Endobronchial Ultrasound Using Guide Sheath-Guided Transbronchial Lung Biopsy in Ground-Glass Opacity Pulmonary Lesions without Fluoroscopic Guidance.

Diagnosing ground-glass opacity (GGO) pulmonary lesions poses challenges. This study evaluates the utility of radial probe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (RP-EBUS-TBLB) in diagnosing GGO pulmonary lesions. A total of 1651 RP-EBUS procedures were performed during the study period. This study analyzed 115 GGO lesions. The EBUS visualization yield was 80.1%. Of 115 lesions, 69 (60%) were successfully diagnosed. The average size of diagnosed lesions was significantly larger than that of undiagnosed lesions (21.9 ± 7.3 vs. 17.1 ± 6.6 mm, p < 0.001). Diagnostic yield varied by lesion size: 50.0% for lesions <20 mm, 65.1% for 20-30 mm lesions, and 85.7% for lesions >30 mm. The mixed blizzard sign on EBUS appeared in 60.6% of mixed GGO lesions, with no cases in pure GGO lesions. Multivariable analyses showed that lesion size (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.16; p < 0.001) and mixed blizzard sign on EBUS (OR, 20.92; CI, 7.50-58.31; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with diagnostic success. Pneumothorax and hemoptysis occurred in 1.7% and 2.6% of patients, respectively. RP-EBUS-TBLB without fluoroscopic guidance is a viable diagnostic approach for GGO pulmonary lesions with acceptable complications.

Right anterior mini-thoracotomy aortic valve replacement versus transcatheter aortic valve implantation in octogenarians: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the early outcomes of octogenarians undergoing minimally invasive right anterior mini-thoracotomy aortic valve replacement (RAT-AVR) with those undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for aortic valve disease. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, data were collected from octogenarians before and after RAT-AVR and TAVI between January 2021 and July 2022. Short-term outcomes, including the length of hospital stay, in-hospital mortality, all-cause mortality, and other major postoperative complications, were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in in-hospital mortality, stroke, acute kidney dysfunction requiring renal replacement therapy, length of intensive care unit stay, or length of hospital stay. However, the TAVI group had a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker insertion (10% vs. 0%, p=0.54) and paravalvular leaks (75% vs. 0%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In the present study on octogenarians, both TAVI and RAT-AVR showed comparable short-term results. Although both procedures were considered safe and effective in the selected group, RAT-AVR had a lower incidence of complete atrioventricular block and paravalvular regurgitation.

Comparison of Predicted Postoperative Lung Function in Pneumonectomy Using Computed Tomography and Lung Perfusion Scans.

BACKGROUND: Predicting postoperative lung function after pneumonectomy is essential. We retrospectively compared postoperative lung function to predicted postoperative lung function based on computed tomography (CT) volumetry and perfusion scintigraphy in patients who underwent pneumonectomy. METHODS: Predicted postoperative lung function was calculated based on perfusion scintigraphy and CT volumetry. The predicted function was compared to the postoperative lung function in terms of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), using 4 parameters: FVC, FVC%, FEV1, and FEV1%. RESULTS: The correlations between postoperative function and predicted function based on CT volumetry were r=0.632 (p=0.003) for FVC% and r=0.728 (p<0.001) for FEV1%. The correlations between postoperative function and predicted postoperative function based on perfusion scintigraphy were r=0.654 (p=0.002) for FVC% and r=0.758 (p<0.001) for FEV1%. The preoperative Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores were significantly higher in the group in which the gap between postoperative FEV1 and predicted postoperative FEV1 analyzed by CT was smaller than the gap analyzed by perfusion scintigraphy (1.2±0.62 vs. 0.4±0.52, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: This study affirms that CT volumetry can replace perfusion scintigraphy for preoperative evaluation of patients needing pneumonectomy. In particular, it was found to be a better predictor of postoperative lung function for poor-performance patients (i.e., those with high ECOG scores).

Radial Probe Endobronchial Ultrasound Using Guide Sheath-Guided Transbronchial Lung Biopsy in Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions without Fluoroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (RP-EBUS-TBLB) has improved the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopic biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). The diagnostic yield and complications of RP-EBUS-TBLB for PPLs vary depending on the technique, such as using a guide sheath (GS) or fluoroscopy. In this study, we investigated the utility of RP-EBUS-TBLB using a GS without fluoroscopy for diagnosing PPLs. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 607 patients who underwent RP-EBUS of PPLs from January 2019 to July 2020. TBLB was performed using RP-EBUS with a GS without fluoroscopy. The diagnostic yield and complications were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting the diagnostic yields. RESULTS: The overall diagnostic accuracy was 76.1% (462/607). In multivariable analyses, the size of the lesion (≥20 mm; odds ratio [OR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-3.33; p=0.003), positive bronchus sign in chest computed tomography (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.40-3.78; p=0.001), a solid lesion (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.31-4.41; p=0.005), and an EBUS image with the probe within the lesion (OR, 6.98; 95% CI, 4.38-11.12; p<0.001) were associated with diagnostic success. Pneumothorax occurred in 2.0% (12/607) of cases and chest tube insertion was required in 0.5% (3/607) of patients. CONCLUSION: RP-EBUS-TBLB using a GS without fluoroscopy is a highly accurate diagnostic method in diagnosing PPLs that does not involve radiation exposure and has acceptable complication rates.

Delayed onset of mediastinitis with tracheomediastinal fistula following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration; A case report.

Infectious complications after endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) are rare but serious. Here, we report a very rare case of delayed onset of mediastinitis with tracheomediastinal fistula after EBUS-TBNA. Surgical debridement was performed, antibiotics were administered, and the postoperative course of the patient was good. Careful monitoring is needed to prevent the possible development of infectious complications after EBUS-TBNA.

A rare case of primary solitary endobronchial plasmacytoma.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare plasma cell tumor involving the organs but without bone marrow involvement or the characteristics of multiple myeloma. Primary solitary endobronchial plasmacytoma is extremely rare. Here we present the case of an 86-year-old male ex-smoker who visited our outpatient clinic for an endobronchial mass in the left upper lobe of the lung. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a protruding mass in the left upper lobar bronchus; based on the bronchoscopic biopsy findings, a primary solitary endobronchial plasmacytoma was diagnosed. After radiation therapy the patient was well and 6 months after treatment showed no evidence of disease recurrence. Extramedullary plasmacytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an endobronchial mass.

Surgical treatment of asymptomatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma originating from the superior vena cava: A case report.

RATIONALE: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare endothelial tumor with a low-grade malignancy. This tumor can be treated with complete resection. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 20-year-old Korean man visited our hospital due to an abnormal finding on standing chest PA X-ray. He did not have any past medical history. DIAGNOSIS: Chest computed tomography shows a well-defined, oval-shaped tumor invading the brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava. A malignant tumor of vascular origin was diagnosed by a percutaneous needle biopsy. INTERVENTIONS: We performed en-bloc resection including the great vessels for complete resection of the tumor. Histologic evaluation confirmed the lesion to be a hemangioendothelioma and the surgical margins were free from tumor invasion. OUTCOMES: Fourteen days later, the patient was discharged without any complication. Thirty months after surgery, recurrences, or metastasis were not detected. LESSONS: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare malignant endothelial tumor in the central vein. Surgery is the treatment of choice and shows good results. We introduce and appropriate surgical method to ensure successful treatment for rare disease.

Rectus abdominis muscle atrophy after thoracotomy.

Intercostal nerve injury is known to occur during thoracotomy; however, rectus abdominis muscle atrophy has rarely been reported. We describe a 52-year-old man who underwent primary closure of esophageal perforation and lung decortication via left thoracotomy. He was discharged 40 days postoperatively without any complications. He noticed an abdominal bulge 2 months later, and computed tomography revealed left rectus abdominis muscle atrophy. We report thoracotomy induced denervation causing rectus abdominis muscle atrophy.

Comparison of the Long-Term Results of R3 and R4 Sympathicotomy for Palmar Hyperhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathicotomy has been determined to be the best way to treat palmar hyperhidrosis. However, satisfaction with the surgical outcomes decreases with the onset of compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) over time. The ideal level of sympathicotomy is controversial. Therefore, we compared the long-term results of R3 and R4 sympathicotomy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 186 patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathicotomy between September 2001 and September 2015. We analyzed the long-term results with respect to hand sweating and CH, and the overall satisfaction in 186 patients. RESULTS: With respect to hand sweating, significantly more patients complained of overly dry hands in the R3 group (25% versus 3.7%, p<0.001) and of mildly wet hands in the R4 group (2.9% versus 13.4%, p=0.007). There was a significantly increased occurrence rate of CH in the R3 group (97.1% versus 65.9%, p< 0.001). The most frequent site of CH was the trunk area. The overall satisfaction was higher in the R4 group, but without significance (75% versus 85.4%, p=0.082). Significantly more patients reported being very satisfied in the R4 group (5.8% versus 22.0%, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The R4 group had a higher rate of satisfaction than the R3 group with respect to hand sweating. CH and hand dryness were significantly less common in the R4 group than in the R3 group. The lower occurrence of hand dryness and CH resulted in a higher satisfaction rate in the R4 group.

Early Aggressive Surgical Treatment of Multiloculated Empyema.

BACKGROUND: Empyema is the collection of purulent exudate within the pleural space. Overall, 36%-65% of patients with empyema cannot be treated by medical therapy alone and require surgery. Multiloculated empyema is particularly difficult to treat with percutaneous drainage. Therefore, we describe our experiences with early aggressive surgical treatment for rapid progressive multiloculated empyema. METHODS: From January 2001 to October 2015, we retrospectively reviewed 149 patients diagnosed with empyema who received surgery. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they underwent emergency surgery or not. We then compared surgical outcomes between these groups. RESULTS: The patients in group A (emergency surgery, n=102) showed a more severe infectious state, but a lower complication rate and shorter length of hospital stay. The incidence of lung abscess was higher in group A, and abscesses were associated with diabetes and severe alcoholism. CONCLUSION: Early aggressive surgical treatment resulted in good surgical outcomes for patients with rapid progressive multiloculated empyema. Furthermore, we suspect that the most likely causes of multiloculated empyema are lung abscesses found in patients with diabetes mellitus as well as severe alcoholism.

Cycling Stability of a VOx Nanotube Cathode in Mixture of Ethyl Acetate and Tetramethylsilane-Based Electrolytes for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries.

The electrochemical cycling performance of vanadium oxide nanotubes (VOx-NTs) for Mg-ion insertion/extraction was investigated in acetonitrile (AN) and tetramethylsilane (TMS)-ethyl acetate (EA) electrolytes with Mg(ClO4)2 salt. When cycled in TMS-EA solution, the VOx-NT exhibited a higher capacity retention than when cycled in AN solution. The significant degradation of capacity in AN solution resulted from increased charge-transfer resistance caused by the reaction products of the electrolyte during cycling. Mixed TMS-EA solvent systems can increase the cell performance and stability of Mg-electrolytes owing to the higher stability of TMS toward oxidation and the strong Mg-coordination ability of EA. These results indicate that the interfacial stability of the electrolyte during the charging process plays a crucial role in determining the capacity retention of VOx-NT for Mg insertion/extraction.

The High Performance of Crystal Water Containing Manganese Birnessite Cathodes for Magnesium Batteries.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have lately received great attention for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high volumetric capacities, low materials cost, and safe characteristic. However, the bivalency of Mg(2+) ions has made it challenging to find cathode materials operating at high voltages with decent (de)intercalation kinetics. In an effort to overcome this challenge, we adopt an unconventional approach of engaging crystal water in the layered structure of Birnessite MnO2 because the crystal water can effectively screen electrostatic interactions between Mg(2+) ions and the host anions. The crucial role of the crystal water was revealed by directly visualizing its presence and dynamic rearrangement using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Moreover, the importance of lowering desolvation energy penalty at the cathode-electrolyte interface was elucidated by working with water containing nonaqueous electrolytes. In aqueous electrolytes, the decreased interfacial energy penalty by hydration of Mg(2+) allows Birnessite MnO2 to achieve a large reversible capacity (231.1 mAh g(-1)) at high operating voltage (2.8 V vs Mg/Mg(2+)) with excellent cycle life (62.5% retention after 10000 cycles), unveiling the importance of effective charge shielding in the host and facile Mg(2+) ions transfer through the cathode's interface.

Na insertion mechanisms in vanadium oxide nanotubes for Na-ion batteries.

In this study, we successfully synthesized lamellar-structured Ni0.1VOx NTs by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and cation exchange reaction. High initial discharge capacity and 100% efficiency were obtained when the Ni0.1VOx NTs cathode was used as a cathode material for the Na battery. The intercalation mechanism and capacity fading effect were investigated in detail both experimentally using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and theoretically using the ab initio simulation method. During the intercalation of Na(+) into VOx NT structures, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS data revealed the cointercalation of the solvent, resulting in the expansion of the interlayer spacing and carbon and oxygen adsorption. The experimental and simulation results suggest that solvent molecules coordinated the Na insertion mechanisms into the amine interlayer during discharging. These understandings of the Na intercalation mechanism in materials based on Ni0.1VOx NTs would be useful to design more stable and high-performance VOx-based electrodes for Na battery applications.

Effects of Ni doping on the initial electrochemical performance of vanadium oxide nanotubes for Na-ion batteries.

In this study, we demonstrated the intercalation of Na in hydrothermally synthesized VOx nanotubes (NTs) and Ni-doped VOx NTs. The changes induced in the structures of the two nanomaterials during the Na intercalation process were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. It was observed that the initial capacity and rate performance of the Ni-doped VOx NTs were improved. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conductance measurement confirmed that higher initial capacity and rate performance were attributed to an increase in the valence states of vanadium and increased conductivity after the Ni exchange process.

Aluminum manganese oxides with mixed crystal structure: high-energy-density cathodes for rechargeable sodium batteries.

We report a new discovery for enhancing the energy density of manganese oxide (Nax MnO2 ) cathode materials for sodium rechargeable batteries by incorporation of aluminum. The Al incorporation results in NaAl(0.1) Mn(0.9) O2 with a mixture of tunnel and layered crystal structures. NaAl(0.1) Mn(0.9) O2 shows a much higher initial discharge capacity and superior cycling performance compared to pristine Na(0.65) MnO2 . We ascribe this enhancement in performance to the formation of a new orthorhombic layered NaMnO2 phase merged with a small amount of tunnel Na(0.44) MnO2 phase in NaAl(0.1) Mn(0.9) O2 , and to improvements in the surface stability of the NaAl(0.1) Mn(0.9) O2 particles caused by the formation of Al-O bonds on their surfaces. Our findings regarding the phase transformation and structure stabilization induced by incorporation of aluminum, closely related to the structural analogy between orthorhombic Na(0.44) MnO2 and NaAl(0.1) Mn(0.9) O2 , suggest a strategy for achieving sodium rechargeable batteries with high energy density and stability.

Operating mechanisms of electrolytes in magnesium ion batteries: chemical equilibrium, magnesium deposition, and electrolyte oxidation.

Since the early nineties there have been a number of reports on the experimental development of Mg electrolytes based on organo/amide-magnesium chlorides and their transmetalations. However, there are no theoretical papers describing the underlying operating mechanisms of Mg electrolytes, and there is no clear understanding of these mechanisms. We have therefore attempted to clarify the operating mechanisms of Mg electrolytes by studying the characteristics of Mg complexes, solvation, chemical equilibrium, Mg-deposition processes, electrolyte-oxidation processes, and oxidative degradation mechanism of RMgCl-based electrolytes, using ab initio calculations. The formation and solvation energies of Mg complexes highly depend on the characteristics of R groups. Thus, changes in R groups of RMgCl lead to changes in the equilibrium position and the electrochemical reduction and oxidation pathways and energies. We first provide a methodological scheme for calculating Mg reduction potential values in non-aqueous electrolytes and electrochemical windows. We also describe a strategy for designing Mg electrolytes to maximize the electrochemical windows and oxidative stabilities. These results will be useful not only for designing improved Mg electrolytes, but also for developing new electrolytes in the future.

Functional mediastinal pheochromocytoma.

A 36-year-old man visited Yeungnam University Hospital with a sudden onset of palpitation, headache, and was found to be hypertensive. Chest radiography showed a 6 cm sized mass lesion on the posterior mediastinum. A biochemical study showed elevated levels of catecholamines. An I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scan revealed a hot uptake lesion on the posterior mediastinum. The patient was prepared for surgery with α and ß blocking agents. Two months later, we removed the tumor successfully. A histological study proved that the resected tumor was mediastinal pheochromocytoma. Functional mediastinal pheochromocytomas are rare. Therefore, we reported the case with a literature review.

Acute Type II Aortic Dissection with Severe Aortic Regurgitation and Chronic Descending Aortic Dissection in Pregnant Patient with Marfan Syndrome.

Aortic dilatation and dissection are severe complications during pregnancy that can be fatal to both the mother and the fetus. The risks of these complications are especially high in pregnant patients with Marfan syndrome; however, incidents of descending aortic dissection are very rare. This case report involves a successful Bentall procedure for and recovery from a rare aortic dissection in a pregnant Marfan patient who developed acute type II aortic dissection with severe aortic regurgitation and chronic descending aortic dissection immediately after Cesarean section. Regular follow-up will be needed to monitor the descending aortic dissection.