Analysis of muscular elasticity according to infrared and ultrasound therapy by sonoelastography.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of physical therapy on elasticity of muscles quantitatively by using sonoelastography equipment in infrared and ultrasound treatment commonly used in hospital physical therapy rooms. [Participants and Methods] We also investigated correlations among various variables such as height, weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), body fat mass, muscle mass, and basal metabolic rate. From July 30th 2017 to August 30th, 2017, muscular elasticity ratio was measured in 10 males in their 20s by comparing muscles of the upper and lower extremities before and after ultrasound and infrared therapy. [Results] Results showed that muscular elasticity was increased 1.55 ± 0.41 folds in forearm muscle region of the upper extremity in ultrasound therapy, which was significantly higher than the increase (1.23 ± 0.10 folds) in infrared therapy. Thus, ultrasound therapy and infrared therapy both would have good result in cardiac treatment for 1-cm away region. In ultrasound therapy and infrared therapy, elasticity increase rates in forearm region of the upper extremity were higher when body fat mass and BMI were increased. [Conclusion] Results of this study could be used as basic data for ultrasound and infrared therapy studies in the future.

Analysis of stress, musculoskeletal disorders, and fatigue among broadcasting actors.

[Purpose] The purpose of the study was to assess the health effects of broadcasting actors through a comprehensive research on their job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue and to investigate those factors having an impact on their health condition to present a basis for comparative studies and effective human resource management in the future. [Subjects and Methods] A survey was performed to analyze the relevance of the general features, job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue. [Results] Analysis of job stress, one of the characteristics of individuals, revealed that 32.4% of the subjects with less than 5 years of service, 55.5% of those with 6 to 10 years of service, and 52.4% of those with more than 10 years of service showed a high level of stress. Analysis of psychosocial stress, another characteristic of individuals, revealed that 13.4% of the nonsmokers had a high level of psychosocial stress, while 37.7% of smokers had a high level of psychosocial stress based on analysis of chronic disease and psychosocial health. [Conclusion] Based on this study of the stress and fatigue of broadcasting actors, it is expected that improvements can be made to promote their mental health conditions and, organizational safety and to promote effective human resource management.

Comparison between the treatment area of electrode used for radiofrequency ablation of liver cancer focusing on 15G cooled-tip and CWT electrode.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the comparison between the treatment area of 15Gage internally cooled electrodes and 17 Gage Cool Wet-tip(CWT) electrodes. They are manufactured to broaden treatment area of the tumor in the radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). METHODS: The study was designed for 62 patients with a mean age of 61, ranging from 44 to 87 years. The sample comprised of patients who used 15 G internally cooled electrodes and 17 G CWT electrodes respectively. Computed tomography (CT) images obtained after the procedure were observed, however, for the ablation lesion, the volume was determined by measuring complete necrotic tissue that did not contrast enhancement in the image. RESULTS: The treatment area of the tumor after radiofrequency ablation was 17.26±6.02 in the CWT, which was bigger than 15G. The treatment area ratio of the treatment before or after was significant at 581.85±339.56 in the CWT. After radiofrequency ablation, the treatment area got bigger, as 15G electrodes went toward CWT electrodes. Treatment area per electrode was 1.34 times higher in CWT than in 15G while the treatment area ratio of the treatment before or after was 1.001 times higher in the CWT than 15G. CONCLUSIONS: Ablation is more common for the safety margin in stable tumor and CWT type electrodes that can make larger ablation to reduce the number of times ablation is required for residual tumor and it decreases recurrence, ablation time and reoperation. Therefore it is considered t useful to reduce patients' pain.

Factors affecting metabolic syndrome by lifestyle.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to explore lifestyle factors in relation to metabolic syndrome so as to be able to utilize the results as baseline data for the furtherance of health-care and medical treatment. [Subjects and Methods] This study was conducted with patients who visited a health care center located in Seoul and had abdominal ultrasonography between 2 March 2013 and 28 February, 2014. Heights, weights, and blood pressures were measured by automatic devices. Three radiologists examined the patients using abdominal ultrasonography for gallstone diagnosis. The statuses of patients with regard to smoking, alcohol, coffee, and physical activities were explored for the lifestyle investigation. For investigating baseline demographics, we first used descriptive statistics. We then used the χ(2) test to analyze lifestyles and gallstone prevalence with regard to the presence of metabolic syndrome. Lastly, logistic regression analysis was conducted to discover the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. [Results] For men, body mass index, maximum gallstone size, and waist circumference were revealed as risk factors for metabolic syndrome, in descending order of the degree of risk. For females, gallstone presence was the most significant risk factor, followed by waist circumference. [Conclusion] Metabolic disease mainly presents itself along with obesity, and we should become more focused on preventing and treating this disease. A large-scale prospective study is needed in the future, as the cause of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis remained unclear in this study.

Factor analysis of the biochemical markers related to liver cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to find the correlations between biochemical study and liver cirrhosis. METHODS: The patients had liver biopsy to check the degree of their liver fibrosis, from August 2013 to August 2014 at the current medical center. In order to find the etiology of hepatitis, a research was done on gender, age, weight, and biochemical study through the investigation of subjects' medical record and medical history. For biochemical study, we examined hemoglobin, platelets, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), prothrombin time (PT), and international normalised ratio (INR). We also analyzed the factors that are related to liver cirrhosis. RESULTS: As a result, the patients at liver cirrhosis F≥2 stage showed 0.973, which is higher than the patients at FO stage with 0.943. F≥2 stage of hemoglobin was 0.544, which is lower than FO stage of hemoglobin with 0.817. Platelet count in F≥2 stage was 0.417, which is higher than FO stage with 0.074. For Albumin, F≥2 stage was 0.155 when F0 stage was 0.135. ATS's F≥2 stage was 0.665, which is 6 times higher than FO stage with 0.100. Moreover, in the case of GGT, F≥2 stage was higher with 0.492 than FO stage with 0.078. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it was confirmed that there is an increase in liver cirrhosis in the following general characteristics and biochemical factors: increase of age, increase of GGT, decrease of albumin, increase of the total bilirubin, and growth of INR (International Normalized Ratio).

Analyzing correlation between epicardial fat area and metabolic syndrome risk factor by using low-dose Lung CT.

OBJECTIVES: To study about the blood count of a risk factor related to physical measurement and metabolic syndrome, and the area of epicardial fat for medical checkup patients. METHODS: From April 1(st) to November 15(th) in 2014, we measured the area of epicardial fat in the adult out patients under 60 years of age, who are in good health; and the patients took the blood test and low-dose lung CT. In order to identify the relationship between the area of epicardial fat and the risk factor of metabolic syndrome, we conducted correlation analysis. Then, we performed multiple regression analysis to evaluate an independent correlation of epicardial area. In addition, we computed the cut-off value of epicardial fat area by using ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve to foresee a metabolic syndrome factor that has the most proper sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were shown to be the factors that affect the area of epicardial fat. Therefore, if waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were increased, the area of epicardial fat would be significantly increased (P<0.05); and if high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased, the area of epicardial fat would be significantly decreased (P<0.05). Out of metabolic syndrome factors, waist circumference's ROC curve area was 0.79 (Confidence Interval 0.73-0.84, P<0.05), which was the highest. The sensitivity was 83.7% when specificity was 70.1%, which proves that they are important factors for the diagnosis. In brief, metabolic syndrome is a disease that mostly appears in obesity patients, so we should try to monitor and cure the disease. CONCLUSION: The risk factors of metabolic syndrome can be managed through health care, and if we try to decrease the risk factors, we will be able to shrink epicardial fat area and decrease metabolic syndrome at the same time.

Quantitative comparison of transient elastography (TE), shear wave elastography (SWE) and liver biopsy results of patients with chronic liver disease.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to carry out a comparitive analysis of hepatic fibrosis results of the liver hardness of patients with chronic liver disease as measured by elastography (TE), shear wave elastography (SWE), and liver biopsy. [Subjects and Methods] This study was a retrospective analysis of 304 patients who underwent SWE and TE before and after liver biopsy, taken from among patients who had been checked for liver fibrosis by liver biopsy between August 2013 and August 2014. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to prove the diagnostic significance of liver stiffness, and then analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SWE and TE, as well as the kappa index through cross-analysis of SWE, TE, and liver biopsy. [Results] For liver hardness, the sensitivity of SWE was 84.39%, the specificity of SWE was 97.92%, the accuracy of SWE was 87.33%, the positive predictive value of SWE was 99.32%, and the negative predictive value of SWE was 63.51%. The sensitivity of TE was 94.80%, the specificity of TE was 77.08%, the accuracy of TE was 90.95%, the positive predictive value of TE was 93.97%, and the negative predictive value of TE was 80.43%. [Conclusion] It is our opinion that SWE and TE are non-invasive methods that are more effective than the invasive methods used for diagnosing liver hardness. Invasive methods cover only a section of liver tissue, and are more likely to cause side effects during biopsy.

Evaluation of automatic exposure control system chamber for the dose optimization when examining pelvic in digital radiography.

We found a way to optimize the image quality and reduce the exposure dose of patients through the proper activity combination of the automatic exposure control system chamber for the dose optimization when examining the pelvic anteroposterior side using the phantom of the human body standard model. We set 7 combinations of the chamber of automatic exposure control system. The effective dose was yielded by measuring five times for each according to the activity combination of the chamber for the dose measurement. Five radiologists with more than five years of experience evaluated the image through picture archiving and communication system using double blind test while classifying the 6 anatomical sites into 3-point level (improper, proper, perfect). When only one central chamber was activated, the effective dose was found to be the highest level, 0.287 mSv; and lowest when only the top left chamber was used, 0.165 mSv. After the subjective evaluation by five panel members on the pelvic image was completed, there was no statistically meaningful difference between the 7 chamber combinations, and all had good image quality. When testing the pelvic anteroposterior side with digital radiography, we were able to reduce the exposure dose of patients using the combination of the top right side of or the top two of the chamber.

Correlations between female breast density and biochemical markers.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify biochemical markers related to breast density. The study was performed with 200 patients who received mammography and biochemical marker testing between March 1, 2014 to October 1, 2014. [Subjects and Methods] Following the American College of Radiology, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS), breast parenchymal pattern density from mammography was categorized into four grades: grade 1, almost entirely fat; grade 2, fibroglandular densities; grade 3, heterogeneously dense; and grade 4, extremely dense. Regarding biochemical markers, subjects underwent blood and urine tests after a 12-h fast. We analyzed correlations among breast density, general characteristics, and biochemical markers. [Results] Breast density-related factors were age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), hematocrit, MCH, RDW, AST, ALT, ALP, uric acid, γGT, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. [Conclusion] The results can be used as basic and comparative data for the prevention and early control of breast cancer.

Blood levels related to the Z-score of bone mineral density in young males and females.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the blood levels related to the bone mineral density by using the dual energy X-ray absorption for females before menopause and males younger than 50 years old. [Subjects and Methods] Between August 1, and September 15, 2013, the Z-score was measured in females before menopause and males younger than 50 years old using a bone mineral density measuring instrument. After the measurement, the subjects were classified into two groups, that is, the below expectations and within expectations groups. Next, we analyzed and compared the differences in age, body mass index, and blood levels between the 2 groups. [Results] The results showed a correlation of 0.212 for total protein, -0.317 for alanine aminotransferase, -0.199 for gamma-glutamyl transferase, -0.358 for alkaline phosphatase, 0.266 for uric acid, -0.313 for lactate dehydrogenase, 0.244 for creatinine, -0.234 for the red blood cell count, and -0.230 for the red cell distribution width in patients with less than expected level for their age. [Conclusion] In conclusion, osteoporosis may occur in females before menopause and males younger than 50 years old, and aggressive attention is required for prevention and treatment.

The relationship between breast density and bone mineral density after menopause.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between breast density and bone mineral density after menopause. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 130 patients who participated in a bone densitometry test and had a mammogram taken between January 1st, 2013 to October 1st, 2014. The mammograms were scored breast imaging-reporting and data system. Grade 1 indicates almost only fat, Grade 2 indicates fibroglandular densities, Grade 3 indicates heterogeneously dense tissue, and Grade 4 indicates an extreme density. Correlation analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between breast density grades and bone mineral densities by age and body mass index. [Results] Breast density had a close relationship with age (-0.59), Body mass index (-0.39), and T-score (0.29). The results indicate that as age and body mass index increase, the grade of the breast density decreases, and as the T-score increases, the grade increases. [Conclusion] A precise evaluation of the of breast cancer risk associated with breast density should be conducted as a large scale prospective study for women in Korea.

Analysis of the relationship between liver regeneration rate and blood levels.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of liver function changes according to the liver regeneration rate after liver transplantation through blood tests. METHODS: Fifty donors, who underwent computed tomography (CT) 3D volumetry, were analyzed before and after liver transplantation. CT 3D volumetry was used as a study method to measure the mean liver regeneration volume and regeneration rate. Then, blood levels were measured including alanine transaminase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and total bilirubin. RESULTS: The liver regeneration rate rapidly increased from 39.13±4.91% befoone1 month and 90.31±13.09% 16 months after surgery furthermore. Blood levels rapidly increased 7 days after surgery and then decreased 16 months after surgery compared to the state before surgery. CONCLUSION: This study results could be used as a basis for the prognosis of future liver transplantations.

A study on the relationship between stress and fatigue and the musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by Korean radiation workers.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between factors such as stress and fatigue on musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by radiologists who were working in clinics and hospitals. [Subjects and Methods] A survey was conducted for radiologists in clinics, general hospitals, and university hospitals across the nation in a 20-day period from July 10-31, 2011. [Results] According to the comprehensive results of this study, job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue felt by radiologists had impacts on musculoskeletal disease in multiple body regions. First, according to the analysis results, job stress was scored at 2.48 on average on a 4-point Likert scale, while psychosocial stress was scored at 2.27 on average on the same scale, which demonstrated that job stress had a slightly higher score than psychosocial stress. Second, job stress, psychosocial stress, and fatigue had impacts on musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by radiologists; the possibility of musculoskeletal symptoms on the neck area increased as the physical environment got worse, interpersonal conflicts got serious, stress from organizational system increased, and psychosocial stress went up. [Conclusion] We expect that the results of this study would be useful as basic data for systematic and efficient management of resources when taking preventative measures against musculoskeletal disease experienced by radiologists in the future.

Analysis of radiation risk to patients from intra-operative use of the mobile X-ray system (C-arm).

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate clinical applications of mobile C-arms and consequent radiation risk, to increase medical attention on radiation protection, and to provide basic data for safe radiation use in the operating room. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, a total of 374 surgical operations, conducted using a portable fluoroscopic X-ray system from January to March of 2013, were analyzed. Dose summaries produced by the General Electric C-arm and data elements in digital imaging and communications in the medicine header of Ziehm C-arm, fluoroscopy time were used to obtain dose-area product (DAP) and effective dose. Corresponding mean and maximum values were calculated, and the resulting data on the frequency of application, fluoroscopy time, DAP, and effective dose were compared and analyzed in terms of surgical specialty and operation types. RESULTS: Orthopedic surgery was the most frequent with 165 cases (44.1%). The highest DAP value and effective dose were found in liver transplant among surgical specialty fields, with mean values of 2.90 ± 3.76 mGy∙m(2) and 58 ± 75.2 mSv, respectively (P = 0.0001). The highest DAP value and effective dose were observed in intra-operative mesenteric portography among types of surgery, showing mean values of 2.90 ± 3.81 mGy∙m(2) and 58.03 ± 76.24 mSv, respectively (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Because DAP varies significantly across surgical specialties and types of operation, aggressive efforts to understand the effects of radiation dose is critical for radiation protection from intra-operative use of mobile C-arms.

Analysis of biochemical markers related to Fatty liver patients.

[Purpose] This study was designed to study the correlation between biochemical tests and fatty liver. [Subjects and Methods] The study subjects were 242 people who received an abdominal ultrasound examination at a general hospital in Seoul, Korea, from March 2012 to March 2013. After the abdominal ultrasound examination, the subjects were categorized according to the presence or absence of fatty liver (n = 118 and 124, respectively). [Results] Comparison of biochemical markers revealed that glucose, total protein, aspartate transminase, alanine transaminase and triglyceride were higher in fatty liver patients. Risk analysis of general characteristics determined that hypertensive and diabetic patients had a 2.475- and 2.026-times greater risk of onset of fatty liver, respectively. The comparison of fatty liver with individual characteristics and biochemical markers revealed a 1.804-times greater chance of fatty liver when total protein was high, 0.964-times greater chance when high density lipoprotein was elevated and 1.204-times greater chance when triglyceride was elevated. When hypertension became severe, the chance of experiencing onset of fatty liver was 2.848 times higher. [Conclusion] Fatty liver is a representative disease of obese people in general and more active attention is necessary for its prevention and treatment. A direct cause of fatty liver was not found. Large-scale prospective studies will be required.

Analysis of enlarged images using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography, and conventional angiography.

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography, and conventional angiography in depicting the actual length of the blood vessels. Three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography were performed using a flow phantom model that was 2.11 mm in diameter and had a total area of 0.26 cm(2). After this, volume rendering technique and the maximum intensity projection method as well as two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography and three-dimensional rotational angiography based on conventional angiography were conducted. For three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography, 8 channel sensitivity encoding (SENSE) head coil for the 3.0 Tesla equipment was used. Fluid was added to the normal saline solution at various rates, such as 11.4, 20.0, 31.4, 40.0, 51.5, 60.0, 71.5, 80.1, 91.5, and 100.1 cm/s using an automatic contrast media injector. Each image was thoroughly examined. After reconstructing the image using the maximum intensity projection method, the length of the conduit in the center of the coronal plane was measured 30 times. After performing computed tomography angiography with the 64-channel CT scanner and 16-channel CT scanner, the images were sent to TeraRecon. Then, the length of the conduit in the center of the coronal plane of each image was measured 30 times after reconstructing the images using volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques. For conventional angiography, three-dimensional rotational angiography and two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography were used. Images obtained by three-dimensional rotational angiography were reconstructed and enhanced by 33, 50, and 100 % in the 128 Matrix and the 256 Matrix, respectively on the Xtra Vision workstation. The maximum intensity projection was used for the reconstruction, and the length of the conduit was measured 30 times in the center of the coronal plane of each image. Measurements using the two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography were obtained 30 times in the center of the image. As a result, the lumen length measured by three-dimensional enhanced flow MR angiography images was a minimum of 2.51 ± 0.12 mm when the fluid velocity was 40 cm/s. The images obtained by computed tomography angiography were larger than the actual images obtained by using the test equipment and the reconstruction method. Among the reconstruction methods of three-dimensional rotational angiography, the lumen length in the image reconstructed by 100 % in the 256 matrix was the smallest; 2.76 ± 0.009 mm. In the 128 matrix, as the scope of reconstruction was widened, the length of the vessel was increased by 0.710 units. In the 256 matrix, as the scope of reconstruction was widened, the length of the vessel was decreased by 0.972 units. In two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography, the lumen length in the image was 2.22 ± 0.095 mm. Although this image was magnified similar to the image reconstructed by 100 % in the 256 matrix of three-dimensional rotational angiography (P < 0.05), it was closest to the actual image among the images compared in this study. In conclusion, images obtained by two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography were closer to the actual images compared to the images obtained by other procedures. It can be concluded that vascular images obtained by magnetic resonance angiography, CT angiography, and conventional angiography were larger than the actual images.

Factor analysis of biochemical markers associated with bone mineral density in adults.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to find biochemical markers related to low bone mineral density in Korean adults. [Subjects and Methods] From August 1 to September 15, 2013, subjects receiving medical checkups were classified as lumbar spine bone normal, osteopenic, or osteoporotic using a bone mineral densitometer. Next, age, body mass index, and biochemical parameter differences were compared among the three groups. [Results] The results revealed that, the relevant factors were maximum blood pressure, minimum blood pressure, bone mineral density, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fasting blood glucose, iron, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. The bone mineral density of patients with osteoporosis was 0.763 times lower than that of normal subjects. The total bilirubin level of patients with osteoporosis was 0.45 times lower than that of normal subjects. The alkaline phosphatase level of patients with osteopenia was 1.059 times higher than that of normal subjects, and that in patients with osteoporosis was 1.088 times higher than that in normal subjects. The fasting blood glucose level of patients with osteoporosis was 0.963 times lower than that of normal subjects. The iron level of patients with osteoporosis was 0.986 times lower than that of normal subjects. [Conclusion] In conclusion, osteoporosis is a representative disease in elderly women due to aging and menopause, and more active interest should be taken for prevention and treatment.

A study on the usefulness of methylcellulose in rectal CT based on the analysis of the differences in absorption of radiation-permeable and radiation-impermeable materials.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use various radiation-permeable and radiation-impermeable materials, used to facilitate the observation of a lesion during a rectal computed tomography (CT) scan, in order to determine the best material to use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In regard to the study method, the radiation-permeable and radiation-impermeable materials of physiological saline, methylcellulose, contrast medium, ultrasound gel, and air were used to perform scanning with scan parameters that were used in general abdominal scanning. The GSI mode was used for material analysis. RESULTS: According to the results of the phantom study, the average CT value was 25.5 ± 5.9 HU for physiological saline, 77.6 ± 7.3 HU for methylcellulose, 3,070 ± 0.1 HU for contrast medium, 74.1 ± 11.9 HU for ultrasound gel, and -954.1 ± 10.3 HU for air. According to the analysis of materials by energy, contrast medium and physiological saline showed a dramatic decrease in the CT value as energy increased. Methylcellulose showed a gradual decrease in CT value, whereas air showed a small change in CT value according to the graph. CONCLUSIONS: Out of these materials, methylcellulose had the advantage of reducing discomfort in patients, and was more convenient for examiners before and after the rectal CT scan.

Evaluation of the method of hemostasis after femoral arterial puncture.

[Purpose] This study assessed the advantages and shortcomings of methods for hemostasis in patients who had received angiography after femoral arterial puncture using manual, compression device, or a combination of manual compression and a compression device. In addition, the success rates, complications, etc, were analyzed. [Subjects and Methods] One hundred and eighty patients who had undergone angiography after femoral arterial puncture were divided into three groups according to the method of hemostasis. For group A, immediately after angiography, an Angio-Seal device was placed in the puncture area and compressed using a compression device. For group B, after angiography, the puncture area was compressed with the hands directly. For group C, the puncture area was compressed using a compression device for approximately 10 min, and the puncture area was then compressed with the hands. In each group, the following correlations were analyzed: the time to hemostasis after angiography and gender, the time to hemostasis of each generation and the hemoglobin value, and platelet value and the time to hemostasis. [Results] The results showed a similar time to hemostasis regardless of gender or generation. The correlation between the hemoglobin value, platelet value, and the time to hemostasis were not significant. Group A showed the shortest mean time to hemostasis of the three groups (20.37 ± 8.23 min). No complications caused by the hemostasis method were detected in group B. Group A showed the highest incidence of complications caused by hemostasis. [Conclusion] Overall, hemostasis performed mutually is safe and effective for patients according to their condition.

Analysis of dose measurement other than the radiation protection during the radiographic examination.

OBJECTIVES: The study measured the dose on body regions that were not shielded to protect from radiation exposure during the general procedure, with the goal of providing basic radiation dose data for radiological technologists who perform the radiographic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Shooting parts with the phantom were similar to human tissues using general shooting equipment in the general examination room. The scattered rays were measured with the ion chamber. The hand received the highest average radiation dose and the kidney the lowest. The same pattern was evident for the average equivalent dose. The available daily shooting was highest in the anterior/posterior skull, followed by the posterior/anterior chest, abdomen, anterior/posterior spine and extremities. RESULTS: The daily available numbers for the eye were lower than other body regions (6-times, 4-times, 26-times, 3-times and 121-times) and the numbers on the foot were higher than for other regions (73-times, 48-times, 263-times, 39-times and 702-times). CONCLUSIONS: Radiation should be thoroughly blocked by the apron to protect the radiological technologist from the radiation exposure, the proper distance from the irradiation source should be maintained exposure is inevitable and the exposure dose and working environment shall be regularly assessed to ensure minimal exposure dose of the radiological technologist in accordance with the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendation.