How can climate change and its interaction with other compounding risks be considered in evaluation? Experiences from Vietnam.

While evaluations play a critical role in accounting for and learning from context, it is unclear how evaluations can take account of climate change. Our objective was to explore how climate change and its interaction with other contextual factors influenced One Health food safety programs. To do so, we integrated questions about climate change into a qualitative evaluation study of an ongoing, multi-sectoral program aiming to improve pork safety in Vietnam called SafePORK. We conducted remote interviews with program researchers (n = 7) and program participants (n = 23). Based on our analysis, researchers believed climate change had potential impacts on the program but noted evidence was lacking, while program participants (slaughterhouse workers and retailers) shared how they were experiencing and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Climate change also interacted with other contextual factors to introduce additional complexities. Our study underscored the importance of assessing climate factors in evaluation and building adaptive capacity in programming.

Video Surveillance Processing Algorithms utilizing Artificial Intelligent (AI) for Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles (UAVs).

With the advancement of science and technology, the combination of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and camera surveillance systems (CSS) is currently a promising solution for practical applications related to security and surveillance operations. However, one of the biggest risks and challenges for the UAV-CSS is analysis, process, and transmission data, especially, the limitations of computational capacity, storage and overloading the transmission bandwidth. Regard to conventional methods, almost the data collected from UAVs is processed and transmitted that cost huge energy. A certain amount of data is redundant and not necessary to be processed or transmitted. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to optimize the transmission and reception of data in UAV-CSS systems, based on the platforms of artificial intelligence (AI) for data processing. The algorithm creates an initial background frame and update to the complete background which is sent to server. It splits the region of interest (moving objects) in the scene and then sends only the changes. This supports the CSS to reduce significantly either data storage or data transmission. In addition, the complexity of the systems could be significantly reduced. The main contributions of the algorithm can be listed as follows;-The developed solution can reduce data transmission significantly.-The solution can empower smart manufacturing via camera surveillance.-Simulation results have validated practical viability of this approach.The experimental method results show that reducing up to 80% of storage capacity and transmission data.

Microbial contamination and associated risk factors in retailed pork from key value chains in Northern Vietnam.

Pork and pork products are important staple food in the diet of Vietnamese consumers. The safety of pork, including biological contamination, is a concern to several public authorities and value chain actors. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify Salmonella and total bacterial count (TBC) contamination of cut pork sold in different outlets, and determine the potential factors leading to contamination. A total of 671 pork samples were collected from different retail channels in three provinces in Northern Vietnam. Hygiene conditions and practices at pork vending premises were also observed and recorded. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Overall, Salmonella prevalence in retailed pork was 58.1%. Salmonella contamination in pork from traditional retail, modern retail and food services were 60.5%, 50.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Eighty percent and 68% of fresh pork in canteen and street food was contaminated with Salmonella. Only a small proportion of a subset of the pork samples (6.2%) tested met the Vietnamese standard requirement for TBC contamination. Average concentration of TBC in fresh pork in traditional retail, modern retail and food services were 6.51 (SD: 0.64), 6.38 (0.65), and 6.96 (0.85) LogCFU/g, respectively. Transport time, use of the same tools for pork and other types of meat, storage temperature, and environment hygiene are important factors that might affect microbial contamination. The findings underline the high level of microbial contamination, which requires practical interventions to improve food safety hygiene practices and behavior of pork retailers.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Clonorchis sinensis infections in rural communities in northern Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Clonorchiasis, caused by the fish-borne trematode Clonorchis sinensis, is a neglected tropical disease and a public health issue in endemic countries. In Vietnam, an in-depth analysis of risk factors for the condition is missing up to now. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. sinensis infection and associated risk factors in rural communities in northern Vietnam. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4 communes in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces where clonorchiasis is known to be present and raw fish consumption is a common. Using a simple random sampling approach, stool was collected from 841 participants over 6 years old for coprological examination, and a questionnaire measured knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to clonorchiasis in 757 participants over 15 years old. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify risk factors for infection with C. sinensis. The overall prevalence of C. sinensis infection was 40.4%, with commune prevalences ranging between 26.5% and 53.3%. In the final model, males were significantly more likely to be infected with C. sinensis (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.31-3.05). Recent (i.e. last year) consumption of raw fish (OR 8.00, 95% CI 4.78-13.36), low education level (OR 5.57; 95% CI 2.37-13.07), lack of treatment (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.15-2.89), being between 19 to 39 years old (OR 6.46; 95% CI 1.25-33.37), and the presence of an unhygienic toilet (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.53-4.92) were significantly associated with C. sinensis infection. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of C. sinensis infection in rural communities in northern Vietnam. Thus, control measures including, mass drug administration for those communes should be applied to reduce the prevalence. Moreover, specific health education activities should be developed for risk groups in C. sinensis endemic areas.