First Description of the Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes and Associated Host Preference of Trichopoda pennipes, a Parasitoid of Nezara viridula.

Trichopoda pennipes is a tachinid parasitoid of several significant heteropteran agricultural pests, including the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, and leaf-footed bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus. To be used successfully as a biological control agent, the fly must selectively parasitize the target host species. Differences in the host preference of T. pennipes were assessed by assembling the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of 38 flies reared from field-collected N. viridula and L. phyllopus. High-quality de novo draft genomes of T. pennipes were assembled using long-read sequencing. The assembly totaled 672 MB distributed among 561 contigs, having an N50 of 11.9 MB and a GC of 31.7%, with the longest contig at 28 MB. The genome was assessed for completeness using BUSCO in the Insecta dataset, resulting in a score of 99.4%, and 97.4% of the genes were single copy-loci. The mitochondrial genomes of the 38 T. pennipes flies were sequenced and compared to identify possible host-determined sibling species. The assembled circular genomes ranged from 15,345 bp to 16,390 bp and encode 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). There were no differences in the architecture of these genomes. Phylogenetic analyses using sequence information from 13 PCGs and the two rRNAs individually or as a combined dataset resolved the parasitoids into two distinct lineages: T. pennipes that parasitized both N. viridula and L. phyllopus, and others that parasitized only L. phyllopus.

The Interplay of Socioecological Determinants of Work-Life Balance, Subjective Wellbeing and Employee Wellbeing.

Today's workers are struggling to achieve a balance between their work and personal life roles because of both specific needs and limited resources. This study explored the socioecological factors that influence work-life balance (WLB) and how they operate. The relationships between WLB, subjective wellbeing, employee wellbeing and quality time allocation were examined. A total of 1063 responses were received, using an online survey. The results show that relational, community and societal factors directly influenced the individual factors and were indirectly associated with perceived WLB. Individual factors (i.e., personal feelings, behaviours and health) were found to be the crucial determinants of an individual's perceived WLB. It was found that WLB positively correlated with employee wellbeing and quality and quantity of personal life-time. Subjective wellbeing was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between WLB and its outcomes. This study demonstrated the process of how workers determine their own WLB by applying the socioecological framework for categorising the determinants and suggested new avenues that improve the whole wellbeing of workers and also foster long-term development of organisations.

Structuring Mentoring in Medicine and Surgery. A Systematic Scoping Review of Mentoring Programs Between 2000 and 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence of novice mentoring's successes in having senior clinicians support junior doctors and/or medical students in their clinical, academic, and research goals has spurred efforts to include mentoring in the core medical curriculum. However, lack of effective structuring threatens the viability of mentoring programs, precipitating ethical concerns about mentoring. This review aims to answer the question "what is known about mentoring structures in novice mentoring among medical students and junior doctors in medicine and surgery postings?," which will guide the design of a consistent structure to novice mentoring. METHODS: Levac (2010)'s framework was used to guide this systematic scoping review of mentoring programs in medicine and surgery published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2019 in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ERIC, Embase, Scopus, Mednar, and OpenGrey. A "split approach" involving concurrent independent use of a directed content analysis and thematic approach was used to analyze included articles. RESULTS: Three thousand three hundred ninety-five abstracts were identified. There was concordance between the 3 themes and categories identified in analyzing the 71 included articles. These were the host organization, mentoring stages, and evaluations. CONCLUSION: The data reveal the need for balance between ensuring consistency and flexibility to meet the individual needs of stakeholders throughout the stages of the mentoring process. The Generic Mentoring Framework provides a structured approach to "balancing" flexibility and consistency in mentoring processes. The Generic Mentoring Framework is reliant upon appropriate, holistic, and longitudinal assessments of the mentoring process to guide adaptations to mentoring processes and ensure effective support and oversight of the program.

A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in internal medicine, family medicine and academic medicine.

Mentoring's role in medical education is threatened by the potential abuse of mentoring relationships. Particularly affected are mentoring relationships between senior clinicians and junior doctors which lie at the heart of mentoring. To better understand and address these concerns, a systematic scoping review into prevailing accounts of ethical issues and professional lapses in mentoring is undertaken. Arksey and O'Malley's (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19-32, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616) methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was employed to explore the scope of ethical concerns in mentoring in general medicine. Databases searcheed included PubMed, ScienceDirect, ERIC, Embase, Scopus, Mednar and OpenGrey. 3391 abstracts were identified from the initialy search after removal of duplicates, 412 full-text articles were reviewed, 98 articles were included and thematically analysed. Unsatisfactory matching, misaligned expectations, inadequate mentor training, cursory codes of conduct, sketchy standards of practice, meagre oversight and unstructured processes have been identified as potential causes for ethical and professional breaches in mentoring practice. Changes in how professionalism is viewed suggest further studies of educational culture should also be carried out. The host organization plays a major role in establishing codes of conduct, expectations, and holistically, longitudinally oversight of the mentoring process and mentoring relationships.

Effects of magnification modes and location cues on visual inspection performance.

Image magnification often results in disorientation through loss of orientation and location during inspection. This study investigated the effects of three different magnification modes viz. full screen, circular, and fixed-area on visual inspection performance. Also, to improve participants' global orientation with respect to the original product, location cues in the form of halftone landmarks were introduced as a job aid and their effectiveness on inspection performance was examined. Twenty-eight undergraduates participated in the experiment. Significant magnification mode effect was found, but the location cue effect was found non-significant. The results suggested that the presentation of content/contextual information on one single screen should be considered together with the nature of the visual task and participants' search behaviors, and that the aid of location cues might be useful when the visual task demanded a high level of search memory and/or an unsystematic search strategy was employed by inspectors.

A Systematic Scoping Review of Ethical Issues in Mentoring in Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Mentoring is crucial to the growth and development of mentors, mentees, and host organisations. Yet, the process of mentoring in surgery is poorly understood and increasingly mired in ethical concerns that compromise the quality of mentorship and prevent mentors, mentees, and host organisations from maximising its full potential. A systematic scoping review was undertaken to map the ethical issues in surgical mentoring to enhance understanding, assessment, and guidance on ethical conduct. METHODS: Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework was used to guide a systematic scoping review involving articles published between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2018 in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ERIC, ScienceDirect, Mednar, and OpenGrey databases. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach was adopted to compare ethical issues in surgical mentoring across different settings, mentee and mentor populations, and host organisations. RESULTS: A total of 3849 abstracts were identified, 464 full-text articles were retrieved, and 50 articles were included. The 3 themes concerned ethical lapses at the levels of mentor or mentee, mentoring relationships, and host organisation. CONCLUSIONS: Mentoring abuse in surgery involves lapses in conduct, understanding of roles and responsibilities, poor alignment of expectations, and a lack of clear standards of practice. It is only with better structuring of mentoring processes and effective support of host organisation tasked with providing timely, longitudinal, and holistic assessment and oversight will surgical mentoring overcome prevailing ethical concerns surrounding it.

Effects of learning for linear and differential video magnifiers.

This study sought to determine the learning effects of repeated practice with the traditional linear and the novel differential linear and differential non-linear magnification methods on visual inspection performance. Performance feedback of speed and accuracy and process feedback of scan paths and coverage of search area were given to subjects in order to facilitate the learning process. Objective performance in terms of speed and accuracy and subjective evaluation using the NASA Task Load Index paradigm were captured and analysed. The results showed that there were positive learning effects for the three magnification methods and the learning effects for the two differential magnification methods were greater than that for the traditional linear method. Three exponential learning curves were established for the three search tasks, which showed that search performance with the differential linear and differential non-linear magnifications would surpass the traditional linear method after four and 10 sessions of repeated practice, respectively.

Effects of magnification methods and magnifier shapes on visual inspection.

This study investigated the effectiveness of the novel differential linear and differential nonlinear magnification methods, and the effects of magnifier shape and magnification power on visual search performance. With the differential magnification, objects that were more peripheral were scaled at a level higher than those in the vicinity of fixation. It was hypothesized that 1) owing to the ineffectiveness of scaling stimulus in the vicinity of fixation, the differential magnification methods would enhance magnification effectiveness and thereby improve inspection performance, and 2) because an elliptical lens shape resembles the shape of human visual field, for the same area of magnified view, an elliptical magnifier would be more effective than the circular one. In this study, objective performance measures of speed and accuracy and subjective workload evaluation using the NASA Task Load Index paradigm were used. The results showed that 4x magnification increased the overall inspection time as compared with 3x magnification, suggesting that a trade-off might have occurred between magnification and field size. The two hypotheses were not confirmed; however, a number of questions arose which need further investigation. Discussions of the concerned questions were made on i) the unfamiliarity of subjects with the new differential magnification methods, ii) perceptual discomfort due to image duplication, discontinuity, and distortion resulting from stimulus scaling, iii) the movement of fixation points, and iv) the competition for attention between foveal and peripheral magnified objects. This study prompts the authors to consider a training programme on the differential linear and nonlinear magnification methods in future studies. With proper instructions regarding the nature of lens and magnified images, subjects' performance with the novel differential magnification methods may be improved.