Electron Temperature Measurements Using a Two-Filter Soft X-ray Array in VEST.

A multichannel soft X-ray (SXR) array has been developed to measure the electron temperature in the Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus (VEST). To estimate electron temperature using the two-filter method applied to SXR intensity, we designed a pinhole camera that has two photodiode arrays with different metallic filters. We also adopted a filter wheel and tested various filter parameters to find the optimal filter set. Through tests, the combination of aluminum and beryllium was found to be the most suitable for the current experimental conditions in VEST. The filtered SXR signals were acquired with a low-noise preamplifier, exhibiting sufficient signal-to-noise ratios for electron temperature estimation based on the intensity ratio of two signals obtained with different filters. The estimated electron temperature from the developed two-filter SXR array showed reasonably matched levels and consistent trends with Thomson scattering measurements. Error contribution from impurity line emission is also discussed.

Development of a scintillator-based optical soft x-ray (OSXR) diagnostic system for KSTAR tokamak.

We have developed a new scintillator-based optical soft x-ray (OSXR) diagnostic system for KSTAR. By utilizing fiber optic faceplates, mm-size lens arrays, and fiber bundles, we have successfully constructed a novel optical system for scintillator-based soft x-ray detection to overcome the limited vacuum-port conditions in KSTAR. P47 (Y2SiO5), which has a fast rise (∼7 ns) and decay (∼100 ns) time sufficient for detecting plasma instabilities observed in the kHz-MHz spectral range, was selected as the scintillator material for the KSTAR OSXR system. Scintillation toward each detection channel is collected by the lens arrays coupled to optical fiber cores, which are connected to the photodetector system. Initial results obtained during the 2022 KSTAR experimental campaign support the validity of the OSXR data through the consistency of OSXR measurement results with other diagnostics. We also observe that the OSXR system can capture magnetohydrodynamic activities, such as sawtooth oscillations, and provide valuable information for disruption mitigation studies using shattered pellet injection.

Development of a soft x-ray (SXR) array diagnostic system on versatile experiment spherical torus (VEST).

A new soft x-ray (SXR) array diagnostic system has been developed on versatile experiment spherical torus (VEST) for measurements of 2D SXR emissivity profile and identification of poloidal mode structure. Through tomographic inversion techniques, 2D SXR emissivity profile can be acquired from the line-integrated SXR data, which enables the visualization of mode structure of plasma instability, such as the magnetohydrodynamics mode. The SXR array diagnostic system consists of two 20-channel arrays positioned at the middle and the top on the same poloidal plane for horizontal and vertical lines of sight, respectively. Each array of the diagnostic system uses absolute extreme ultraviolet photodiode array as the detector. To apply appropriate filters (up to four) for different energy regimes without breaking the vacuum, a filter wheel and its rotatable vacuum feed-through are installed behind the pinhole. SXR data are acquired with a digitizer at the sampling rate of up to 125 MHz. Finally, we discuss initial measurement data obtained from Ohmic plasma in VEST.

Fast-ion Dα spectroscopy diagnostic at KSTAR.

A fast-ion Dα (FIDA) diagnostics system was installed for core and edge measurements on KSTAR. This system has two tangential FIDA arrays that cover both blue- and redshifted Dα lines (cold: 656.09 nm) in active views along the neutral beam 1 A centerline. The spectral band is 647-662.5 nm, and it covers the Doppler shift of the emission from the maximum energy of the neutral beam (100 keV). A curved filter strip with a motorized stage adequately prevents saturation of the electron multiplying charge-coupled device signal by the cold Dα line from the plasma edge. From comparisons of the measured spectra and FIDASIM modeling code, the FIDA spectra are well matched quantitatively. Moreover, the first measurements show that the FIDA radiance agrees with the neutron rate in the time trace during external heating and perturbation. In addition, responses are observed in the core FIDA radiance during the edge-localized mode cycle.

Topically applied treatments for external genital warts in nonimmunocompromised patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Selecting a topical treatment from among the numerous topical agents for external genital warts remains challenging without clear evidence. Our aim was to evaluate comparatively the efficacy and safety of topical agents for external genital warts using a network meta-analysis. We included all randomized controlled trials that evaluated any topically applied treatment for external genital warts. Using the R package netmeta, network meta-analyses were performed with a frequentist approach. We identified 41 relevant studies comprising 6371 patients. Among conventional agents, podophyllotoxin 0·5% solution (odds ratio 1·94, 95% confidence interval 1·02-3·71) was significantly more efficacious than imiquimod 5% cream for lesion clearance; however, it was associated with a higher overall adverse event rate. Sinecatechins 15% ointment (odds ratio 0·21, 95% confidence interval 0·12-0·34) was significantly less efficacious than imiquimod 5% cream. Idoxuridine, polyhexamethylene biguanide, cidofovir and SB206 showed comparable therapeutic efficacies with conventional therapies. None of the treatments were significantly different from each other with respect to recurrence, patients with severe adverse events, or patients who withdrew because of treatment-related adverse events. Conventional modalities were efficacious and well tolerated, although each of them had their advantages and disadvantages. Additional efficacy and safety studies are warranted for unconventional agents.

Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for multiple HCCs meeting the Milan criteria: propensity score analyses of 10-year therapeutic outcomes.

AIM: To assess the long-term therapeutic outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus surgical resection (SR) as a first-line treatment for patients meeting the Milan criteria with multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and the requirement for informed consent was waived. Between January 2004 and December 2009, among 3,441 patients with treatment-naive HCCs, 88 patients meeting the Milan criteria with multiple HCCs (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] A stage) who underwent either RFA (n=62) or SR (n=26) were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were compared by using propensity score matching. In addition, multivariate analysis was performed for assess the prognostic factor. RESULTS: Matching yielded 20 matched pairs of patients. In the two matched groups, the RFS rates were 30% and 30% at 5- and 10-years, respectively, in the RFA group and 60% and 48.6% in the SR group (p=0.054). The corresponding OS rates were 63.3% and 46.1% in the RFA group and 100% and 73.6% in the SR group, respectively (p=0.061). In multivariate analysis, treatment type was independently associated with RFS (hazard ratio [HR]=0.51; p=0.043) whereas it was not a statistically significant factor for OS (HR=0.50; p=0.088). CONCLUSION: In patients meeting the Milan criteria with multiple HCCs (BCLC A stage), SR may provide better RFS compared to RFA.

Initial radiofrequency ablation failure for hepatocellular carcinoma: repeated radiofrequency ablation versus transarterial chemoembolisation.

AIM: To compare the long-term therapeutic outcomes of repeated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with that of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) in patients with local tumour progression (LTP) after initial RFA treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and the requirement for informed consent was waived. Between July 2006 and February 2012, 713 patients underwent RFA for single HCC as a first-line treatment. Fifty-eight patients who showed LTP as initial tumour recurrence post-RFA treatment were included. Patients were treated with either repeated RFA (n=33) or TACE (n=25). TACE was performed as an alternative therapeutic option when repeated RFA was not feasible based on the planning ultrasonography. Recurrence-free and overall survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors for outcomes were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Both groups did not show significant differences in terms of baseline characteristics, with the exception being the proportion of subphrenic tumours (p=0.031). The RFA and TACE groups did not differ significantly in their 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates (17% versus 10.7% and 72.7% versus 51.9%, respectively, with all p-values >0.05). In addition, multivariate analyses revealed that type of treatment was not associated with recurrence-free or overall survival in patients with post-RFA LTP. CONCLUSION: TACE is an effective treatment, comparable to repeated RFA, in patients with LTP after initial RFA when repeated RFA is not feasible.

Neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis and Sweet-like neutrophilic dermatosis: under-recognized neutrophilic dermatoses in lupus erythematosus.

Background/Objectives Neutrophilic dermatoses can be associated with autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed clinical and histological features of neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis (NUD) and Sweet-like neutrophilic dermatosis (SLND)-the most recently delineated entities of the neutrophilic dermatoses. Methods We retrieved database medical records of patients with SLE whose skin biopsy demonstrated a neutrophilic-predominant infiltrate of the skin, and included those whose biopsies revealed findings of SLND or NUD. Results SLND skin lesions lasted longer than those of NUD and were localized to sun-exposed areas. All NUD cases resolved within one week either spontaneously or with treatment such as antihistamines, but SLND skin lesions lasted longer than one week; prednisone was used in four of these five patients. All NUD cases were found in existing SLE patients and were not associated with systemic signs of flare-up of SLE. However, 80% of SLND cases experienced flare-up of SLE; and in 60%, SLND developed concomitantly with SLE as a presenting sign. Conclusion Different clinical courses and relationships with SLE suggest that NUD and SLND have different pathogeneses for neutrophilic inflammatory reactions.

Expression of programmed death-1 in cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and its effect on clinical findings and biological behaviour.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have evaluated the expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its prognostic value in malignant T-cell lymphomas. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the positivity of PD-1 was associated with the clinical characteristics of cutaneous extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) and evaluated its effects on survival outcomes. METHODS: Forty-one patients with cutaneous ENKTL were included. Clinical features and survival outcomes were analysed according to the positivity of PD-1. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between primary cutaneous ENKTL and secondary cutaneous ENKTL in the expression of PD-1. The degree of disease dissemination was not affected by the positivity of PD-1. Higher positivity for PD-1 was associated with lesions presenting erythematous to purpuric patches that are mainly composed of small tumour cells. Cutaneous ENKTL presenting nodular lesions had a significantly lower number of PD-1-positive infiltrating cells than those with other clinical morphologies. There was no significant effect of PD-1 expression on outcomes such as overall and progression-free survival. LIMITATIONS: This study used a retrospective design and had a small sample size. CONCLUSION: Higher PD-1 positivity is associated with small-cell-predominant cutaneous ENKTL. However, PD-1 expression has no prognostic value in cutaneous ENKTL.

Radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolisation as first-line treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma or isolated intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in transplanted livers.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) as a first-line treatment for isolated intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (IIR-HCC) after liver transplantation (LT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. Between January 2005 and January 2015, 588 consecutive patients underwent LT for the treatment of HCC. Among them, 27 patients with IIR-HCCs after LT who were treated with RFA (n=6) or TACE (n=21) as a first-line treatment were retrospectively included in this study. Disease-free and overall survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Risk factors affecting these outcomes were assessed with Cox regression models. RESULTS: Except for the total number of recurrent tumours and time-to-tumour recurrence after LT, baseline characteristics were not significantly different between the groups. The 2-year disease-free survival rates for RFA and TACE (20% versus 14%, respectively; p=0.180) and 4-year overall survival rates (33% versus 25%, respectively; p=0.065) were not significantly different between groups. In addition, the types of treatment were not associated with disease-free or overall survival in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: TACE may be an effective treatment comparable to RFA in patients with IIR-HCC after LT when RFA is not feasible.

A Study of Piezoelectric Field Related Strain Difference in GaN-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Grown on Silicon(111) and Sapphire Substrates.

We investigate the strain difference in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells of blue light-emitting diode (LED) structures grown on silicon(1 11) and c-plane sapphire substrates by comparing the strength of piezo-electric fields in MQWs. The piezo-electric fields for two LED samples grown on silicon and sapphire substrates are measured by using the reverse-bias electro-reflectance (ER) spectroscopy. The flat-band voltage is obtained by measuring the applied reverse bias voltage that induces a phase inversion in the ER spectra, which is used to calculate the strength of piezo-electric fields. The piezo-electric field is determined to be 1.36 MV/cm for the LED on silicon substrate and 1.83 MV/cm for the LED on sapphire substrate. The ER measurement results indicate that the strain-induced piezo-electric field is greatly reduced in the LED grown on silicon substrates consistent with previous strain measurement results by micro-Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

A combination of excimer laser treatment and topical tacrolimus is more effective in treating vitiligo than either therapy alone for the initial 6 months, but not thereafter.

BACKGROUND: There are insufficient data on the long-term outcome of a combination therapy that comprises phototherapy and topical administration of tacrolimus. AIM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy according to the duration of treatment and in vitro results of a combination therapy involving topical tacrolimus and an excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo. METHODS: In total, 276 patients with nonsegmental vitiligo were treated with an excimer laser twice weekly, or with tacrolimus ointment twice daily, or both. The melanin contents and levels of melanogenic enzymes were measured in cultured human melanocytes treated with tacrolimus and/or excimer laser. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, the combination of tacrolimus plus excimer laser was significantly more effective than either tacrolimus or excimer laser alone (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) for the first 6 months. However, this superiority was not observed after the initial 6 months of treatment. In vitro, the combination of tacrolimus plus excimer laser led to a higher level of melanogenesis than with either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: A combination treatment with topical tacrolimus and an excimer laser may be useful as an induction therapy for up to 6 months, but continuation of this therapy for > 6 months might not provide a better final outcome than monotherapy.

Comparison of Strain in GaN-Based Blue Light-Emitting Diode Grown on Silicon(111) and Sapphire Substrates.

We compare the strain states and device performances of GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on Si(111) and sapphire substrates. The strain characteristics are investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. These analyses reveal that GaN layer grown on Si has a residual tensile strain in contrast to a compressive strain for GaN on sapphire, and quantum wells (QWs) on GaN/Si experience reduced lattice mismatch than those of GaN/sapphire. When external quantum efficiencies of LED on sapphire and Si substrates are compared, the LED on Si shows better efficiency droop characteristics and this is attributed to a decrease in piezo-electric field strength in InGaN/GaN layers owing to reduced lattice mismatch.

Hepatic radiofrequency ablation: in vivo and ex vivo comparisons of 15-gauge (G) and 17-G internally cooled electrodes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the 15-G internally cooled electrode with that of the conventional 17-G internally cooled electrode. METHODS: A total of 40 (20 for each electrode) and 20 ablation zones (10 for each electrode) were made in extracted bovine livers and in in vivo porcine livers, respectively. Technical parameters, three dimensions [long-axis diameter (Dl), vertical-axis diameter (Dv) and short-axis diameter (Ds)], volume and the circularity (Ds/Dl) of the ablation zone were compared. RESULTS: The total delivered energy was higher in the 15-G group than in the 17-G group in both ex vivo and in vivo studies (8.78 ± 1.06 vs 7.70 ± 0.98 kcal, p = 0.033; 11.20 ± 1.13 vs 8.49 ± 0.35 kcal, p = 0.001, respectively). The three dimensions of the ablation zone had a tendency to be larger in the 15-G group than in the 17-G group in both studies. The ablation volume was larger in the 15-G group than in the 17-G group in both ex vivo and in vivo studies (29.61 ± 7.10 vs 23.86 ± 3.82 cm(3), p = 0.015; 10.26 ± 2.28 vs 7.79 ± 1.68 cm(3), p = 0.028, respectively). The circularity of ablation zone was not significantly different in both the studies. CONCLUSION: The size of ablation zone was larger in the 15-G internally cooled electrode than in the 17-G electrode in both ex vivo and in vivo studies. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumours using 15-G electrode is useful to create larger ablation zones.

Percutaneous ultrasonography-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas: usefulness of image fusion with three-dimensional ultrasonography.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of fusion imaging with real-time ultrasonography (US) and three-dimensional (3D) US for the guidance of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) 2-5 cm in diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study. It was approved by the institutional review board and informed consent was waived. During percutaneous RFA of HCCs, targeting was performed under conventional fusion imaging guidance, whereas monitoring and controlling were conducted under fusion with 3D US guidance. Technical success, technique effectiveness, incidence of major complications, and local tumour progression rate were evaluated. According to tumour size (small: <3 cm versus medium: 3-5 cm), the roundness indexes of the ablation zones and local tumour progression rates were compared. RESULTS: There were 29 small-sized HCCs (2.5 ± 0.3 cm) and 17 medium-sized HCCs (3.4 ± 0.5 cm). All RFA procedures were performed in a single RFA session. Both the technical success and technique effectiveness rates were 100%. One patient with medium-sized HCC developed a hepatic abscess (n = 1) as a major complication. The local tumour progression rate was 8.7% (4/46) with a mean follow-up period of 18.2 months. The roundness indexes of the ablation zone were not significantly different between small- and medium-sized HCCs, and the local tumour progression rates were also not significantly different between the two groups [3.4% (1/29) versus 17.6% (3/17); p = 0.135]. CONCLUSION: Image fusion with real-time US and 3D US is useful for the guidance of percutaneous RFA for HCCs 2-5 cm in diameter.

Increased protein oxidation and decreased expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 protein in skin tissue of patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the cell dysfunction and tissue damage that result from glucolipotoxicity in diabetes. ROS formation in cells causes oxidative stress, thereby activating oxidative damage-inducing genes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to play an essential role in the vital defence mechanisms that help cells cope with oxidative stress. AIM: To compare Nrf2 protein expression in nondiabetic skin tissue with that in diabetic skin tissue. METHODS: Nrf2 expression was evaluated by Western blotting, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining in diabetic and nondiabetic skin tissues. Dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of protein carbonyls in the oxidized proteins were measured by oxyblotting analysis. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Nrf2 protein expression was determined to identify the activity and level of Nrf2. RESULTS: Protein oxidation, a marker of oxidative stress, was found to be increased in diabetic skin tissue. In subcellular fraction analysis, Nrf2 protein was detected in the nuclei and cytoplasm of nondiabetic skin tissues, and the Nrf2 protein band was identified from among the multiple bands detected, using small interfering RNA-mediated Nrf2 gene silencing. Compared with nondiabetic tissue, diabetic skin tissue showed simultaneous downregulation of Nrf2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Nuclear condensation, loss of nuclei, and vacuolization were seen in some parts of the specimen by haematoxylin and eosin staining of diabetic skin tissue. Immunohistochemical staining of Nrf2 confirmed the RT-PCR and Western blotting results. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data show that expression of Nrf2 is clearly downregulated in diabetic skin tissue, and suggest that Nrf2 may be necessary for protection against glucose-induced oxidative stress.

Secondary cutaneous lymphoma: comparative clinical features and survival outcome analysis of 106 cases according to lymphoma cell lineage.

BACKGROUND: The relative frequency, clinical features and survival outcomes of secondary cutaneous lymphoma remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of secondary cutaneous lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present retrospective cohort study included all 106 patients who presented with secondary cutaneous lymphoma. Patient medical records were reviewed to determine the clinical features, survival outcomes and prognostic factors. Survival outcomes were analysed by using the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons between lymphoma cell lineages [T or natural killer (T-/NK)-cell vs. B-cell lymphoma] were performed using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Secondary cutaneous lymphomas consisted of mature T-/NK-cell lymphomas (56%), mature B-cell lymphomas (35%), immature haematopoietic malignancies (8%) and Hodgkin lymphoma (1%). The T-/NK-cell lineage lymphoma cases were more likely to have multiple and disseminated skin lesions than the B-cell lineage lymphoma cases. The lymphoma cell lineage did not significantly influence survival outcomes. Patients who showed cutaneous involvement within 6 months of the initial diagnosis of primary disease had a poorer overall survival (OS) outcome than patients who developed cutaneous dissemination 6 or more months after the initial diagnosis (P < 0.001). Patients with disseminated skin lesions had a poorer OS than patients with localized skin lesions (P = 0.028). The two lymphoma cell lineages differed in terms of prognostic factors that influenced survival. CONCLUSIONS: Skin lesion characteristics such as time point of appearance and extent affect the survival outcomes of secondary cutaneous lymphoma. Cell lineage did not influence survival outcomes but the two lineages are associated with different prognostic factors.

Design optimization of multi-pinhole micro-SPECT configurations by signal detection tasks and system performance evaluations for mouse cardiac imaging.

An optimized configuration of multi-pinhole aperture can improve the spatial resolution and the sensitivity of pinhole SPECT simultaneously. In this study, an optimization strategy of the multi-pinhole configuration with a small detector is proposed for mouse cardiac imaging. A 14 mm-diameter spherical field-of-view (FOV) is used to accommodate the mouse heart. To accelerate the optimization process, the analytic models are applied to rapidly obtain the projection areas of the FOV, the sensitivities and the spatial resolutions of numerous system designs. The candidates of optimal multi-pinhole configuration are then decided by the preliminary evaluations with the analytic models. Subsequently, the pinhole SPECT systems equipped with the designed multi-pinhole apertures are modeled in GATE to generate the imaging system matrices (H matrices) for the system performance assessments. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) of the designed systems is evaluated by signal-known-exactly/background-known-statistically detection tasks with their corresponding H matrices. In addition, the spatial resolutions are estimated by the Fourier crosstalk approach, and the sensitivities are calculated with the H matrices of designed systems, respectively. Furthermore, a series of OSEM reconstruction images of synthetic phantoms, including the hot-rod phantom, mouse heart phantom and Defrise phantom, are reconstructed with the H matrices of designed systems. To quantify the sensitivity and resolution competition in the optimization process, the AUC from the detection tasks and the resolution estimated by the Fourier crosstalk are used as the figure of merits. A trade-off function of AUC and resolution is introduced to find the optimal multi-pinhole configuration. According to the examining results, a 22.5° rotated detector plus a 4-pinhole aperture with 22.5° rotation, 20% multiplexing and 1.52X magnification is the optimized multi-pinhole configuration for the micro pinhole-SPECT applied to mouse cardiac imaging with a camera of 49  ×  49 mm(2) active area.

Biodegradable and biocompatible soy protein/polymer/adhesive sticky nano-textured interfacial membranes for prevention of esca fungi invasion into pruning cuts and wounds of vines.

Adhesive biodegradable membranes (patches) for the protection of pruning locations of plants from esca fungi attacks were developed using electrospun soy protein/polyvinyl alcohol and soy protein/polycaprolactone nanofibers. Several different water-soluble adhesives were either added directly to the electrospinning solutions or electrosprayed onto the as-spun nanofiber mats. The nanofibers were deposited onto a biodegradable rayon membrane, and are to be pressed onto the pruned location on a plant. The pore size in the nanofiber mats is sufficient for physically blocking fungi penetration, while the outside rayon membrane provides sufficient mechanical support in handling prior to deposition on a plant. Diseases like Vine Decline are one of the most important cases where such a remedy would be needed. It should be emphasized that these novel biodegradable and sticky patches are radically different from the ordinary electrospun ultra-filtration membranes. The normal and shear specific adhesive energy of the patches were measured, and the results show that they can withstand strong wind without being blown off. On the other hand, the patches possess sufficient porosity for plant breathing.