One hundred and sixty four consecutive patients with thrombosis (42.1% arterial (AT), 36% venous (VT), 4.9% both venous and arterial thrombosis (AVT) and 17% unusual site (UST)) were included. Hcy and Cys were highest in patients with AVT and UST (p=0.0006). Ninety-three patients were treated, 70% were followed-up. Hcy levels normalized after therapy in all patients. Cys levels tended to vary after therapy according to the site of thrombosis. We observed a significant correlation between folate and Hcy (r: 0.48; p=0.005) among homozygous for MTHFR. A significant inverse relation was observed between Hcy and folate among homozygous and heterozygous (r: 0.462, p=0.007 and r: 0.267; p=0.04, respectively). No correlation was observed between folate and Cys. In conclusion, our observations suggest that Hcy and Cys might be implicated in thrombosis in different vascular sites, and respond differently to folate.

Effect of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on apoptosis- and proliferation-induced MAPK signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Sex hormones induce death or cell proliferation in various cell lines and in primary cultures. However, the signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in endothelial cells have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that progesterone and testosterone induce apoptosis in HUVECs in a p38- and JNK-dependent manner, and that estradiol promotes proliferation via the activation of ERK2. We showed that, at physiological doses, progesterone and testosterone promoted p38, but not JNK, phosphorylation. Hormone inhibitors, on the other hand, prevented p38 phosphorylation. When supraphysiological doses were applied, both p38 and JNK were phosphorylated, causing apoptotic cell death. The addition of hormone inhibitors at an appropriate concentration did not prevent cell death or the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Estradiol, at physiological doses, promoted an increase in ERK2 phosphorylation that was blocked by fulvestrant. At physiological and supraphysiological doses, it promoted a proliferative effect. In conclusion, these findings suggest that JNK has an important pro-apoptotic function following progesterone and testosterone treatment in human endothelial cells, and that ERK2 has a proliferative effect following estradiol treatment.

Uso de desmopresina durante el embarazo en enfermedad de Von Willebrand / Desmopressin use during pregnancy in Von Willebrand diseases

La enfermedad de Von Willebrand es el desorden hemorragíparo más frecuente. Las mujeres constituyen una población particularmente sintomática debido al desafío hemostático de las menstruaciones y el parto. Nosotros revisamos las historias médicas de 54 mujeres con niveles disminuidos de factor von Willebrand (VWF) e historia de sangrado, quienes hubieran usado desmopresina durante el embarazo. No se observaron efectos adversos ni en las mujeres ni en los recién nacidos, incluso en los 5 expuestos a la medicación en el primer trimestre de gestación. No se observaron complicaciones locales asociadas a la colocación del catéter epidural. La DDAVP fue efectiva para prevenir el sangrado posparto. La desmopresina merece ser considerada como la primera elección de tratamiento; en aquellas pacientes con bajo niveles de VWF presentan complicaciones hemorrágicas, incluyendo mujeres embarazadas. Aunque el sangrado posparto aparece en una pequeña proporción de mujeres con VWD, no hay un modo apropiado de identificar quiénes van a sangrar. El uso de profilaxis con DDAVP debería ser tenido en cuenta como una alternativa segura y efectiva.

The von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most frequent hemorrhagic disorder. Women with VWD are more symptomatic than men because the challenged of menses and delivery. We reviewed the records of 54 women with a low plasmatic VWF level and bleeding history, who had used desmopressin during pregnancy. No adverse effects were observed in mothers or newborns, incluiding those exposed to the drug during the first trimester. No local complication of epidural placement was observed. DDAVP was effective to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. DDAVP merits to be considered as the first choice of therapy, when patients with a previous or current low plasmatic VWF level present bleeding complications, including pregnant women. Although post-partum bleeding will appear in a small proportion of VWD women, there is no accurate way to identify who is going to bleed. The use of DDAVP should be regarded as a highly valuable option.

Major haemorrhage related to surgery in patients with type 1 and possible type 1 von Willebrand disease.

Patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) frequently bleed under a challenge. The aim of our study was to identify predictive markers of perioperative major haemorrhage in type 1 (VWF:RCo = 15-30 IU dl(-1)) and possible type 1 (VWF:RCo = 31-49 IU dl(-1)) VWD patients. We recorded perioperative bleeding complications previous to diagnosis and laboratory parameters in 311 patients with 498 surgical procedures. The patients were grouped according to the absence (A) or presence (B) of perioperative major haemorrhages. Eighty-one patients (26%) and 87 surgical procedures (17.5%) presented major haemorrhages associated with surgeries. There was no difference between the percentage of type 1 and possible type 1 VWD patients who had major haemorrhages (32.6% and 24.8% respectively; p = ns). No difference in the prevalence of O blood group, age, gender, positive family history and laboratory test results (FVIII and VWF) was observed, independent of the haemorrhagic tendency. Bleeding after tooth extraction was the most frequent clinical feature observed in patients with perioperative major haemorrhages. The bleeding score and the number of bleeding sites (> or = 3) were not predictors of major haemorrhage associated with surgery. Caesarean section and adenotonsillectomy showed the highest frequency of major haemorrhages (24.6% and 22.3%, respectively). In conclusion, type 1 and possible type 1 VWD patients showed similar incidence of perioperative major haemorrhages. Laboratory tests and positive family history did not prove to be effective at predicting major haemorrhages in patients that had either type 1 or possible type 1 VWD. The history of bleeding after tooth extraction could define risk factors of major haemorrhage.

Antithrombotic and anticomplementary properties of a very low molecular mass dermatan sulfate.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatan sulfate, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, acts as an anticoagulant by accelerating the inhibition of thrombin by heparin cofactor II. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A low molecular mass dermatan sulfate was obtained by peroxy-radical depolymerization from a parent dermatan sulfate. Chemical characterization of this low molecular mass dermatan sulfate shows a material of approximately 5 kDa that conserves sulfated sequences (2-O-sulfation of the iduronic acid units and/or 4 or 6 positions of galactosamina N acetyl) essential for dermatan sulfate-heparin cofactor II interaction with more sulphated proportion (27.7+/-1.9 microg% vs 11.5+/-0.8 microg%, P<0.05 n=6, low molecular mass dermatan sulfate vs dermatan sulfate). RESULTS: After a single intravenous administration of low molecular dermatan sulfate in rats, fibrinolytic activity increased simultaneously with thrombin clotting time prolongation. Low molecular dermatan sulfate showed an inhibitory effect on classical complement activation pathway reaching a maximum during the first hour. Furthermore, low molecular dermatan sulfate was as effective as dermatan sulfate to prevent thrombus formation and to diminish thrombus weight in a rat venous thrombosis model. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that peroxy-radical depolymerization of dermatan sulfate produced a low molecular dermatan sulfate with profibrinolytic, thrombolytic, antithrombotic and anticomplement properties. We conclude that low molecular dermatan sulfate may be an effective adjunct in the management of thrombotic events.

Evaluación de los niveles plasmáticos de células progenitoras en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria crónica / Assessment of Plasmatic Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease

Introducción El ejercicio físico es útil para los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria y es un estímulo para el desarrollo de circulación colateral. Ésta podría estar determinada por un aumento en la producción y circulación de células progenitoras. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del ejercicio físico programado sobre la producción y el número circulante de células progenitoras en pacientes coronarios crónicos estables. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo, controlado, aleatorizado y abierto con la inclusión de 18 pacientes (8 en grupo ejercicio y 10 en grupo control) con enfermedad coronaria estable, < 75 años, que no hubieran participado en grupos de ejercicio programado en los últimos 3 meses. La determinación de las células progenitoras se realizó por citometría de flujo utilizando marcaciones con anticuerpos monoclonales CD45-FITC, CD34-FITC y CD133/1-PE. Resultados En el grupo control, el nivel de CD45 no tuvo variación significativa (0,724 ± 0,256 versus 0,765 ± 0,216 [media ± EE cada 100.000 eventos]), mientras que en el grupo ejercicio el nivel de CD45(+)/CD133(+) se incrementó de 0,497 ± 0,161 a 2,265 ± 1,003 luego de un mes de actividad física programada sin alcanzar significación estadística. Al analizar los niveles de CD34 se observó que en el grupo control se incrementaron de 0,196 ± 0,086 a 0,235 ± 0,063 (p = NS). En el grupo ejercicio, la variación fue mucho mayor: 0,220 ± 0,078 a 0,844 ± 0,172 (p = 0,0046; p = 0,0092 versus el grupo control). Conclusión El ejercicio físico programado en pacientes coronarios promueve un incremento de las células progenitoras circulantes. Su estímulo persistente podría ser la base para un mayor desarrollo de circulación colateral.

Background Exercise is useful for patients with coronary artery disease, and it works as a stimulus for the development of collateral circulation, which could be the result of an increase in the production and circulation of endothelial progenitor cells. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effect of programmed exercise on the production and number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with chronic and stable coronary disease. Material and Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled and open study that included 18 patients (8 in the exercise group and 10 in the control group) with demonstrated chronic stable angina, < 75 years. Patients eligible should not have participated in programmed exercise groups within the last 3 months. Progenitor cells were determined by flow cytometry using marked monoclonal antibodies CD45-FITC, CD34-FITC y CD133/1-PE. Results After 1 month of programmed physical activity, CD45 level did not show any significant change in the control group (0.724±0.256 vs 0.765±0.216 [mean ± SE each 100,000 events]), whereas it increased from basal levels of 0.497±0.161 to 2.265±1.003 in the exercise group, though this change was not statistically significant. Analyzing CD34 levels, an increase from 0.196±0.086 to 0.235±0.063 was seen in the control group (p = NS). This increase was greater in the exercise group: 0.220±0.078 to 0.844±0.172 (p=0.0046; p=0.0092 vs control group). Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease, programmed exercise promotes an increase in the level of circulating progenitor cells. Its persistent stimulus could be the basis of a greater development of collateral circulation.