Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de la hipertensión arterial / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of arterial hypertension

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial constituye uno de los problemas médicos más importantes de la medicina contemporánea en los países desarrollados y se le ha denominado la plaga silenciosa del Siglo XXI. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente la hipertensión arterial en pacientes hipertensos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte longitudinal prospectivo. El universo estuvo constituido por 193 pacientes hipertensos de la población del consultorio 7 del Policlínico: Aleida Fernández Chardiet, en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre del año 2017. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: Del total de pacientes, 48,7 por ciento pertenecía al grupo de edad 40 y 59 años. Predominaron las féminas (112/58,03 por ciento) y los pacientes de piel negra (36,8 por ciento). El factor de riesgo modificable que predominó fue el tabaquismo, presente en 62,7 por ciento 55,4 por ciento presentó cifras de tensión arterial controladas. La mayoría usaba 2 fármacos antihipertensivos (44,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: La hipertensión arterial en el adulto es mejor controlada a menor edad y cuando se utilizan dos fármacos. El principal factor de riesgo de los hipertensos fue el tabaquismo(AU)

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most important medical problems of contemporary medicine in developed countries and it has been named the silent plague of the twenty-first century. Objective: To describe clinical and epidemiologically arterial hypertension in hypertensive patients. Methods: An observational, descriptive and prospective longitudinal study was carried out. The sample was of 193 hypertensive patients of the population belonging to the Family Doctor's office num. 7, Aleyda Fernández Chardiet Teaching Polyclinic, in the period between January and December, 2017. Frequency distributions, percentage calculations and measures of central tendency were used. Results: Of the total number of patients, 48.7 percent belonged to the age group from 40 to 59 years. There was a predominance of females (112; 58.03 percent) and patients with black skin (36.8 percent). The predominant modifiable risk factor was smoking habit that was present in the 62.7 percent; while the 55.4 percent presented controlled blood pressure´s numbers. Most of the patients used two antihypertensive drugs (44.6 percent). Conclusions: Hypertension in adults is better controlled at a lower age and when using two drugs. The main risk factor of hypertensive patients was smoking habit(AU)

Factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama en un consultorio de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Risk factors for breast cancer in a Doctor's Office of the primary health care

Introducción: La incidencia de enfermedades oncológicas se ha incrementado considerablemente en todo el mundo y el cáncer de mama no es la excepción.Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama en mujeres atendidas en el consultorio 9 del policlínico Aleida Fernández del municipio La Lisa entre enero y junio de 2016. Material y Métodos:Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo de estudio comprendió 296 mujeres de 18 años o más. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas de peso y talla a cada mujer y luego se aplicó un cuestionario. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales y la prueba de Chi cuadrado para determinar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo y la presencia de cáncer de mama.Resultados: El 29,4 por ciento tenía edad mayor o igual a 60 años. El 42,9 por ciento de las féminas presentó tabaquismo como hábito tóxico, el 74,7 por ciento tenía una edad menor a los 30 años al momento del primer parto, el 55,4 por ciento dio de lactar por lo menos 6 meses o no lo hizo.Conclusiones: Entre los factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama que predominaron en la población estudiada se encontró la obesidad posmenopáusica, no dar de lactar o hacerlo por menos de 6 meses, la menarquia a edad menor de 12 años, el primer parto después de los 30 años y la nuliparidad. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el cáncer de mama y los factores de riesgo antes mencionados(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of oncological illnesses has increased considerably all over the world and breast cancer is not the exception. Objective: To identify the risk factors of breast cancer in women treated in Doctor's Office number 9 of Aleida Fernández Teaching Polyclinic, La Lisa Municipality, from January to June, 2016. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted. The universe of study was composed of 296 women aged 18 years or over, belonging to the population health area surveyed during the study period. Anthropometric measurements of weight and height were first made to every woman and then a questionnaire was applied. Distribution of frequencies, percentage calculations, and Chi-square test were carried out to determine the association between risk factors and the presence of breast cancer. Results: A 29,4 percent of women aged 60 years or over; 42,9 percent of them reported smoking as a toxic habit; 74,7 percent were under 30 years of age at the time of the first childbirth; and 55,4 percent of them breastfed for at least 6 months or didn´t do it. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that postmenopausal obesity, no breastfeeding or doing it for less than 6 months, menarche before the age of 12 years, first births in individual ages after 30 years, and nulliparity were the risk factors for breast cancer that predominated in the population studied. A statistically significant relationship was observed between breast cancer and the aforementioned risk factors(AU)

Prevalencia de caries dental y nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal. Secundaria Básica: Antonio Maceo. 2016 / Prevalence of dental caries and level of knowledge on oral health: Antonio Maceo Junior High School. 2016

Introducción: la caries dental es considerada un problema de salud universal de elevada implicación económico y social, que repercute en la calidad de vida de las personas. La clave para la prevención en Estomatología, es el mantenimiento de un alto nivel de conocimientos individual sobre salud bucal. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de caries dental y el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal en escolares de 12 a 15 años, pertenecientes a la secundaria básica "Antonio Maceo", del municipio La Lisa, durante el año 2016. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 234 estudiantes matriculados en dicha escuela, pertenecientes al área de salud estudiada. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales, desviación estándar de índice y de razón. Resultados: el 44,9 % de los escolares presentaron al menos un diente cariado, obturado o perdido por caries. El nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal fue de regular (101 escolares, 43,2 %) y en los escolares cariados los conocimientos eran casi nulos. La mayoría de los escolares cariados tenían 13 años, 32,4 %; y 54,3 % pertenecían al sexo femenino. Conclusiones: en los pacientes con caries dental se observó una frecuencia de cepillado dental de 1 vez al día. La superficie oclusal resultó la más afectada por caries en todas las edades y en ambos sexos. Predominó una dieta cariogénica (AU).

Introduction: the dental caries is considered a universal health problem with high socio-economical implications striking on the person's life quality. The key for health prevention in Dentistry is keeping a high level of individual knowledge on oral health. Objective: to determine the prevalence of dental caries and level of knowledge on oral health in students aged 12-15 years, belonging to the junior high school "Antonio Maceo", municipality La Lisa, during 2016. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a universe of 234 students enrolled in that school, belonging to the studied area. Frequency distributions, percentage calculations, index standard deviation and ratio were performed. Results: 44.9 % of the students had, at least, one decayed, filled or lost tooth due to caries. The level of knowledge on oral health was regular (101 students, 43.2 %) and in students with decayed teeth, it was almost zero. Most of the students having filled teeth were 13 years old, 32.4 %; 54.3 % were female ones. Conclusions: in patients with dental caries, the frequency of dental brushing was once a day. The occlusal surface was the most affected one by caries at all ages and in both genres. A cariogenic diet predominated (AU).

Circunferencia abdominal y riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Consultorio 22. Policlínico Docente "Aleida Fernández Chardiet". 2016 / Abdominal circumference and risk of cardiovascular disease in Doctor's Office 22. "Aleida Fernández Chardiet" Polyclinic. 2016

Introducción: Estudios epidemiológicos han señalado que la obesidad abdominal es el factor de riesgo más preponderante en los países latinoamericanos y el que mejor explica la ocurrencia de un primer infarto agudo de miocardio. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular por la medición de la circunferencia abdominal en el Consultorio 22 del Policlínico Docente Aleida Fernández Chardiet del municipio La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba, en 2016. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal en personas mayores de 17 años de edad. El universo estuvo constituido por 538 personas. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales y el test de Chi Cuadrado. Resultados: De acuerdo con el valor de la circunferencia abdominal, 42,9 por ciento de las personas presentó un riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular incrementado. El riesgo incrementado predominó en el sexo masculino (48 por ciento). Solo el 16,5 por ciento de los pacientes diabéticos tuvo un riesgo bajo. El 50,6 por ciento de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial y 45,4 por ciento de los fumadores presentaron un riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular incrementado. Conclusiones: El riesgo incrementado de enfermedad cardiovascular, según la medida de la circunferencia abdominal, predominó en la mayoría de los pacientes estudiados, fundamentalmente en los pacientes del sexo masculino, los diabéticos, los hipertensos y los fumadores. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, encontrado por la obesidad abdominal y la edad, el sexo, la Diabetes Mellitus y la hipertensión arterial(AU)

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that abdominal obesity is the most important risk factor and the one that best explains the occurrence of a first acute myocardial infarction in Latin American countries. Objective: To determine the risk of cardiovascular disease by measuring the abdominal circumference in Doctor's Office 22 of Aleida Fernández Chardiet Teaching Polyclinic, La Lisa municipality, Havana, Cuba, in 2016. Material and Methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in people older than 17 years old. The universe of study was composed of 538 persons. Distributions of frequencies, percentage calculations, and the Chi-square test were used. Results: With regard to the value of abdominal circumference, 42,9 percent of people presented a high risk of cardiovascular disease, which predominated in the male sex (48,0 percent). Only 16,5 percent of diabetic patients presented a low risk. The 50,6 percent of patients with arterial hypertension, and the 45,4 percent of smokers presented a high risk. Conclusions: Regarding the evaluation of the abdominal circumference, a high risk of cardiovascular disease was observed in the majority of population studied, especially in the male sex, diabetics, hypertensive patients, and smokers. A statistically significant relationship was observed in patients with risk of cardiovascular disease due to abdominal obesity and age, sex, Diabetes Mellitus, and arterial hypertension.

Prevalencia de caries dental y nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal. Secundaria Básica: Antonio Maceo. 2016 / Prevalence of dental caries and level of knowledge on oral health: Antonio Maceo Junior High School. 2016

Introducción: la caries dental es considerada un problema de salud universal de elevada implicación económico y social, que repercute en la calidad de vida de las personas. La clave para la prevención en Estomatología, es el mantenimiento de un alto nivel de conocimientos individual sobre salud bucal. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de caries dental y el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal en escolares de 12 a 15 años, pertenecientes a la secundaria básica "Antonio Maceo", del municipio La Lisa, durante el año 2016. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 234 estudiantes matriculados en dicha escuela, pertenecientes al área de salud estudiada. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales, desviación estándar de índice y de razón. Resultados: el 44,9 % de los escolares presentaron al menos un diente cariado, obturado o perdido por caries. El nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal fue de regular (101 escolares, 43,2 %) y en los escolares cariados los conocimientos eran casi nulos. La mayoría de los escolares cariados tenían 13 años, 32,4 %; y 54,3 % pertenecían al sexo femenino. Conclusiones: en los pacientes con caries dental se observó una frecuencia de cepillado dental de 1 vez al día. La superficie oclusal resultó la más afectada por caries en todas las edades y en ambos sexos. Predominó una dieta cariogénica (AU).

Introduction: the dental caries is considered a universal health problem with high socio-economical implications striking on the person's life quality. The key for health prevention in Dentistry is keeping a high level of individual knowledge on oral health. Objective: to determine the prevalence of dental caries and level of knowledge on oral health in students aged 12-15 years, belonging to the junior high school "Antonio Maceo", municipality La Lisa, during 2016. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a universe of 234 students enrolled in that school, belonging to the studied area. Frequency distributions, percentage calculations, index standard deviation and ratio were performed. Results: 44.9 % of the students had, at least, one decayed, filled or lost tooth due to caries. The level of knowledge on oral health was regular (101 students, 43.2 %) and in students with decayed teeth, it was almost zero. Most of the students having filled teeth were 13 years old, 32.4 %; 54.3 % were female ones. Conclusions: in patients with dental caries, the frequency of dental brushing was once a day. The occlusal surface was the most affected one by caries at all ages and in both genres. A cariogenic diet predominated (AU).

Factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama en un consultorio médico / Risk factors for breast cancer in a family doctor's office

Introducción: La incidencia de enfermedades oncológicas se ha incrementado considerablemente en todo el mundo y el cáncer de mama no es la excepción. El cáncer de mama constituye el tumor más frecuente en la mujer y cada año mueren alrededor de 373 000 mujeres por dicho cáncer. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal en mujeres de 15 años o más del consultorio 5 del Policlínico Aleida Fernández Chardiet en el año 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 131 mujeres. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias y cálculos porcentuales. Resultados: El 35,88 por ciento de las mujeres presenta edad mayor o igual a 60 años. El 68,3 por ciento de las féminas había presentado la menopausia entre los 45 y 55 años de edad, el 54,5 por ciento de las nulíparas presentaron edad igual o mayor a 60 años, el 33,9 por ciento dio de lactar por menos de 4 meses. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las féminas del estudio presentaron edad mayor o igual a 60 años. Las mujeres que en mayor ocasión no habían tenido hijos presentaron edad igual o mayor a 60 años. La mayoría de las mujeres no ofrecieron lactancia materna o lo hicieron por menos de 4 meses. Se pudo observar una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad y el tiempo de lactancia materna(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of oncological diseases has increased considerably worldwide and breast cancer is not the exception. Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor in women and every year die about 373,000 women from cancer. Objective: To identify the risk factors of breast cancer. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out with women of 15 years of age or older from the family doctor's office 5 of Aleida Fernández Chardiet Outpatient Polyclinic in 2016. The study population consisted of 131 women. We used frequency distributions and percentage calculations. Results: 35.88 percent of the women are 60 years of age or older. 68.3% of women had menopause between 45 and 55 years of age, 54.5 percent of nulliparous women were 60 years of age or older, 33.9 percent gave breastfeeding for less than 4 months. Conclusions: The majority of the women in the study were at age 60 years or older. The women who had not had mostly more children were 60 years of age or older. Most of the women did not offer breastfeeding or did so for less than 4 months. We observed a statistically significant association between age and time of breastfeeding(AU)

Burden of hospitalized childhood community-acquired pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study in Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Republic of Korea.

BACKGROUND: Few studies describe the community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) burden in children in Asia. We estimated the proportion of all CAP hospitalizations in children from nine hospitals across the Republic of Korea (high-income), Indonesia, Malaysia (middle-income), and Vietnam (low/middle-income). METHODS: Over a one or two-year period, children <5 years hospitalized with CAP were identified using ICD-10 discharge codes. Cases were matched to standardized definitions of suspected (S-CAP), confirmed (C-CAP), or bacterial CAP (B-CAP) used in a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy study (COMPAS). Median total direct medical costs of CAP-related hospitalizations were calculated. RESULTS: Vietnam (three centers): 7591 CAP episodes were identified with 4.3% (95% confidence interval 4.2;4.4) S-CAP, 3.3% (3.2;3.4) C-CAP and 1.4% (1.3;1.4) B-CAP episodes of all-cause hospitalization in children aged <5 years. The B-CAP case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.3%. Malaysia (two centers): 1027 CAP episodes were identified with 2.7% (2.6;2.9); 2.6% (2.4;2.8); 0.04% (0.04;0.1) due to S-CAP, C-CAP, and B-CAP, respectively. One child with B-CAP died. Indonesia (one center): 960 CAP episodes identified with 18.0% (17.0;19.1); 16.8% (15.8;17.9); 0.3% (0.2;0.4) due to S-CAP, C-CAP, and B-CAP, respectively. The B-CAP CFR was 20%. Korea (three centers): 3151 CAP episodes were identified with 21.1% (20.4;21.7); 11.8% (11.2;12.3); 2.4% (2.1;2.7) due to S-CAP, C-CAP, and B-CAP, respectively. There were no deaths. COSTS: CAP-related hospitalization costs were highest for B-CAP episodes: 145.00 (Vietnam) to 1013.3 USD (Korea) per episode. CONCLUSION: CAP hospitalization causes an important health and cost burden in all four countries studied (NMRR-12-50-10793).

Categoría de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular / The category of risk for cardiovascular disease

Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son de gran importancia como causa de muerte para la humanidad y constituyen la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados actualmente. El control de los factores de riesgo es un elemento imprescindible para la prevención de estas enfermedades. La mejor herramienta para establecer prioridades en prevención primaria cardiovascular es la estimación del riesgo de desarrollarlas. Objetivo: describir la categoría de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en individuos con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 79 años. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de corte transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 335 personas pertenecientes al área atendida por el consultorio 7 del Policlínico: Aleida Fernández Chardiet del municipio La Lisa en el periodo comprendido entre noviembre 2015 y junio 2016. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales, cálculo de desviación estándar y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: el sexo más afectado por el riesgo cardiovascular moderado - alto, fue el masculino, con 36 personas (10,8 por ciento). Predominó en sentido general en toda la población el riesgo cardiovascular global bajo, presente en el 81,8 por ciento, seguido del riesgo moderado presente en el 12,9 por ciento. Conclusiones: la mayoría de la población presentó un riesgo cardiovascular global bajo. El riesgo cardiovascular moderado - alto afectó en mayor frecuencia a los pacientes con edad entre 70 y 79 años, a los del sexo masculino y a la mayoría de los pacientes diabéticos(AU)

Introduction: The cardiovascular diseases, are of great importance like cause of death for the humanity and they constitute the first cause of death in the developed countries at the moment. The control of the risk factors is an indispensable element for the prevention of these illnesses. The best tool to establish priorities in primary cardiovascular prevention is the estimation of the risk of developing them. Objective: To describe the category of risk of cardiovascular diseases in persons with ages understood among 40 and 79 years of a Doctor's Office number 7 of Policlinic: Aleida Fernández Chardiet of the municipality Lisa, from November 2015 to June 2016. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in persons with ages among 40 and 79 years. The studied population was constituted by 335 people. Distributions of frequencies, percentage calculations, standard deviation and measures of central tendency were used. Results: The sex more affected by the cardiovascular risk moderate-high, it constituted by the masculine with 36 people (10,8 percent of the total of studied people). It prevailed in general sense in the whole population the cardiovascular global risk low, present in 81,8 percent of the total, followed by the risk moderate present in 12,9 percent of the total. Conclusions: Most of the population presented a cardiovascular global risk low. The cardiovascular risk moderate-high it affected in more frequency to the patients with aged among 70 and 79 years, to those of the masculine sex and most of the diabetic patients(AU)

Factores determinantes de la lactancia materna exclusiva: Policlínico "Aleida Fernández". 2015 / Determinant factors of exclusive breastfeeding. "Aleida Fernández" Polyclinic. 2015

Introducción: La historia de la lactancia materna es tan antigua como la historia de la humanidad. La leche materna ha sido durante toda la existencia del ser humano el único alimento que el recién nacido y el lactante pequeño podían recibir para sobrevivir. En Cuba en 2014 se pudo apreciar que 33,2 por ciento de los infantes menores de 6 meses eran amamantados con lactancia materna exclusiva. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva, según factores biosociales en el Policlínico Docente Aleida Fernández Chardiet del municipio La Lisa, en 2015. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 182 madres de niños nacidos durante esa etapa en el área de salud. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia y cálculos porcentuales. Resultados: El 49,5 por ciento de madres mantuvo lactancia materna exclusiva por 6 meses. Solo 34,2 por ciento de madres con nivel de escolaridad de secundaria, mantuvo la lactancia materna exclusiva por 6 meses. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de las madres mantuvieron la lactancia materna exclusiva por 6 meses. En las madres en que la lactancia materna exclusiva duró menos de 6 meses, predominaron los siguientes factores biosociales: edad menor de 20 años, nivel de escolaridad de secundaria, estudiantes, primíparas, solteras y las de familia severamente disfuncionales. La insuficiente disponibilidad de leche en las mamas fue la la causa más frecuente de supresión de la lactancia materna exclusiva(AU)

Introduction: The history of breastfeeding is as old as the history of mankind. Breast milk has been the only food that the newborn and the small infant could receive to survive during all the existence of the human being. It was observed that 33,2 percent of the infants younger than 6 months received exclusive breastfeeding in Cuba, in 2014. Objective: To characterize exclusive breastfeeding behavior according to biosocial factors in Aleida Fernández Chardiet Teaching Polyclinic, La Lisa Municipality, in the year 2015. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted. The universe of study was composed of 182 mothers of children who were born in the health area during the study period. Distribution of frequencies, and percentage calculations were carried out. Results: 49,5 percent of mothers maintained exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Only 34,2 percent of mothers with secondary school education maintained exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Conclusions:Almost half the mothers maintained exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. The following biosocial factors predominate in those mothers in whom exclusive breastfeeding lasted less than 6 months: younger than 20 years of age, secondary school education, students, primiparas, single, and mothers from severe dysfunctional families. Insufficient milk availability in the breasts was the most frequent cause of breastfeeding suppression(AU)

Categoría de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular / The category of risk for cardiovascular disease

Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son de gran importancia como causa de muerte para la humanidad y constituyen la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados actualmente. El control de los factores de riesgo es un elemento imprescindible para la prevención de estas enfermedades. La mejor herramienta para establecer prioridades en prevención primaria cardiovascular es la estimación del riesgo de desarrollarlas. Objetivo: describir la categoría de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en individuos con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 79 años. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de corte transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 335 personas pertenecientes al área atendida por el consultorio 7 del Policlínico: Aleida Fernández Chardiet del municipio La Lisa en el periodo comprendido entre noviembre 2015 y junio 2016. Se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, cálculos porcentuales, cálculo de desviación estándar y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: el sexo más afectado por el riesgo cardiovascular moderado - alto, fue el masculino, con 36 personas (10,8 por ciento). Predominó en sentido general en toda la población el riesgo cardiovascular global bajo, presente en el 81,8 por ciento, seguido del riesgo moderado presente en el 12,9 por ciento. Conclusiones: la mayoría de la población presentó un riesgo cardiovascular global bajo. El riesgo cardiovascular moderado - alto afectó en mayor frecuencia a los pacientes con edad entre 70 y 79 años, a los del sexo masculino y a la mayoría de los pacientes diabéticos(AU)

Introduction: The cardiovascular diseases, are of great importance like cause of death for the humanity and they constitute the first cause of death in the developed countries at the moment. The control of the risk factors is an indispensable element for the prevention of these illnesses. The best tool to establish priorities in primary cardiovascular prevention is the estimation of the risk of developing them. Objective: To describe the category of risk of cardiovascular diseases in persons with ages understood among 40 and 79 years of a Doctor's Office number 7 of Policlinic: Aleida Fernández Chardiet of the municipality Lisa, from November 2015 to June 2016. Methods : An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in persons with ages among 40 and 79 years. The studied population was constituted by 335 people. Distributions of frequencies, percentage calculations, standard deviation and measures of central tendency were used. Results: The sex more affected by the cardiovascular risk moderate-high, it constituted by the masculine with 36 people (10,8 percent of the total of studied people). It prevailed in general sense in the whole population the cardiovascular global risk low, present in 81,8 percent of the total, followed by the risk moderate present in 12,9 percent of the total. Conclusions: Most of the population presented a cardiovascular global risk low. The cardiovascular risk moderate-high it affected in more frequency to the patients with aged among 70 and 79 years, to those of the masculine sex and most of the diabetic patients(AU)

Epidemiología de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y riesgo cardiovascular global en personas de 40 a 79 años en atención primaria / Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors and overall cardiovascular risk in people aged 40-79 years at primary health care

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares actualmente constituyen la primera causa de muerte en los países desarrollados. El control de los factores de riesgo es un elemento imprescindible para su prevención. La mejor herramienta para establecer prioridades en prevención primaria cardiovascular es la estimación del riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el riesgo cardiovascular global. Método: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, transversal, en individuos con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 79 años pertenecientes a un área de salud urbana, en el período comprendido entre diciembre de 2011 y marzo de 2012. El universo estuvo constituido por 417 individuos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, y la muestra por 111 personas, seleccionadas por el método aleatorio simple. Resultados: El perímetro promedio de la cintura y el índice cintura-cadera en las mujeres fueron de 92,72 ± 15,35 y 0,91 ± 0,06, respectivamente. Los pacientes pertenecientes al grupo etario de 70-79 años tuvieron la mayor prevalencia de riesgo moderado-alto en la serie estudiada (94,4 por ciento). La prevalencia de riesgo cardiovascular global moderado-alto en pacientes con diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial fue de 92,3 y 58,7 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Existió una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de riesgo cardiovascular moderado-alto en las personas mayores de 60 años, con diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial. Predominaron los pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular total bajo, del sexo femenino y con edades menores de 60 años(AU)

Impact of rotavirus vaccination in Australian children below 5 years of age: a database study.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of administration of two-dose rotavirus (RV) vaccine (RIX4414; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) among children aged less than 5 y in three states/territories of Australia. Aggregated and de-identified data on rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and all-cause gastroenteritis (AGE) from July 1998-June 2009 were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare database. The baseline incidence (July 1998-June 2006) of RVGE hospitalizations before RV vaccine introduction in New South Wales (NSW), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT) were 33.75, 42.93 and 288.67 per 10,000 child-years, respectively among children aged 0-11 mo. Following RV vaccine introduction in NSW, the ACT and the NT, incidence of RVGE hospitalizations reduced to 13.06, 17.35 and 47.52 per 10,000 child-years, respectively, during July 2007-June 2008 and 3.87, 8.40 and 122.79 per 10,000 child-years, respectively, during July 2008-June 2009 among children aged 0-11 mo. Reductions in RVGE and AGE were also observed in all children below 5 y of age in NSW and the ACT. Overall reduction in hospitalizations due to RVGE and AGE was observed following RV vaccine introduction into the NIP in Australia.

Evaluation of non-inferiority of intradermal versus adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine using two serological techniques: a randomised comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Although seasonal influenza vaccine is effective in the elderly, immune responses to vaccination are lower in the elderly than in younger adults. Strategies to optimise responses to vaccination in the elderly include using an adjuvanted vaccine or using an intradermal vaccination route. The immunogenicity of an intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine was compared with that of an adjuvanted vaccine in the elderly. METHODS: Elderly volunteers (age > or = 65 years) were randomised to receive a single dose of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine: either a split-virion vaccine containing 15 microg haemagglutinin [HA]/strain/0.1-ml dose administered intradermally, or a subunit vaccine (15 microg HA/strain/0.5-ml dose) adjuvanted with MF59C.1 and administered intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken before and 21 +/- 3 days post-vaccination. Anti-HA antibody titres were assessed using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) methods. We aimed to show that the intradermal vaccine was non-inferior to the adjuvanted vaccine. RESULTS: A total of 795 participants were enrolled (intradermal vaccine n = 398; adjuvanted vaccine n = 397). Non-inferiority of the intradermal vaccine was demonstrated for the A/H1N1 and B strains, but not for the A/H3N2 strain (upper bound of the 95% CI = 1.53) using the HI method, and for all three strains by the SRH method. A post-hoc analysis of covariance to adjust for baseline antibody titres demonstrated the non-inferiority of the intradermal vaccine by HI and SRH methods for all three strains. Both vaccines were, in general, well tolerated; the incidence of injection-site reactions was higher for the intradermal (70.1%) than the adjuvanted vaccine (33.8%) but these reactions were mild and of short duration. CONCLUSIONS: The immunogenicity and safety of the intradermal seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly was comparable with that of the adjuvanted vaccine. Intradermal vaccination to target the immune properties of the skin appears to be an appropriate strategy to address the challenge of declining immune responses in the elderly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00554333.

Immunogenicity and safety of PNEUMOVAX II manufactured by a new process in older adults.

In response to increased demand for the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine PNEUMOVAX II, a new manufacturing process has been implemented that improves the consistency and increases the scale of production. This double-blind, randomized, clinical study compared the immunogenicity and safety profiles of the new-process PNEUMOVAX II (n = 111) formulated with all 23 new process polysaccharides to the former-process PNEUMOVAX II (n = 109) formulation in adults aged > or =50 years. The primary aim of the study was to compare the post-vaccination geometric mean of antibody titres (GMT) to pneumococcal serotypes 3 and 8 in recipients of new- and former-process PNEUMOVAX II. The post-vaccination GMTs for serotypes 3 and 8 elicited by the new-process PNEUMOVAX II [1.40 (95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.63) and 10.78 (95% CI, 9.10-12.77), respectively] were non-inferior to those elicited by the former-process PNEUMOVAX II [1.24 (95% CI, 1.07-1.43) and 9.72 (95% CI, 8.22-11.50), respectively]. Both PNEUMOVAX II formulations were well tolerated; there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events. A total of 74 (66.7%) subjects in the new-process group and 66 (60.6%) in the former-process group had at least one injection-site reaction or vaccine-related systemic event within 14 days following vaccination. There was a trend for higher incidence of two solicited injection-site reactions (erythmea and induration) and three solicited systemic events (asthenia, chills and body aches) with the new- versus former-process PNEUMOVAX II, but these were mainly of mild intensity and short duration. The new-process PNEUMOVAX(R II thus showed similar immunogenicity to the former-process vaccine for pneumococcal serotypes 3 and 8 and both vaccines were well tolerated in older subjects.

Improvement in lipid profiles in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-positive patients with hyperlipidemia after a switch to unboosted atazanavir.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to compare the change in fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from baseline to week 12 between patients receiving an atazanavir-containing regimen and those receiving comparator protease inhibitor (PI) regimens. DESIGN: AI424-067 was a 48-week, open-label, randomized, prospective study of 246 patients on PI-based regimens with hyperlipidemia [fasting LDL cholesterol >130 mg/dL (>3.4 mmol/L)] and with HIV RNA <50 copies per milliliter. Patients were randomized to switch to atazanavir (400 mg once daily) on day 1 (immediate switch) or maintain current PI regimen for the first 24 weeks, then switch to atazanavir (delayed switch). METHODS: Plasma lipid levels were compared with baseline values at weeks 12, 24, and 48. Safety, viral load, and CD4 profiles were also evaluated. RESULTS: At week 12, the mean percent changes in LDL cholesterol from baseline for the immediate-switch and delayed-switch groups were -15% and +1%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Favorable LDL cholesterol levels in the immediate-switch group were sustained through week 48. Both groups maintained comparable virologic control. Switching to atazanavir did not produce a significant change in safety or tolerability. CONCLUSIONS: A switch-either immediate or delayed-from a boosted or unboosted PI to unboosted atazanavir in patients with hyperlipidemia was associated with improvements in plasma lipid parameters without loss of virological suppression.

Efficacy and safety of atazanavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with virologic suppression switched from a stable, boosted or unboosted protease inhibitor treatment regimen: the SWAN Study (AI424-097) 48-week results.

BACKGROUND: Atazanavir is a once-daily protease inhibitor (PI) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has previously been studied in cohorts of treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. Limited data are available on the usefulness of switching from a PI-based regimen to a regimen based on a different PI, such as atazanavir, in HIV-infected patients experiencing virologic suppression but seeking regimen simplification. METHODS: The Switch to Another Protease Inhibitor (SWAN) study was a 48-week, open-label trial involving HIV-positive patients with virologic suppression who were receiving stable PI-based regimens (with or without ritonavir). Patients were randomized 2 : 1 to switch to atazanavir (400 mg per day)--or, if they were receiving tenofovir, to atazanavir-ritonavir (300/100 mg per day)--or to continue to receive their existing PI. The proportion of patients who experienced virologic rebound (defined as an HIV RNA load >or=50 copies/mL) was compared through study week 48. RESULTS: Patients either received an atazanavir-containing regimen (278 patients) or continued to receive a comparator PI-containing regimen (141 patients). The proportion of patients who experienced virologic rebound was significantly lower among those who switched to an atazanavir-containing regimen (19 [7%] of 278) than it was among those who continued to receive a comparator PI regimen (22 [16%] of 141; P=.004). Patients who switched to atazanavir therapy experienced significantly fewer total cholesterol, fasting triglyceride, and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol elevations than did patients in the comparator PI group (P<.001); patients receiving atazanavir had comparable rates of adverse event-related discontinuation and serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with virologic suppression who were receiving other PIs, switching to a once-per-day regimen containing atazanavir provided better maintenance of virologic suppression (as demonstrated by significantly lower rates of virologic rebound and treatment failure than those observed with continued unmodified therapy), a comparable safety profile, and improved lipid parameters, compared with those for patients who continued their prior PI-based regimen through 48 weeks.