What works better? 1-year outcomes of an effectiveness trial comparing online, telehealth, and group-based formats of a military parenting program.

OBJECTIVE: The present study, conducted with a population of military families, examined the comparative effectiveness of three program formats of Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT), a parenting program for families of school-aged children in which a National Guard or Reserve (NG/R) parent had returned from deployment to the post-9/11 conflicts. Despite well-documented need, parenting programs for NG/R families are scarce and often inaccessible. We predicted that both facilitator-delivered conditions (i.e., in-person group; individual telehealth) would result in stronger improvements in observed parenting than assignment to the online self-directed condition. We further proposed a noninferiority hypothesis wherein no significant difference would be detected between telehealth and group conditions. METHOD: Families (N = 244; 87% Caucasian) were recruited from NG/R units in two midwestern states. Families (with a 5-12-year-old child) were randomized to one of three conditions: in-person multifamily group, individual telehealth, or an online, self-directed condition. The intervention was delivered using the same content across conditions, over 14 weeks (group, telehealth conditions) or 12 modules (online condition); either or both parents could participate. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analyses supported both hypotheses: families in both in-person group and telehealth conditions showed significant improvements to observed parenting at 1-year postbaseline compared with those assigned to the self-directed online condition. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that in-person group and telehealth parenting programs are equally effective and that both are superior to a self-directed online program. Limitations include differences between the session lengths in each format, as well as greater attrition in the in-person format. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Replication and extension of the military family stress model: The after deployment adaptive parenting tools ADAPT4U study.

The military family stress (MFS) model conceptualizes that wartime deployments and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with couple, parenting, and child adjustment difficulties. The aim of this study was to replicate and extend the military family stress model by examining the associations among deployment length, PTSD symptoms, marital functioning, parenting practices, and child adjustment in a replication sample of both National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) as well as active-duty service member families. The MFS model is extended to test whether these relationships vary between mothers and fathers. The sample included 208 families enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a parenting program for military families (94.4% of fathers and 21.6% of mothers were deployed). Replicating the MFS model, we specified parenting, marital quality, and child adjustment as latent variables and conducted multi-group structural equation models. Parenting practices were positively associated with marital quality and child adjustment. PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with marital quality. The indirect effect from PTSD symptoms to parenting practices through marital quality was marginally significant. The indirect effect from marital quality to child adjustment through parenting practices was significant. There were no significant gender differences between the two structural models. This study provides empirical support for the MFS model. Results demonstrate that deployment-related stressors are significantly associated with parent and family functioning. Parenting programs for military families might effectively target similar risk processes among both mothers and fathers.

A Conversion Crosswalk for the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Translating DSM-IV to DSM-5.

The use of patient-reported measures in assessing mental health symptoms is common in both the research and clinical fields. With regard to assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms, there are specific versions of measures designed for child and adolescent populations in accordance with the fourth and fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV and DSM-5, respectively). Different clinical thresholds, numbers of items, and score ranges may present obstacles for clinicians and researchers attempting to compare self-report ratings across different versions of a measure. The current study aimed to produce a score conversion crosswalk between two child/adolescent self-report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV (RI-IV) and DSM-5 (RI-5). Using item response theory (IRT), we calibrated both measures separately to derive scaled scores. The discrimination parameters ranged from 0.57 to 2.08 (SE = 0.09-0.17) for RI-IV and from 0.73 to 2.11 for RI-5 (SE = 0.07-0.13). The scaled scores were connected with equipercentile linking. Total scores based on common items between the two measures were used as anchors to enhance the linking results. A total of 1,486 children and adolescents completed the measure: 571 respondents filled out the RI-IV and 915 respondents filled out the RI-5. The results allow linked scores to be compared to establish recommended clinical cutoffs and help elucidate the implications of changes in the diagnostic criteria for the measurement of self-reported PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents.

Long-Term Outcome of a Brief Intervention to Address Adolescent Drug Abuse in a School Setting.

The present study used data from a randomized controlled trial on brief interventions with adolescents to identify distinct longitudinal patterns of substance use and identify predictors, as well as outcomes associated with those use patterns. Data were originally collected for the purpose of evaluating two brief intervention conditions with adolescents who had been identified in a school setting as abusing alcohol or other drugs (total sample, N = 315). Adolescents were randomly assigned to a two-session adolescent only brief intervention (BI-A), a two-session adolescent- plus an additional parent session (BI-AP), or an assessment only control session (CON). We located 74 participants to assess them at approximately 3.5 years post-intervention. Three distinct cluster patterns were identified, including a low decreasing, moderate increasing, and high decreasing pattern of use. The low decreasing cluster was associated with the BI-A condition, mono-substance use, and comorbid anxiety symptoms at baseline. The moderate increasing cluster was associated with the BI-AP condition, polysubstance use, and comorbid conduct disorder symptoms at baseline. No variables were found to be predictive of membership within the high decreasing cluster. There were also no differences found between clusters on adjustment outcomes in young adulthood. Overall findings from this study support the long-term efficacy of a brief intervention, without parent involvement, for adolescents experiencing mild to moderate substance abuse problems. Findings also highlight the importance of early intervention and the tailoring of interventions to meet the unique needs of adolescents.

Latent Profiles of Cognitive and Interpersonal Risk Factors for Adolescent Depression and Implications for Personalized Treatment.

A personalized approach to treatment with patients being matched to the best-fit treatment has been proposed as one possible solution to the currently modest treatment response rates for adolescent depression. Personalized treatment involves identifying and characterizing subgroups likely to respond differently to different treatments. We investigated the feasibility of this approach, by focusing on two key risk factors that are the purported treatment targets of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A): negative unrealistic cognitions and interpersonal relationship difficulties, respectively. We sought to learn whether subgroups high and low on the two risk factors, respectively, might be identified in a large sample of depressed, treatment-seeking adolescents. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on measures of the two risk factors among 431 adolescents (age 12-17) in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study. LCA identified three classes: (1) adolescents with high levels of problems in both family relationships and cognitions (21.6% of sample), (2) adolescents with moderate levels of problems in both domains (52.4%), and (3) adolescents with low levels of problems in both domains (26.0%). These subgroups did not predict treatment outcome with CBT or CBT + fluoxetine (COMB). The results challenge a current assumption about how treatments could be personalized, and they support a multi-causal model of depression rather than a risk-factor-specific model. Strategies other than risk factor-based personalizing for case assignment to CBT vs. IPT-A are discussed.

Sertraline Effects on Striatal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Youth With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: Foundational knowledge on neural circuitry underlying pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and how it changes during standard treatment is needed to provide the basis for conceptualization and development of novel targeted treatments. This study explored the effects of sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on resting-state functional connectivity in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits in pediatric OCD. METHOD: Medication-free youths with OCD (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 14) were examined at baseline and 12 weeks with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Between scan sessions, participants with OCD received 12 weeks of sertraline. For each scan, seed-based whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity analyses were conducted with 6 striatal seeds. Analysis of variance examined the interaction between group and time on striatal connectivity, including cluster-based thresholding to correct for multiple tests. Connectivity changes within circuits identified in group analyses were correlated with clinical change. RESULTS: Two significant group-by-time effects in the OCD group showed increased striatal connectivity from baseline to 12 weeks compared with controls. Circuits demonstrating this pattern included the right putamen with the left frontal cortex and insula and the left putamen with the left frontal cortex and pre- and post-central cortices. Increase in connectivity in the left putamen circuit was significantly correlated with clinical improvement on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale score (r = -0.58, p = .03). CONCLUSION: Sertraline appears to affect specific striatal-based circuits in pediatric OCD, and these changes in part could account for clinical improvement. Future work is needed to confirm these preliminary findings, which would facilitate identification of circuit-based targets for novel treatment development. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Effects of Sertraline on Brain Connectivity in Adolescents with OCD; https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02797808.

Parents as interventionists: Addressing adolescent substance use.

Much research and attention has focused on addressing the extremes of the adolescent substance use spectrum: either the prevention of substance use prior to its onset or the treatment of those with a substance use disorder (SUD). Little research has looked at adolescents who fall mid-continuum. Adolescents who use substances in this mild-to-moderate range may be efficiently and cost-effectively treated using brief interventions based on cognitive-behavioral (CB) and motivational interviewing (MI) strategies. Accessibility and feasibility of providing interventions may also be enhanced by training parents in application of CB and MI principles. An innovative home-based brief intervention for parents whose children engaged in mild to moderate drug abuse was developed and evaluated using a quasi-experimental design. Participants were parents and their adolescent child from the 7-county metro area of Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. Decreased substance use and increased family cohesion were the predicted outcomes of the Home Base intervention. Results suggest decreased adolescent marijuana use frequency, decreased alcohol use disorder symptomology, and increased parental happiness with their adolescent child. Alcohol and tobacco use frequency were statistically unchanged. Baseline levels of drug use severity moderated the relation between intervention and outcomes. These findings support the potential utility of this approach and also indicate the need to further develop accessible and efficient interventions for mild to moderate SUD.

Effectiveness of Cognitive Training in an Intensive Outpatient First Episode Psychosis Program.

Despite effective pharmacotherapy for positive symptoms of psychosis, cognitive deficits emerge early and are persistent. Efficacy studies have demonstrated cognitive training can produce improvement in cognition, symptoms, and functional outcomes for psychosis. A chart review of seventy-one first episode psychosis patients in a cognitive training program was designed to determine feasibility and effectiveness of the program in a non-research clinic setting. Cognitive testing data, symptom change, and re-hospitalization data were reviewed. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to measure processing speed, attention, memory, verbal learning, visual learning, problem solving, and social cognition. Improvements in global cognition were found (p < .05), driven by changes in working memory and speed of processing. The expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E) was used to measure change in mental health symptoms. There were no significant changes in symptoms. Participants without comorbid diagnoses, who underwent cognitive training procedures, had lower re-hospitalization rates when compared to another comprehensive first episode program and routine practice. These findings indicate feasibility and effectiveness for implementing cognitive training for first episode patients in a day treatment setting.

The role of attachment style in interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents.

OBJECTIVE(S): This study examined changes in depressed adolescents' reports of attachment anxiety and avoidance with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-A), and the relationship between attachment style and change in depression with IPT-A. METHOD: Forty adolescents (aged 12-17) participated in a 16-week randomized clinical trial of 4 adaptive treatment strategies for adolescent depression that began with IPT-A and augmented treatment for insufficient responders (n = 22) by adding additional IPT-A sessions (n = 11) or the antidepressant medication, fluoxetine (n = 11). Adolescents were 77.5% female and 22.5% male (mean age = 14.8, SD = 1.8). Ten percent of adolescents were Latino. Racial composition was 7.5% Asian, 7.5% American Indian/Alaska Native, 80.0% white, and 5.0% biracial. Measures of attachment style (Experience in Close Relationships Scale-Revised [ECR-R]) and depression (Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised [CDRS-R]) were administered at baseline and Weeks 8 and 16. RESULTS: Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance (ECR-R) decreased significantly from baseline to Week 16. Baseline Avoidance positively predicted greater reductions in depression (CDRS-R), controlling for fluoxetine. Reductions in Anxiety and Avoidance were also significantly associated with reductions in CDRS-R, controlling for fluoxetine. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' reports of attachment anxiety and avoidance are amenable to intervention with IPT-A. IPT-A may be particularly beneficial for adolescents who report a high level of avoidant attachment. Clinical or methodological significance of this article Our findings suggest that attachment anxiety and avoidance are constructs that are amenable to intervention during adolescence, and therefore viable targets of treatment. IPT-A was found to be an effective intervention for addressing problems in attachment style, and decreases in attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with reductions in depression. This provides support for selecting IPT-A as a treatment option for adolescents who are depressed and describe difficulty with attachment security. IPT-A appears to be particularly effective for adolescents with an avoidant attachment style, who experience discomfort with and have a tendency to avoid intimacy.

Does Giving Parents Their Choice of Interventions for Child Behavior Problems Improve Child Outcomes?

Empowering consumers to be active decision-makers in their own care is a core tenet of personalized, or precision medicine. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of research on intervention preferences in families seeking interventions for a child with behavior problems. Specifically, the evidence is inconclusive as to whether providing parents with choice of intervention improves child/youth outcomes (i.e., reduces externalizing problems). In this study, 129 families presenting to community mental health clinics for child conduct problems were enrolled in a doubly randomized preference study and initially randomized to choice or no-choice conditions. Families assigned to the choice condition were offered their choice of intervention from among three different formats of the Parent Management Training-Oregon Model/PMTO (group, individual clinic, home based) and services-as-usual (child-focused therapy). Those assigned to the no-choice condition were again randomized, to one of the four intervention conditions. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed partial support for the effect of parental choice on child intervention outcomes. Assignment to the choice condition predicted teacher-reported improved child hyperactivity/inattention outcomes at 6 months post-treatment completion. No main effect of choice on parent reported child outcomes was found. Moderation analyses indicated that among parents who selected PMTO, teacher report of hyperactivity/inattention was significantly improved compared with parents selecting SAU, and compared with those assigned to PMTO within the no-choice condition. Contrary to hypotheses, teacher report of hyperactivity/inattention was also significantly improved for families assigned to SAU within the no-choice condition, indicating that within the no-choice condition, SAU outperformed the parenting interventions. Implications for prevention research are discussed.

Weight gain as a predictor of frontal and temporal lobe volume loss in bipolar disorder: A prospective MRI study.

OBJECTIVES: A sizable fraction of people with bipolar I disorder (BDI) experience a deteriorating clinical course with increasingly frequent mood episodes and chronic disability. This is believed to result from neurobiological illness progression, or neuroprogression. Excessive weight gain predicts neuroprogression across multiple brain illnesses, but no prospective studies have investigated this in BDI. The objective of this study was to determine whether BDI patients who experienced clinically significant weight gain (CSWG; gaining ≥7% of baseline weight) over 12 months had greater 12-month brain volume loss in frontal and temporal regions important to BDI. METHODS: In 55 early-stage BDI patients we measured (i) rates of CSWG, (ii) the number of days with mood symptoms, using NIMH LifeCharts, and (iii) baseline and 12-month brain volumes, using 3T MRI. We quantified brain volumes using the longitudinal processing stream in FreeSurfer v6.0. We used general linear models for repeated measures to investigate whether CSWG predicted volume loss, adjusting for potentially confounding clinical and treatment variables. RESULTS: After correction for multiple comparisons, CSWG in patients predicted greater volume loss in the left orbitofrontal cortex (effect size [ES; Cohen's d] = -1.01, P = 0.002), left cingulate gyrus (ES = -1.31, P < 0.001), and left middle temporal gyrus (ES = -0.96, P = 0.004). Middle temporal volume loss predicted more days with depression (ß = -0.406, P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: These are the first prospective data on weight gain and neuroprogression in BDI. CSWG predicted neuroprogression, and neuroprogression predicted a worse clinical illness course. Trials of weight loss interventions are needed to confirm the causal direction of the weight gain-neuroprogression relationship, and to determine whether weight loss is a disease-modifying treatment.

Two-year cortical trajectories are abnormal in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure.

OBJECTIVES: Cortical abnormalities in prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are known, including in gyrification (LGI), thickness (CT), volume (CV), and surface area (CS). This study provides longitudinal and developmental context to the PAE cortical development literature. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Included: 58 children with PAE and 52 controls, ages 6-17 at enrollment, from four Collaborative Initiative on FASD (CIFASD) sites. Participants underwent a formal evaluation of physical anomalies and dysmorphic facial features associated with PAE. MRI data were collected on three platforms (Siemens, GE, and Philips) at four sites. Scans were spaced two years apart. Change in LGI, CT, CS, and CV were examined. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS: Several significant regional age-by-diagnosis linear and quadratic interaction effects in LGI, CT, and CV were found, indicating atypical developmental trajectories in PAE. No significant correlations were observed between cortical measures and IQ. CONCLUSIONS: Regional differences were seen longitudinally in CT, CV, and LGI in those with PAE. The findings represent important insights into developmental trajectories and may have implications for the timing of assessments and interventions in this population. It is noteworthy that cortical metrics did not correlate with IQ, suggesting that more specific aspects of cognitive development may need to be explored to provide further context.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 tracer [18F]-FPEB displays increased binding potential in postcentral gyrus and cerebellum of male individuals with autism: a pilot PET study.

BACKGROUND: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is first manifested during early childhood. Postmortem experiments have identified significantly elevated expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in cerebellar vermis and prefrontal cortex of individuals with autism. METHODS: In the current study we employed the mGluR5 tracer [18F]-3-fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl]benzonitrile ([18F]-FPEB) to quantify mGluR5 binding in vivo in adults with autism vs. healthy controls using positron emission tomography (PET). RESULTS: We identified significantly higher [18F]-FPEB binding potential in the postcentral gyrus and cerebellum of individuals with autism. There was a significant negative correlation between age and [18F]-FPEB binding potential in the cerebellum but not in the postcentral gyrus. In the precuneus, [18F]-FPEB binding potential correlated positively with the lethargy subscale score for the Aberrant Behavioral Checklist (ABC). In cerebellum, there were significant negative correlations between [18F]-FPEB binding potential and ABC total score, ABC hyperactivity subscale score, and the ABC inappropriate speech subscale score. CONCLUSIONS: These novel findings demonstrate for the first time that mGluR5 binding is altered in critical brain areas of subjects with autism, suggesting abnormal glutamate signaling in these regions. Finally, the correlations between altered [18F]-FPEB binding potential in the cerebellum and precuneus suggest that some autistic symptoms may be influenced by abnormal glutamate signaling.

Do Parent Preferences for Child Conduct Problem Interventions Impact Parenting Outcomes? A Pilot Study in Community Children's Mental Health Settings.

A pilot, doubly randomized preference trial was conducted to investigate the impact of providing parents preferences on parenting outcomes. Families with children having conduct problems were randomly assigned to a choice group in which they received their preferred treatment among the four intervention options or a no-choice group in which they were randomized assigned to one of the four options. Results of mixed-effects models showed that parents in the choice group who selected Parent Management Training-Oregon Model (PMTO) had better parenting outcomes over time compared to parents in the choice group who selected child therapy. It highlights the importance of incorporating parent preferences in the delivery of evidence-based treatments.

Use of Computer Vision Tools to Identify Behavioral Markers of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical presentation of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous, which is a stumbling block to understanding pathophysiology and to developing new treatments. A major shift in psychiatry, embodied in the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of National Institute of Mental Health, recognizes the pitfalls of categorizing mental illnesses using diagnostic criteria. Instead, RDoC encourages researchers to use a dimensional approach, focusing on narrower domains of psychopathology to characterize brain-behavior relationships. Our aim in this multidisciplinary pilot study was to use computer vision tools to record OCD behaviors and to cross-validate these behavioral markers with standard clinical measures. METHODS: Eighteen youths with OCD and 21 healthy controls completed tasks in an innovation laboratory (free arrangement of objects, hand washing, arrangement of objects on contrasting carpets). Tasks were video-recorded. Videos were coded by blind raters for OCD-related behaviors. Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and other scales were administered. We compared video-recorded measures of behavior in OCD versus healthy controls and correlated video measures and clinical measures of OCD. RESULTS: Behavioral measures on the videos were significantly correlated with specific CY-BOCS dimension scores. During the free arrangement task, more time spent ordering objects and more moves of objects were both significantly associated with higher CY-BOCS ordering/repeating dimension scores. Longer duration of hand washing was significantly correlated with higher scores on CY-BOCS ordering/repeating and forbidden thoughts dimensions. During arrangement of objects on contrasting carpets, more moves and more adjustment of objects were significantly associated with higher CY-BOCS ordering/repeating dimension scores. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data suggest that measurement of behavior using video recording is a valid approach for quantifying OCD psychopathology. This methodology could serve as a new tool for investigating OCD using an RDoC approach. This objective, novel behavioral measurement technique may benefit both researchers and clinicians in assessing pediatric OCD and in identifying new behavioral markers of OCD. Clinical Trial Registry: Development of an Instrument That Monitors Behaviors Associated With OCD. NCT02866422. http://clinicaltrials.gov.

A Test-Replicate Approach to Candidate Gene Research on Addiction and Externalizing Disorders: A Collaboration Across Five Longitudinal Studies.

This study presents results from a collaboration across five longitudinal studies seeking to test and replicate models of gene-environment interplay in the development of substance use and externalizing disorders (SUDs, EXT). We describe an overview of our conceptual models, plan for gene-environment interplay analyses, and present main effects results evaluating six candidate genes potentially relevant to SUDs and EXT (MAOA, 5-HTTLPR, COMT, DRD2, DAT1, and DRD4). All samples included rich longitudinal and phenotypic measurements from childhood/adolescence (ages 5-13) through early adulthood (ages 25-33); sample sizes ranged from 3487 in the test sample, to ~600-1000 in the replication samples. Phenotypes included lifetime symptom counts of SUDs (nicotine, alcohol and cannabis), adult antisocial behavior, and an aggregate externalizing disorder composite. Covariates included the first 10 ancestral principal components computed using all autosomal markers in subjects across the data sets, and age at the most recent assessment. Sex, ancestry, and exposure effects were thoroughly evaluated. After correcting for multiple testing, only one significant main effect was found in the test sample, but it was not replicated. Implications for subsequent gene-environment interplay analyses are discussed.

Legionella and risk management in hospitals-A bibliographic research methodology for people responsible for built environment and facility management.

An ongoing research project investigates the roles and duties of persons responsible for the built environment with respect to risk management of water systems and Legionella prevention from a facility management's perspective. Our literature review provides an approach for selecting and analysing abstracts of initially 177 journal articles, subjected to certain topic-specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Different decision strategies of either logic 'yes/no', Boolean operators 'OR' or 'AND' and decisions for single counts or cumulative counts of the identified three principal keywords 'Legionella', 'hospital' and 'water', were completed. A final list of ten principal reference articles from 29 journals was compiled. It suggests that the interconnected perspective of water systems, Legionella and hospitals seems to be underrepresented in the field of the built environment and facility management. The term 'stakeholder', which would refer to decision-makers, was not found more than once. Our result is a useful summary of established sources of information on environmental Legionella research. The results can be helpful for those new to the topic.

A randomized preference trial to inform personalization of a parent training program implemented in community mental health clinics.

Incorporating participant preferences into intervention decision-making may optimize health outcomes by improving participant engagement. We describe the rationale for a preference-based approach to the personalization of community-based interventions. Compensating for the limitations of traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and partially randomized preference trials (PRPTs), we employed a doubly randomized preference trial in the present study. Families (N = 129) presenting to community mental health clinics for child conduct problems were randomized to choice or no-choice conditions. Within each condition, parents were again randomized, or offered choices between home- and clinic-based, individual and group versions of a parent training program or services-as-usual. Participants were assessed at baseline, and treatment retention data were gathered. Families assigned to the choice condition were significantly less likely to drop out of treatment than those in the no-choice condition. In the choice condition, in-home treatment was the preferred modality, and across conditions, families were less likely to be retained in group and clinic modalities. Research on preferences may boost participant engagement and inform shared decision-making.