Perinatal mortality, severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss: protocol of a study integrated with the Birth in Brazil II survey. / Mortalidade perinatal, morbidade materna grave e near miss materno: protocolo de um estudo integrado à pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II.

Brazil presents high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Cases of severe maternal morbidity, maternal near miss, and perinatal deaths are important health indicators and share the same determinants, being closely related to living conditions and quality of perinatal care. This article aims to present the study protocol to estimate the perinatal mortality rate and the incidence of severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss in the country, identifying its determinants. Cross-sectional study integrated into the research Birth in Brazil II, conducted from 2021 to 2023. This study will include 155 public, mixed and private maternities, accounting for more than 2,750 births per year, participating in the Birth in Brazil II survey. We will collect retrospective data from maternal and neonatal records of all hospitalizations within a 30-day period in these maternities, applying a screening form to identify cases of maternal morbidity and perinatal deaths. Medical record data of all identified cases will be collected after hospital discharge, using a standardized instrument. Cases of severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss will be classified based on the definition adopted by the World Health Organization. The perinatal deaths rate and the incidence of severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss will be estimated. Cases will be compared to controls obtained in the Birth in Brazil II survey, matched by hospital and duration of pregnancy, in order to identify factors associated with negative outcomes. Results are expected to contribute to the knowledge on maternal morbidity and perinatal deaths in Brazil, as well as the development of strategies to improve care.

O Brasil apresenta elevada morbimortalidade materna e perinatal. Casos de morbidade materna grave, near miss materno e óbitos perinatais são indicadores importantes de saúde e compartilham dos mesmos determinantes sociais, tendo estreita relação com as condições de vida e qualidade da assistência perinatal. Este artigo pretende apresentar o protocolo de estudo que visa estimar a taxa de mortalidade perinatal e a incidência de morbidade materna grave e near miss materno no país, assim como identificar seus determinantes. Trata-se de estudo transversal integrado à pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, realizada entre 2021 e 2023. Serão incluídas neste estudo 155 maternidades públicas, mistas e privadas, com mais de 2.750 partos por ano, participantes do Nascer no Brasil II. Nessas maternidades, será realizada coleta retrospectiva de dados de prontuário materno e neonatal de todas as internações ocorridas num período de 30 dias, com aplicação de uma ficha de triagem para identificação de casos de morbidade materna e de óbito perinatal. Dados de prontuário de todos os casos identificados serão coletados após a alta hospitalar, utilizando instrumento padronizado. Casos de morbidade materna grave e near miss materno serão classificados por meio da definição adotada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Será estimada a taxa de mortalidade perinatal e a incidência de morbidade materna grave e near miss materno. Os casos serão comparados a controles obtidos na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, pareados por hospital e duração da gestação, visando a identificação de fatores associados aos desfechos negativos. Espera-se que os resultados deste artigo contribuam para o conhecimento sobre a morbidade materna e a mortalidade perinatal no país, bem como para a elaboração de estratégias de melhoria do cuidado.

Brasil tiene una alta morbimortalidad materna y perinatal. Los casos de morbilidad materna severa, maternal near miss y muertes perinatales son importantes indicadores de salud y comparten los mismos determinantes sociales, y tienen una estrecha relación con las condiciones de vida y la calidad de la asistencia perinatal. Este artículo pretende presentar el protocolo de estudio que tiene como objetivo estimar la tasa de mortalidad perinatal y la incidencia de morbilidad materna severa y maternal near miss en el país, así como identificar sus determinantes. Se trata de un estudio transversal integrado a la investigación Nacer en Brasil II, realizada entre el 2021 y el 2023. Este estudio incluirá 155 maternidades públicas, mixtas y privadas, con más de 2.750 partos al año, que participan en el Nacer en Brasil II. En estas maternidades, se realizará una recopilación retrospectiva de datos de las historias clínicas maternas y neonatales de todas las hospitalizaciones ocurridas en un período de 30 días, con la aplicación de un formulario de triaje para identificar casos de morbilidad materna y de muerte perinatal. Los datos de las historias clínicas de todos los casos identificados se recopilarán tras el alta hospitalaria, mediante un instrumento estandarizado. Los casos de morbilidad materna severa y maternal near miss se clasificarán por medio de la definición adoptada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se estimará la tasa de mortalidad perinatal y la incidencia de morbilidad materna severa y maternal near miss. Los casos se compararán con los controles obtenidos en el estudio Nacer en Brasil II, emparejados por hospital y duración del embarazo, para identificar factores asociados con desenlaces negativos. Se espera que los resultados de este artículo contribuyan al conocimiento sobre la morbilidad materna y la mortalidad perinatal en el país, así como a la elaboración de estrategias para mejorar el cuidado.

Health care itineraries for women in situations of abortion: methodological aspects of a qualitative study for Birth in Brazil II survey. / Itinerários de cuidado à saúde de mulheres em situações de abortamento: aspectos metodológicos do estudo qualitativo da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II.

In recent decades, several academic studies on abortion have been produced in Brazil, with different designs, objectives, and methodologies. However, due to the diversity of situations in which Brazilian women experience abortion, the complexity of this topic, and its modulations in different political and sociocultural contexts, it still challenges academicians and the fields of health and reproductive rights. In this article, we present methodological aspects of a qualitative study on health care itineraries of women in situations of abortion, a component of the Birth in Brazil II survey, whose objective is to discuss the effects of gender; race/ethnicity; social class; generational, regional, and territorial inequalities on care itineraries. We discuss the study design development, the construction of the theoretical framework and specific analytical axes, the development of interview instrument, definition of participant selection criteria, strategies to contact participants and conduct the interviews, management of field work and materials produced, analytical procedures, and ethical issues. In total, 120 narrative interviews were conducted in order to include a diversity of women and obtain detailed results from the quantitative analysis under Birth in Brazil II survey. The context of criminalization of abortion has an impact on the production of knowledge on this subject, creating challenges such as difficult access to women, women's anonymity, privacy and data confidentiality, creation of objective and subjective conditions so that they can narrate their experiences in depth. With this article, we seek to contribute to the debate about these challenges in abortion research in Brazil.

Nas últimas décadas, produziu-se um robusto corpus de pesquisas sobre aborto no Brasil, com diferentes desenhos, objetos e metodologias. Contudo, pela diversidade de situações em que as mulheres brasileiras vivenciam o abortamento, pela complexidade do tema e por suas modulações em contextos políticos e socioculturais distintos, o assunto não cessa de desafiar a academia, o campo da saúde e dos direitos reprodutivos. Neste artigo, apresentamos aspectos metodológicos de um estudo qualitativo sobre itinerários de cuidado à saúde de mulheres em situações de abortamento, componente da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, que objetiva discutir efeitos das desigualdades de gênero, de raça/etnia, de classe social, geracionais, regionais e territoriais nesses percursos. Discutimos o desenvolvimento do desenho do estudo; a construção do arcabouço teórico e recortes analíticos específicos; a elaboração do instrumento de entrevista; os critérios de seleção das mulheres; as estratégias de abordagem e condução das entrevistas; a gestão do fluxo do campo e dos materiais produzidos; os procedimentos analíticos; e os problemas éticos. Para incluir uma diversidade de mulheres e aprofundar resultados do componente quantitativo do Nascer no Brasil II, serão realizadas 120 entrevistas narrativas. O contexto de criminalização do aborto impacta a produção de conhecimento sobre o tema, impondo desafios como conseguir acesso às mulheres, assegurar o anonimato e sua privacidade, além do sigilo das informações, gerar condições objetivas e subjetivas para que possam narrar em profundidade as suas experiências. Com este artigo, procuramos contribuir para o debate sobre esses desafios das pesquisas sobre aborto no Brasil.

En las últimas décadas, se produjo un robusto corpus de investigaciones sobre el aborto en Brasil, con diferentes diseños, objetos y metodologías. Sin embargo, debido a la diversidad de situaciones en las que las mujeres brasileñas vivencian el abortamiento, la complejidad del tema y sus modulaciones en diferentes contextos políticos y socioculturales, el tema continúa desafiando a la academia, el campo de la salud y los derechos reproductivos. En este artículo, presentamos aspectos metodológicos de un estudio cualitativo sobre los itinerarios de cuidados de la salud de mujeres en situación de abortamiento, componente de la encuesta Nacer en Brasil II, que tiene como objetivo discutir los efectos de las desigualdades de género, raza/etnia, clase social, generacionales, regionales y territoriales en esos recorridos. Discutimos el desarrollo del diseño del estudio, la construcción del marco teórico y los recortes analíticos específicos, la elaboración del instrumento de entrevista, los criterios de selección de las mujeres, las estrategias de abordaje y realización de las entrevistas, el manejo del flujo del campo y de los materiales producidos, los procedimientos analíticos y los problemas éticos. Para abarcar una diversidad de mujeres y profundizar los resultados del componente cuantitativo de Nacer en Brasil II, se realizarán 120 entrevistas narrativas. El contexto de criminalización del aborto impacta la producción de conocimiento sobre el tema, imponiendo desafíos, tales como conseguir acceso a las mujeres, asegurar su anonimato y privacidad y la confidencialidad de la información, generar condiciones objetivas y subjetivas para que puedan narrar en profundidad sus experiencias. Con este artículo buscamos contribuir al debate sobre estos desafíos de las investigaciones sobre el aborto en Brasil.

Birth in Brazil II: a postpartum maternal, paternal and child health research protocol. / Nascer no Brasil II: protocolo de investigação da saúde materna, paterna e da criança no pós-parto.

Pregnancy, parturition and birth bring major changes to the lives of mothers and fathers. This article presents a research protocol for estimating the prevalence of postpartum mental health outcomes in mothers and fathers, abuse and satisfaction in delivery/abortion care, and the correlations between them and socioeconomic, obstetric, and child health factors. As a 2-component research, it consists of a prospective cohort study with all postpartum women interviewed in the 465 maternity hospitals included at the Birth in Brazil II baseline survey conducted from 2021 to 2023, and a cross-sectional study with the newborns' fathers/partners. Interviews will be conducted via telephone or self-completion link sent by WhatsApp with the mother at 2 and 4 months after delivery/abortion. Partners will be approached three months after birth (excluding abortions, stillbirths and newborn death) using the telephone number informed by the mother at the maternity ward. Postpartum women will be inquired about symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, abuse during maternity care and quality of the mother-newborn bond. Maternal and neonatal morbidity, use of postnatal services, and satisfaction with maternity care are also investigated. Fathers will be asked to report on symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the quality of the relationship with the partner and the newborn. The information collected in this research stage may help to plan and improve care aimed at the postpartum health of the mother-father-child triad.

A gravidez, o parto e o nascimento são momentos de grandes mudanças na vida das mães e dos pais. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o protocolo da pesquisa para estimar a prevalência dos desfechos em saúde mental nas mães e pais no pós-parto, dos maus tratos e satisfação na atenção ao parto/abortamento, e as inter-relações entre eles e fatores socioeconômicos, obstétricos e da saúde da criança. A pesquisa tem dois componentes: estudo de coorte prospectiva com todas as puérperas entrevistadas nas 465 maternidades incluídas na linha de base da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II realizada entre 2021 e 2023, e estudo seccional com os companheiros/pais dos bebês. As entrevistas são realizadas por ligação telefônica ou link de autopreenchimento enviado por WhatsApp com as puérperas aos 2 e 4 meses após o parto/aborto. Os companheiros são abordados três meses após o nascimento (excluídos os abortos, natimortos e neomortos), a partir do telefone informado pela puérpera na maternidade. As entrevistas abordam, entre as puérperas, sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, maus-tratos na atenção na maternidade e qualidade do vínculo mãe-bebê. São investigados também a presença de morbidade materna e neonatal, utilização de serviços pós-natais, e satisfação com o atendimento na maternidade. Entre os pais, é abordada a ocorrência de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, e a qualidade do relacionamento com a esposa/companheira e o bebê. As informações coletadas nessa etapa da pesquisa poderão subsidiar o planejamento e melhoria do cuidado voltado para a saúde da tríade mãe-pai-filho após o nascimento.

El embarazo, el parto y el nacimiento son momentos de grandes cambios en la vida de madres y padres. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el protocolo de investigación para estimar la prevalencia de los resultados de la salud mental en madres y padres en el posparto, maltratos y la satisfacción durante la atención del parto/aborto, y las interrelaciones entre ellos y los factores socioeconómicos, obstétricos y de salud infantil. La investigación tiene dos componentes: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo con todas las puérperas entrevistadas en las 465 maternidades incluidas en la línea de base de la encuesta Nacer en Brasil II realizada entre 2021 y 2023, y un estudio seccional con las parejas/padres de los bebés. Las entrevistas se efectúan mediante llamada telefónica o enlace de autocumplimentación enviado vía WhatsApp a las puérperas a los 2 y 4 meses después del parto/aborto. El contacto con la pareja se hace a los tres meses del nacimiento (excluyendo abortos, mortinatos y muertes de recién nacidos), a través del teléfono facilitado por la puérpera en la sala de maternidad. Las entrevistas abordan, entre las puérperas, los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y trastorno de estrés postraumático, maltrato durante la atención en la maternidad y la calidad del vínculo madre-bebé. También se investiga la presencia de morbilidad materna y neonatal, uso de servicios posnatales y satisfacción con la atención en la maternidad. Entre los padres, se aborda la ocurrencia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, y la calidad de la relación con la esposa/pareja y el bebé. La información recopilada en esta etapa de la investigación puede apoyar la planificación y mejora de la atención dirigida a la salud de la tríada madre-padre-hijo después del nacimiento.

Protocol of Birth in Brazil II: National Research on Abortion, Labor and Childbirth. / Protocolo do Nascer no Brasil II: Pesquisa Nacional sobre Aborto, Parto e Nascimento.

Brazil has made advances in obstetric care in public and private hospitals; however, weaknesses in this system still require attention. The Brazilian Ministry of Health, aware of this need, funded the second version of the Birth in Brazil survey. This study aimed to evaluate: prenatal, labor and birth, postpartum, and abortion care, comparing the results with those of Birth in Brazil I; and analyze the main determinants of perinatal morbidity and mortality; evaluate the care structure and processes of obstetrics and neonatology services in maternity hospitals; analyze the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of health professionals who provide birth and abortion care; and identify the main barriers and facilitators related to care of this nature in Brazil. With a national scope and a 2-stage probability sample: 1-hospitals and 2-women, stratified into 59 strata, 465 hospitals were selected with a total planned sample of around 24,255 women - 2,205 for abortion reasons and 22,050 for labor reasons. Data collection was conducted using six electronic instruments during hospital admission for labor or abortion, with two follow-up waves, at two and four months. In order to expand the number of cases of severe maternal morbidity, maternal and perinatal mortality, three case control studies were incorporated into Birth in Brazil II. The fieldwork began in November 2021 and is scheduled to end in 2023. It will allow a comparison between current labor and birth care results and those obtained in the first study and will evaluate the advances achieved in 10 years.

Com o passar do tempo, o Brasil vem apresentando avanços na assistência obstétrica em hospitais públicos e privados; no entanto, ainda existem pontos frágeis que necessitam de atenção. O Ministério da Saúde, ciente dessa necessidade, financiou a segunda versão da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Os objetivos gerais são: avaliar a assistência pré-natal, ao parto e nascimento, ao puerpério e ao aborto, comparando com os resultados do Nascer no Brasil I, e analisar os principais determinantes da morbimortalidade perinatal; avaliar a estrutura e processos assistenciais dos serviços de obstetrícia e neonatologia das maternidades; analisar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência ao parto e ao aborto; e identificar as principais barreiras e facilitadores para essa assistência no país. Com escopo nacional e amostra probabilística em dois estágios (1-hospitais e 2-mulheres), dividida em 59 estratos, foram selecionados 465 hospitais com total planejado de, aproximadamente, 24.255 mulheres, 2.205 por motivo de aborto e 22.050 por motivo de parto. A coleta de dados, realizada por meio de seis instrumentos eletrônicos, ocorre durante a internação hospitalar para o parto ou aborto, com duas ondas de seguimento, aos dois e quatro meses. Com o intuito de expandir o número de casos de morbidade materna grave, mortalidade materna e perinatal, três estudos caso controle foram incorporados ao Nascer no Brasil II. O trabalho de campo foi iniciado em novembro de 2021 com término previsto para 2023. Os resultados permitirão comparar a atenção atual ao parto e ao nascimento com a retratada no primeiro inquérito e, com isso, avaliar os avanços alcançados no decorrer desses 10 anos.

Aunque Brasil ha presentado avances en la atención obstétrica en hospitales públicos y privados, todavía hay puntos débiles que necesitan atención. El Ministerio de Salud, consciente de esta necesidad, financió la segunda versión de la encuesta Nacer en Brasil. Los objetivos generales son: evaluar la atención prenatal, el parto y el nacimiento, el puerperio y el aborto, comparando con los resultados del Nacer en Brasil I, y analizar los principales determinantes de la morbimortalidad perinatal; evaluar la estructura y los procesos de atención de los servicios de obstetricia y neonatología en las maternidades; analizar los conocimientos, prácticas y actitudes de los profesionales de la salud que brindan atención para el parto y el aborto; e identificar las principales barreras y facilitadores para esta atención en el país. Tiene un alcance nacional y muestra probabilística en dos etapas (1-hospitales y 2-mujeres), la cual se dividió en 59 estratos; y se seleccionaron 465 hospitales con un total planificado de aproximadamente 24.255 mujeres, de las cuales 2.205 tuvieron procedimientos por aborto y 22.050 por parto. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó seis instrumentos electrónicos, que se realizó durante la hospitalización por parto o aborto, con dos rondas de seguimiento, a los dos y cuatro meses. Con el fin de ampliar el número de casos de morbilidad materna grave, mortalidad materna y perinatal, se incorporaron tres estudios de casos y controles en Nacer en Brasil II. El trabajo de campo comenzó en noviembre de 2021 y finalizará en 2023. Los resultados nos permitirán evaluar la atención al parto y al nacimiento actual con lo que se retrató en la primera encuesta, de esta manera se podrá evaluar los avances alcanzados a lo largo de estos 10 años.

Maternal mortality: protocol of a study integrated to the Birth in Brazil II survey. / Mortalidade materna: protocolo de um estudo integrado à pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II.

The Maternal Mortality Study conducts a hospital investigation of maternal deaths that occurred in 2020/2021 in the maternity hospitals sampled by the Birth in Brazil II survey, with the following objectives: estimate the maternal mortality underreporting; calculate a correction factor and the corrected (MMR); validate the causes of maternal mortality reported in the death certificate (DC); and analyze the factors associated with maternal mortality. The Birth in Brazil II includes approximately 24,250 puerperal women distributed in 465 public, private, and mixed hospitals with ≥ 100 live births/year in the five macroregions of Brazil. The Maternal Mortality Study data will be completed using the same Birth in Brazil II questionnaire, from the consultation of hospital records. Trained obstetricians will fill out a new DC (redone DC) from independent analysis of this questionnaire, comparing it to official data. The database of the investigated deaths will be related to the deaths listed in the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, allowing the estimation of underreporting and calculation of the corrected MMR. To calculate the reliability of the causes of death, the kappa test and prevalence-adjusted kappa with 95% confidence interval will be used. A case-control study to estimate the risk factors for maternal mortality will be developed with the investigated deaths (cases) and the controls obtained in the Birth in Brazil II survey, using conditional multiple logistic regression models. We expect this research to contribute to the correction of the underreporting of maternal mortality and to a better understanding of the determinants of the persistence of a high MMR in Brazil.

O Estudo da Mortalidade Materna conduz uma investigação hospitalar dos óbitos maternos ocorridos em 2020/2021 nas maternidades amostradas na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, com os seguintes objetivos: estimar o sub-registro da mortalidade materna e calcular um fator de correção e a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM) corrigida; validar as causas de mortalidade materna informadas na declaração de óbito (DO); e analisar os fatores associados à mortalidade materna. O Nascer no Brasil II inclui aproximadamente 24.255 puérperas distribuídas em 465 hospitais públicos, privados e mistos com ≥ 100 partos de nascidos vivos/ano nas cinco macrorregiões do país. Os dados do Estudo da Mortalidade Materna serão preenchidos utilizando o mesmo questionário do Nascer no Brasil II, a partir da consulta aos prontuários hospitalares. Obstetras treinados preencherão uma nova DO (DO refeita) a partir de análise independente desse questionário, comparando aos dados oficiais. A base de dados dos óbitos investigados será relacionada com os óbitos constantes no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde, permitindo a estimativa do sub-registro e cálculo da RMM corrigida. Para o cálculo da confiabilidade das causas de morte, serão utilizados os testes kappa e kappa ajustado à prevalência com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Um estudo de caso-controle para estimar os fatores de risco para mortalidade materna será desenvolvido com os óbitos investigados (casos) e os controles obtidos na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística múltipla condicional. Espera-se contribuir para a correção do sub-registro da mortalidade materna e para a melhor compreensão dos fatores determinantes da persistência de RMM elevada no Brasil.

El Estudio de Mortalidad Materna evalúa las muertes maternas ocurridas en 2020-2021 en las muestras de maternidades del encuesta Nacer en Brasil II con los objetivos de estimar el subregistro de mortalidad materna y calcular el factor de corrección y la tasa de mortalidad materna corregida (TMM); validar las causas de mortalidad materna reportadas en el certificado de defunción (CD); y analizar los factores asociados a la mortalidad materna. La Nacer en Brasil II incluye aproximadamente 24.250 mujeres puerperales, distribuidas en 465 hospitales públicos, privados y mixtos con ≥ 100 nacidos vivos/año en las cinco macrorregiones de Brasil. Los datos de Estudio de Mortalidad Materna se completarán con la información del cuestionario Nacer en Brasil II a partir de una búsqueda de los registros médicos hospitalarios. Los obstetras capacitados completarán un nuevo CD (CD rehecho) desde un análisis independiente de este cuestionario, comparándolo con los datos oficiales. La base de datos de muertes investigadas se relacionará con las muertes que constan en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre la Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud para permitir la estimación del subregistro y el cálculo de la TMM corregida. Para calcular la exactitud de las causas de muerte, se utilizarán las pruebas kappa y kappa ajustada a la prevalencia con un intervalo de 95% de confianza. Un estudio de casos y controles se aplicará para estimar los factores de riesgo de las mortalidad materna con las muertes investigadas (casos) y los controles obtenidos en el estudio Nacer en Brasil II utilizando modelos de regresión logística múltiple condicional. Se espera que este estudio pueda contribuir a la corrección del subregistro de la mortalidad materna y a una mejor comprensión de los determinantes de la persistencia de alta TMM en Brasil.

[Factors associated with breastfeeding at birth in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil, 2016-2017]. / Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno ao nascer em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, Brasil, 2016-2017.

Breastfeeding (BF) is a human right, and it must start from birth. The adequacy of Rede Cegonha (RC) strategies can contribute to the promotion of BF. The objective was to identify factors associated with BF in the first and 24 hours of live births at full-term maternity hospitals linked to CR. Cross-sectional study with data from the second evaluation cycle 2016-2017 of the RC that covered all of Brazil. Odds ratios were obtained through binary logistic regression according to a hierarchical model, with 95% confidence intervals and p-value < 0.01. The prevalence of BF in the first hour was 31% and in the 24 hours 96.6%. The chances of BF in the first hour increased: presence of a companion during hospitalization, skin-to-skin contact, vaginal delivery, delivery assistance by a nurse and accreditation of the unit in the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Similar results at 24 hours, and association with maternal age below 20 years. BF in the first hour was less satisfactory than in the 24 hours, probably due to the high prevalence of cesarean sections, a factor associated with a lower chance of early BF. Continuous training of professionals about BF and the presence of an obstetric nurse during childbirth are recommended to expand BF in the first hour.

O aleitamento materno (AM) é um direito humano e deve ser iniciado desde o nascimento. A adequação das estratégias da Rede Cegonha (RC) pode contribuir na promoção do AM. O objetivo foi identificar os fatores associados ao AM na primeira e nas 24 horas de nascidos vivos a termo em maternidades vinculadas à RC. Estudo transversal com dados do segundo ciclo avaliativo 2016-2017 da RC, que abrangeu todo o Brasil. Foram obtidas razões de chance por meio de regressão logística binária segundo modelo hierarquizado, com intervalos de confiança a 95% e p-valor < 0,01. A prevalência de AM na primeira hora foi de 31%, e nas 24 horas, de 96,6%. Aumentaram as chances de AM na primeira hora: presença de acompanhante na internação, contato pele a pele, parto vaginal, assistência ao parto por enfermeira e acreditação da unidade na Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança. Resultados semelhantes nas 24 horas, e associação com idade materna inferior a 20 anos. O AM na primeira hora foi menos satisfatório do que nas 24h, provavelmente pela elevada prevalência de cesariana, fator associado à menor chance de AM precoce. A capacitação dos profissionais sobre AM de forma contínua e a presença de enfermeiro obstetra no parto são recomendadas para ampliar o AM na primeira hora.

Temporal trends and projections of caesarean sections in Brazil, its administrative macro-regions, and federative units. / Tendências temporais e projeções de cesariana no Brasil, macrorregiões administrativas e unidades federativas.

Trend studies on the model of birth in Brazil show a scenario of successive linear increases in cesarean rates. However, they ignore possible changes in the temporal evolution of this delivery modality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate possible inflection points in cesarean rates in Brazil, its macro-regions, and federated units, as well as to estimate projections for 2030. A time series with information on cesarean sections from 1994 to 2019 from the SUS Department of Informatics was used. Autoregressive integrated moving average and joinpoint regression models were used to obtain cesarean rate projections and trends, respectively. Caesarean rates showed a significant upward trend over the 26 study years at all levels of aggregation. On the other hand, when considering the formation of segments, a stabilization trend was observed both in the country and in the South and Midwest regions, starting in 2012. Rates tended to increase in North and Northeast and significantly decrease in Southeast. Projections show that in 2030, 57.4% of births in Brazil will be cesarean, with rates higher than 70% in Southeast and South regions.

Os estudos de tendência sobre a via de nascimento no Brasil têm revelado um cenário de sucessivos aumentos lineares nas proporções de cesariana. Entretanto, a possibilidade de mudanças na evolução temporal da via cirúrgica não tem sido considerada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se verificar possíveis pontos de inflexão na proporção de cesarianas no Brasil, macrorregiões e unidades federativas, bem como estimar suas projeções para o ano de 2030. Utilizou-se a série temporal com as cesarianas notificadas no Departamento de Informática do SUS no período de 1994 a 2019. Foram utilizados modelos autorregressivos integrados de médias móveis e de regressão joinpoint para obtenção de projeções e de tendências das proporções de cesariana, respectivamente. As proporções de cesarianas apresentaram tendência significativa de aumento ao longo dos 26 anos de estudo em todos os níveis de agregação. Por outro lado, quando se considera a formação de segmentos, observa-se tendência de estabilização no país e nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste, a partir de 2012. Norte e Nordeste apresentaram tendência de aumento e o Sudeste, de queda significativa. Projeções indicam que no ano de 2030, 57,4% dos nascimentos no país ocorrerão por via cirúrgica e que nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, serão observadas proporções superiores a 70%.

Tendências temporais e projeções de cesariana no Brasil, macrorregiões administrativas e unidades federativas / Temporal trends and projections of caesarean sections in Brazil, its administrative macro-regions, and federative units

Resumo Os estudos de tendência sobre a via de nascimento no Brasil têm revelado um cenário de sucessivos aumentos lineares nas proporções de cesariana. Entretanto, a possibilidade de mudanças na evolução temporal da via cirúrgica não tem sido considerada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se verificar possíveis pontos de inflexão na proporção de cesarianas no Brasil, macrorregiões e unidades federativas, bem como estimar suas projeções para o ano de 2030. Utilizou-se a série temporal com as cesarianas notificadas no Departamento de Informática do SUS no período de 1994 a 2019. Foram utilizados modelos autorregressivos integrados de médias móveis e de regressão joinpoint para obtenção de projeções e de tendências das proporções de cesariana, respectivamente. As proporções de cesarianas apresentaram tendência significativa de aumento ao longo dos 26 anos de estudo em todos os níveis de agregação. Por outro lado, quando se considera a formação de segmentos, observa-se tendência de estabilização no país e nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste, a partir de 2012. Norte e Nordeste apresentaram tendência de aumento e o Sudeste, de queda significativa. Projeções indicam que no ano de 2030, 57,4% dos nascimentos no país ocorrerão por via cirúrgica e que nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, serão observadas proporções superiores a 70%.

Abstract Trend studies on the model of birth in Brazil show a scenario of successive linear increases in cesarean rates. However, they ignore possible changes in the temporal evolution of this delivery modality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate possible inflection points in cesarean rates in Brazil, its macro-regions, and federated units, as well as to estimate projections for 2030. A time series with information on cesarean sections from 1994 to 2019 from the SUS Department of Informatics was used. Autoregressive integrated moving average and joinpoint regression models were used to obtain cesarean rate projections and trends, respectively. Caesarean rates showed a significant upward trend over the 26 study years at all levels of aggregation. On the other hand, when considering the formation of segments, a stabilization trend was observed both in the country and in the South and Midwest regions, starting in 2012. Rates tended to increase in North and Northeast and significantly decrease in Southeast. Projections show that in 2030, 57.4% of births in Brazil will be cesarean, with rates higher than 70% in Southeast and South regions.

Satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazilian maternity hospitals participating in the Stork Network program: women's opinions.

This study aimed to describe maternal satisfaction with their experience during childbirth and birth and their association with sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric, and good practice characteristics during childbirth care. The sample included 2,069 women who wanted to express their opinions at the end of the interview of the Stork Network Assessment survey. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to summarize the variables of interest, creating latent variables, for input in the multiple logistic regression model. Six factors were created and tested in the model. Respect for the puerperal women was associated with satisfaction (vaginal delivery: 1.40; cesarean section: 1.47). Regarding those who underwent a cesarean section, satisfaction was associated with living in the Central-West (1.91) and South (2.00) regions and the presence of a companion during hospitalization (1.25). However, for women who had vaginal delivery, satisfaction was inversely associated with large hospitals (0.62) and undergoing interventions during labor and delivery (0.83), but positively with multiparity (1.98), receiving good care practices for labor and delivery (1.24), and having immediate contact with the newborn (1.20). The better understanding of the factors associated with mothers' care satisfaction for labor and delivery can improve care quality provided in public hospitals in the Brazil.

Agreement between maternal self-report of birth-related information and medical records in Brazil: A comparison study between public, mixed, and private hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The study aims to assess agreement between data obtained from interviews with postpartum women and their health records about labor and birth characteristics, newborn care, and reasons for cesarean birth. METHODS: The present study analyzes the Birth in Brazil study dataset, a nationwide hospital-based survey that included 23,894 postpartum women. Reliability was assessed using kappa coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. We also calculated the proportion of specific agreement: the observed proportion of positive agreement (Ppos) and the observed proportion of negative agreement (Pneg). RESULTS: In terms of labor and birth characteristics, more significant discrepancies in prevalence were observed for fundal pressure (1.4%-42.6%), followed by amniotomy, and augmentation. All of these variables were reported more frequently by women. Reliability was nearly perfect only for mode of delivery (kappa 0.99-1.00, Ppos and Pneg >99.0%). Higher discrepancies in reasons for cesarean prevalence were observed for previous cesarean birth (CB) (3.9%-10.4%) and diabetes mellitus (0.5%-8.5%). Most kappa coefficients for CB reasons were moderate to substantial. Lower coefficients were seen for diabetes mellitus, induction failure, and prelabor rupture of membranes and Pneg was consistently higher than Ppos. DISCUSSION: Our findings raise relevant questions about the quality of information shared with women during and after the process of care for labor and birth, as well as the information recorded in medical charts. Not having access to full information about their own health status at birth may impair women's health promotion behaviors or clear disclosure of risk factors in future interactions with the healthcare system.

Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay (outcome) and to analyze the association between delivery in a Baby-Friendly Hospital (BFH) and the outcome. The hypothesis is that accreditation to this program improves exclusive breastfeeding during maternity hospital stay. Exclusive breastfeeding is essential in reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This study is based on secondary data collected by the "Birth in Brazil: National Survey into Labour and Birth", a population-based study, conducted with 21,086 postpartum women, from February 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, in 266 hospitals from all five Brazilian regions. Face-to-face interviews were conducted mostly within the first 24 hours after birth, regarding individual and gestational characteristics, prenatal care, delivery, newborn's characteristics, and breastfeeding at birth. A theoretical model was created, allocating the exposure variables in three levels based on their proximity to the outcome. This hierarchical conceptual model was applied to perform a multiple logistic regression (with 95%CI and p < 0.05). RESULTS: In this study, 76.0% of the babies were exclusively breastfed from birth until the interview. Babies born in public (AOR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.10-2.87), mixed (AOR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.35-4.53) and private (AOR = 5.54; 95%CI: 2.38-12.45) BFHs were more likely to be exclusively breastfed during maternity hospital stay than those born in non-BFHs, as well as those born by vaginal birth (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.79-2.61), with adolescent mothers (AOR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.47-2.26) or adults up to 34 years old (AOR =1 .31; 95%CI: 1.13-1.52), primiparous women (AOR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.34-1.70), and mothers living in the Northern region of Brazil (AOR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.14-3.49). CONCLUSIONS: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative promotes exclusive breastfeeding during hospital stay regarding individual and hospital differences.

[Good practices, interventions, and results: a comparative study between a birthing center and hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System in the Southeastern Region, Brazil]. / Boas práticas, intervenções e resultados: um estudo comparativo entre uma casa de parto e hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde da Região Sudeste, Brasil.

This study aims to compare obstetric care in a birthing center and in hospitals of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) considering good practices, interventions, and maternal and perinatal results in the Southeast Region of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with comparable retrospective data from two studies on labor and birth. A total of 1,515 puerperal women of usual risk of birthing centers and public hospitals in the Southeast region were included. Propensity score weighting was used to balance the groups according to the following covariates: age, skin-color, parity, membrane integrity, and cervix dilation at hospitalization. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between the place of birth and outcomes. In birthing centers, compared to hospitals, the puerperal woman had a higher chance of having a companion (OR = 86.31; 95%CI: 29.65-251.29), eating or drinking (OR = 862.38; 95%CI: 120.20-6,187.33), walking around (OR = 7.56; 95%CI: 4.65-12.31), using non-pharmacological methods for pain relief (OR = 27.82; 95%CI: 17.05-45.40), being in an upright position (OR = 252.78; 95%CI: 150.60-423.33), and a lower chance of using oxytocin (OR = 0.22; 95%CI: 0.16-0.31), amniotomy (OR = 0.01; 95%CI: 0.01-0.04), episiotomy (OR = 0.01; 95%CI: 0.00-0.02), and Kristeller maneuvers (OR = 0.01; 95%CI: 0.00-0.02). Also, in birthing centers the newborn had a higher chance of exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.16-2.90) and a lower chance of airway (OR = 0.24; 95%CI: 0.18-0.33) and gastric aspiration (OR = 0.15; 95%: 0.10-0.22). Thus, birthing centers offers a greater supply of good practices and fewer interventions in childbirth and birth care, with more safety and care without influence on the outcomes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a assistência obstétrica em uma casa de parto e em hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da Região Sudeste do Brasil, considerando boas práticas, intervenções e resultados maternos e perinatais. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com dados retrospectivos comparáveis, provenientes de dois estudos sobre parto e nascimento, e amostra de 1.515 puérperas de risco habitual de uma casa de parto e hospitais públicos da Região Sudeste. Utilizou-se ponderação pelo escore de propensão para equilibrar os grupos de acordo com as covariáveis idade, raça, paridade, integridade das membranas e dilatação do colo na internação, bem como regressões logísticas para estimar razões de chance (OR) e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) entre o local de parto e desfechos. Na casa de parto, quando comparada ao hospital, as puérperas tiveram maior chance de ter acompanhante (OR = 86,31; IC95%: 29,65-251,29), se alimentar ou tomar líquidos (OR = 862,38; IC95%: 120,20-6.187,33), se movimentar (OR = 7,56; IC95%: 4,65-12,31), usar métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor (OR = 27,82; IC95%: 17,05-45,40) e posição verticalizada (OR = 252,78; IC95%: 150,60-423,33) e menor chance de utilizar ocitocina (OR = 0,22; IC95%: 0,16-0,31), amniotomia (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,01-0,04), episiotomia (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,00-0,02) e manobra de Kristeller (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,00-0,02). Ademais, na casa de parto os recém-nascidos tiveram maior chance de aleitamento exclusivo (OR = 1,84; IC95%: 1,16-2,90) e menor chance de aspiração de vias aéreas (OR = 0,24; IC95%: 0,18-0,33) e gástrica (OR = 0,15; IC95%: 0,10-0,22). A casa de parto apresenta, assim, maior oferta de boas práticas e menos intervenções na assistência ao parto e nascimento, com segurança e cuidado, sem afetar os resultados.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la asistencia obstétrica entre una clínica de parto y hospitales del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en la región Sudeste de Brasil, teniendo en cuenta las buenas prácticas, intervenciones y resultados maternos y perinatales. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con datos retrospectivos comparables de dos estudios sobre trabajo de parto y nacimiento. La muestra se compuso de 1.515 puérperas con riesgo habitual en una clínica de parto y en hospitales públicos de la región Sudeste. Se utilizó la ponderación del puntaje de propensión para equilibrar los grupos según las siguientes covariables: edad, color de la piel, paridad, integridad de las membranas y dilatación cervical en la hospitalización. La regresión logística se utilizó para estimar la razón de posibilidades (OR), y se aplicó el intervalo del 95% de confianza (IC95%) entre el lugar de parto y desenlace. En la clínica de parto en comparación con el hospital, la puérpera tenía más posibilidades de tener un acompañante (OR = 86,31; IC95%: 29,65-251,29), comer o beber líquidos (OR = 862,38; IC95%: 120,20-6.187,33), moverse (OR = 7,56; IC95%: 4,65-12,31), utilizar métodos no farmacológicos para aliviar el dolor (OR = 27,82; IC95%: 17,05-45,40), posición erguida (OR = 252,78; IC95%: 150,60-423,33), y menor posibilidad de usar oxitocina (OR = 0,22; IC95%: 0,16-0,31), amniotomía (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,01-0,04), episiotomía (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,00-0,02) y maniobras de Kristeller (OR = 0,01; IC95%: 0,00-0,02). Los recién nacidos tenían más posibilidades de recibir una lactancia exclusiva (OR = 1,84; IC95%: 1,16-2,90) y menos posibilidades de tener aspiración de vía aérea (OR = 0,24; IC95%: 0,18-0,33) y gástrica (OR = 0,15; IC95%: 0,10-0,22). La clínica de parto cuenta con una mayor oferta de buenas prácticas y menos intervenciones en la asistencia al parto y nacimiento, con seguridad y cuidado, sin afectar los resultados.

The effect of obstetric violence during childbirth on breastfeeding: findings from a perinatal cohort "Birth in Brazil".

Background: Recent literature has shown that many women worldwide are victims of obstetric violence during childbirth. Despite that, few studies are exploring the consequences of such violence on women's and newborn's health. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the causal association between obstetric violence during childbirth and breastfeeding. Methods: We used data from the study "Birth in Brazil", a national hospital-based cohort of puerperal women and their newborns in 2011/2012. The analysis involved 20,527 women. Obstetric violence was a latent variable composed of seven indicators (physical or psychological violence, disrespect, lack of information, privacy and communication with the healthcare team, inability to ask questions, and loss of autonomy). We worked with two outcomes: 1) breastfeeding at the maternity and 2) breastfeeding 43-180 days after birth. We applied multigroup structural equation modelling, based on the type of birth. Findings: Obstetric violence during childbirth may decrease the probability for women to leave the maternity ward breastfeeding exclusively, having a stronger effect on women who have vaginal birth. Also, being exposed to obstetric violence during childbirth could indirectly affect those women's ability to breastfeed 43-180 days after birth. Interpretation: This research concludes that obstetric violence during childbirth is a risk factor for breastfeeding discontinuation. Such knowledge is relevant so interventions and public policies can be proposed in order to mitigate obstetric violence and provide a better understanding of the context that may lead a woman into discontinuing breastfeeding. Funding: This research was funded by CAPES, CNPQ, DeCiT, and INOVA-ENSP.

Growth Velocity and Nutritional Status in Children Exposed to Zika Virus during Pregnancy from Amazonas Cohort, Brazil.

The high incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the period of 2015-2016 in Brazil may have affected linear height growth velocity (GV) in children exposed in utero to ZIKV. This study describes the growth velocity and nutritional status based on the World Organization (WHO) standards of children exposed to ZIKV during pregnancy and followed up in a tertiary unit, a reference for tropical and infectious diseases in the Amazon. Seventy-one children born between March 2016 and June 2018 were monitored for anthropometric indices: z-score for body mass index (BMI/A); weight (W/A); height (H/A) and head circumference (HC/A); and growth velocity. The mean age at the last assessment was 21.1 months (SD ± 8.93). Four children had congenital microcephaly and severe neurological impairment. The other 67 were non-microcephalic children (60 normocephalic and 7 macrocephalic); of these; 24.2% (16 children) had neurological alterations, and 28.8% (19 children) had altered neuropsychomotor development. Seventeen (24.2%) children had inadequate GV (low growth velocity). The frequencies of low growth among microcephalic and non-microcephalic patients are 25% (1 of 4 children) and 23.9% (16 of 67 children); respectively. Most children had normal BMI/A values during follow-up. Microcephalic patients showed low H/A and HC/A throughout the follow-up, with a significant reduction in the HC/A z-score. Non-microcephalic individuals are within the regular ranges for H/A; HC/A; and W/A, except for the H/A score for boys. This study showed low growth velocity in children with and without microcephaly, highlighting the need for continuous evaluation of all children born to mothers exposed to ZIKV during pregnancy.

Influence of mode of delivery on satisfaction with hospitalization for childbirth in the study Birth in Brazil.

Controversial results have been reported on the association between mode of delivery and patient satisfaction. This study investigates which mode of delivery leads to greater satisfaction with hospital admission for childbirth. A cohort study was conducted with data from the Birth in Brazil study, which began in 2011. A total of 23,046 postpartum women were included from a random sample of hospitals, selected by conglomerates with a three level stratification. At the first follow-up, 15,582 women were re-interviewed. Mode of delivery, dichotomized into vaginal or cesarean section, and confounders were collected before hospital discharge. The outcome maternal satisfaction, investigated as a 10-item unidimensional construct, was measured by the Hospital Birth Satisfaction Scale up to six months after discharge. We used a directed acyclic graph to define minimal adjustment variables for confounding. The effect of mode of delivery on satisfaction was estimated using a structural equation model with weighting by the inverse of the probability of selection, considering the complex sampling design. The weight was estimated considering the different sample selection probabilities, the losses to follow-up, and the propensity score, which was estimated in a logistic regression model. The analysis revealed no significant difference in satisfaction with hospitalization for childbirth between respondents who had vaginal delivery and cesarean section in the adjusted analysis (standardized coefficient = 0.089; p-value = 0.056). Therefore, women who had vaginal delivery and cesarean section were equally satisfied with their hospitalization for childbirth.

Impact of an intrapartum care quality improvement intervention in Brazilian private hospitals on care safety measures and adverse outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement (QI) intervention to reduce cesarean sections (CS)-the Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA)-was implemented in the private sector in Brazil. This analysis aims to compare safety care measures and adverse outcomes between women exposed to the PPA intervention to those receiving standard care. METHODS: The analysis included a convenience sample of 12 private hospitals that participated in the PPA (2017-2018). Data collection was performed through chart review and interviews. Differences in 15 outcomes were examined using Pearson's chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: The final weighted sample was comprised of 4789 births, 2570 in the PPA group (53.5%) and 2227 in the standard care group (46.5%). CS rate was significantly lower in the PPA group (67.3% vs 88.8%). After adjusting for potential confounders, PPA model was associated with decreased overall CS rate (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.36), as well as prelabor (OR = 0.41, 0.34 to 0.48) and repeated CS (OR = 0.45, 0.29 to 0.70). In terms of other safety care measures, women in the PPA model had an increased chance of absence of antibiotic prophylaxis in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) + women (OR = 4.63, 1.33 to 16.14) and for CSs (OR = 1.75, 1.38 to 2.22), while those with severe hypertension were less likely to not receiving magnesium sulphate (OR = 0.27, 0.09 to 0.77). Regarding obstetric and neonatal outcomes, PPA model was associated with a decreased chance of having an obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) following an episiotomy (OR = 0.34, 0.13 to 0.89), requiring antibiotics other than routine prophylaxis (OR = 0.84, 0.70 to 0.99), having a late preterm (OR = 0.36, 0.27 to 0.48) or early term baby (OR = 0.81, 0.70 to 0.94). There were no statistically significant differences for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The PPA intervention was able to reduce CS rates, late preterm and early term deliveries without increasing the chance of adverse outcomes. The bidirectional effect on safety care measures reinforces that QI initiatives includes closer observation of routine care when implementing interventions to reduce C-section rates.

Cesarean section rates in Brazil are among the highest in the world, particularly in private hospitals. In 2015, a quality improvement project was implemented in private hospitals aiming to reduce the cesarean section (CS) rates (the Adequate Childbirth Project­PPA). In the 2017­2018 period, the Healthy Birth Study (HBS) was proposed to assess the effect of the PPA project in CS rates, as well as use of obstetric interventions, adoption of good practices during labor and birth care and outcomes for both women and their babies. This article presents the comparison of 4873 births analyzed in the HBS, 2589 who were exposed to the PPA project and 2284 who received standard care. The analysis aim was to compare CS rates at the same time to assess if women who were part of the PPA intervention were less likely to have a negative event for themselves or their babies. A group of 15 measures of safety of obstetric care and negative outcomes for women and their babies was compared. Women who were exposed to the PPA intervention had a lower chance of CS, late preterm and early term deliveries. At the same time, the PPA group did not have worse outcomes for women or babies. In terms of safety care, the PPA intervention was associated with both positive and negative effects. For instance, women exposed to the PPA group had a higher chance of not receiving antibiotics to prevent infections when they needed, when compared to standard care.

Evaluation of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives in Brazilian private hospitals: results of a quality improvement project.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement project-the "Adequate Childbirth Project" (Projeto Parto Adequado, or PPA)-was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals with the goal of reducing unnecessary cesarean sections. One of the strategies adopted by the PPA was the implementation of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives. The objective of this study is to evaluate the results of the PPA in the implementation and adequacy of labor and childbirth care by nurse-midwives in Brazilian private hospitals. METHODS: Cross-sectional, hospital-based study, carried out in 2017, in 12 hospitals participating in the PPA. We assessed the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives during labor and childbirth care and the adequacy of 13 care practices following parameters of the World Health Organization. Women assisted in the PPA model of care and in the standard of care model were compared using the chi-square statistical test. RESULTS: 4798 women were interviewed. Women in the PPA model of care had a higher proportion of labor (53% × 24.2%, p value < 0.001) and vaginal birth (32.7% × 11.3%, p value < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives during labor (54.8% × 50.1%, p value = 0.191) and vaginal birth (2.2% × 0.7%, p value = 0.142). The implementation of recommended practices was adequate, except the use of epidural analgesia for pain relief, which was intermediate. There was a greater use of recommended practices including "oral fluid and food", "maternal mobility and position", "monitoring of labor", "use of non-pharmacological methods for pain relief" and "epidural analgesia for pain relief" in women assisted by nurse-midwives in relation to those assisted only by doctors. Many non-recommended practices were frequently used during labor by nurse-midwives and doctors. CONCLUSIONS: There was an increase in the proportion of women with labor and vaginal birth in the PPA model of care and an appropriate use of recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives. However, there was no difference in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives in the two models of care. The expansion of nursing participation and the reduction of overused practices remain challenges.

Brazil has a high rate of cesarean sections with low participation of nurse-midwives in childbirth care. Nurse-midwife care is associated with less use of interventions, lower proportions of cesarean sections and greater women's satisfaction. In 2015, a quality improvement project, called the "Adequate Childbirth Project" (Projeto Parto Adequado, PPA), was implemented in Brazilian private hospitals to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections. One of its components is the expansion of nurse-midwives in labor and childbirth care. In this study, we evaluated the results of PPA on childbirth care by nurse-midwives. Data were collected in 12 hospitals with interviews with 4798 women. Women assisted in the PPA model of care had a higher proportion of labor and vaginal birth, but there was no increase in the proportion of women assisted by nurse-midwives, neither during labor nor vaginal birth. The use of recommended practices was adequate, except for the use of epidural analgesia, with greater use of some recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives compared to those seen only by doctors. However, we observed excessive use of non-recommended practices during labor, both by doctors and nurses. We can conclude that there was an increase in the proportion of women with labor and vaginal birth in the PPA model of care and a greater use of recommended practices in women assisted by nurse-midwives, but without an increase in the proportion of women assisted by nurses. The expansion of nurse-midwives' participation in childbirth care and the reduction of non-recommended practices therefore continue to be challenges.

Breastfeeding in the first hour of life in Brazilian private hospitals participating in a quality-of-care improvement project.

BACKGROUND: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative's Step 4 recommends: "support mothers to start breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth", thus contributing to the reduction of neonatal mortality. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life in private maternity hospitals participating in the "Adequate Childbirth Project", a quality-of-care improvement project, and to analyze determinants of this outcome. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data collected by the cross-sectional evaluative "Healthy Birth Study", conducted in 2017 in 12 maternity hospitals participating in the Adequate Childbirth Project, where 4800 mothers were interviewed, and hospital records were observed. Conditions that prevented breastfeeding at birth, such as maternal HIV-infection and newborns' severe malformations, were excluded. Multiple logistic regression was performed according to a hierarchical theoretical model. RESULTS: The prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life was 58% (CI 95% 56.6-59.5%). Lower maternal education (aOR 0.643; CI 95% 0.528-0.782), lower economic status (aOR 0.687; CI 95% 0.504-0.935), cesarean section delivery (ORa 0.649; CI 95% 0.529-0.797), preterm birth (aOR 0.660; CI 95% 0.460-0.948) and non-rooming-in at birth (aOR 0.669; CI 95% 0.559-0.800) were negatively associated with the outcome. Receiving information during prenatal care about the importance of breastfeeding at birth (aOR 2.585; CI 95% 2.102-3.179), being target of the quality-of-care improvement project (aOR 1.273; CI 95% 1.065-1.522), skin-to-skin contact at birth (aOR 2.127; CI 95% 1.791-2.525) and female newborn (aOR 1.194; CI 95% 1.008-1.415) were factors positively associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The private maternities participating in the Healthy Birth Study showed a good prevalence of breastfeeding in the first hour of life, according to WHO parameters. Prenatal guidance on breastfeeding at birth, being target of the quality-of-care improvement project and skin-to-skin contact at birth contributed to breastfeeding in the first hour of life.

Satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazilian maternity hospitals participating in the Stork Network program: women's opinions / Satisfação com a assistência ao parto em maternidades brasileiras que participam da Rede Cegonha: opinião das mulheres / Satisfacción con la atención del parto en maternidades brasileñas que participan de la Red Cigüeña: la opinión de las mujeres

This study aimed to describe maternal satisfaction with their experience during childbirth and birth and their association with sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric, and good practice characteristics during childbirth care. The sample included 2,069 women who wanted to express their opinions at the end of the interview of the Stork Network Assessment survey. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to summarize the variables of interest, creating latent variables, for input in the multiple logistic regression model. Six factors were created and tested in the model. Respect for the puerperal women was associated with satisfaction (vaginal delivery: 1.40; cesarean section: 1.47). Regarding those who underwent a cesarean section, satisfaction was associated with living in the Central-West (1.91) and South (2.00) regions and the presence of a companion during hospitalization (1.25). However, for women who had vaginal delivery, satisfaction was inversely associated with large hospitals (0.62) and undergoing interventions during labor and delivery (0.83), but positively with multiparity (1.98), receiving good care practices for labor and delivery (1.24), and having immediate contact with the newborn (1.20). The better understanding of the factors associated with mothers' care satisfaction for labor and delivery can improve care quality provided in public hospitals in the Brazil.

Este estudo descreve a satisfação das mães com sua experiência no atendimento ao parto e nascimento de seus filhos e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, clínico-obstétricas e de boas práticas durante a assistência ao parto. A amostra incluiu 2.069 mulheres que expressaram sua opinião ao final da pesquisa Avaliação da Rede Cegonha. Foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória para resumir as variáveis de interesse, criando variáveis latentes para serem incluídas no modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Seis fatores foram criados e testados no modelo. O respeito pela puérpera foi associado à satisfação (parto vaginal: 1,40; parto cesáreo: 1,47). Para as mães que passaram por cesariana, houve associação com morar nas regiões Centro-oeste (1,91) e Sul (2,00) e com a presença de um acompanhante durante a internação (1,25). Para mulheres que tiveram parto vaginal, a satisfação foi inversamente associada a hospitais grandes (0,62) e à realização de intervenções durante o trabalho de parto e nascimento (0,83). A satisfação foi positivamente associada à multiparidade (1,98), recebimento de boas práticas de assistência durante o trabalho de parto e nascimento (1,24) e contato com o bebê logo após o nascimento (1,20). A melhor compreensão sobre os fatores associados à satisfação das mães com a assistência no trabalho de parto e nascimento pode contribuir para a qualidade do serviço prestado em hospitais públicos no país.

Este estudio describe la satisfacción de las madres con su experiencia en la atención del parto y el nacimiento de sus hijos y su asociación con las características sociodemográficas, clínico-obstétricas y de buenas prácticas durante la atención del parto. La muestra contó con 2.069 mujeres que expresaron su opinión al final de la encuesta Evaluación de la Red Cigüeña. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para resumir las variables de interés, creando variables latentes para ser incluidas en el modelo de regresión logística múltiple. En el modelo se crearon y probaron seis factores. El respeto por la puérpera se asoció con la satisfacción (parto vaginal: 1,40; parto por cesárea: 1,47). Para las madres sometidas a cesárea, hubo asociación con vivir en las regiones Centro-oeste (1,91) y Sur (2,00) y con la presencia de un acompañante durante la hospitalización (1,25). Para las mujeres que tuvieron parto vaginal, la satisfacción fue inversamente asociada a hospitales grandes (0,62) y a la realización de intervenciones durante el trabajo de parto y nacimiento (0,83). La satisfacción se asoció positivamente con la multiparidad (1,98), recibir buenas prácticas de cuidado durante el trabajo de parto y el nacimiento (1,24) y el contacto con el bebé poco después del nacimiento (1,20). Una mejor comprensión sobre los factores asociados a la satisfacción de las madres con la asistencia en el trabajo de parto y nacimiento puede contribuir para la calidad del servicio prestado en hospitales públicos en el país.