The Perceptions and Needs of Practitioners Working to Promote Smart Decarceration.

The social work Grand Challenge to Promote Smart Decarceration's aim is to address the high rates of incarceration in the United States. PURPOSE: Yet very little is known about criminal justice practitioners in the U.S. METHOD: In this exploratory study. Practitioners in correctional facilities (n = 38), responded to an online survey asking them about their perceptions of the services they provide and to identify their professional needs working within these settings. RESULTS: Findings include the need for people who are incarcerated to have access to treatment for substance use, behavioral/mental health, and trauma-related issues. In addition, they reported the need for service coordination with agencies based in their home communities. Furthermore, the participants reported that they need more training and support on these topics in order to provide effective services to their clients. DISCUSSION: Implications for practice, research, and policy are discussed, including strategies to address all levels of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

In Situ Interfacial Tuning To Obtain High-Performance Nickel-Rich Cathodes in Lithium Metal Batteries.

Nickel-rich layered oxides are currently considered the most practical candidates for realizing high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) because of their relatively high capacities. However, undesired nickel-rich cathode-electrolyte interactions hinder their applicability. Here, we report a satisfactory combination of an antioxidant fluorinated ether solvent and an ionic additive that can form a stable, robust interfacial structure on the nickel-rich cathode in ether-based electrolytes. The fluorinated ether 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl ether (TFOFE) introduced as a cosolvent into ether-based electrolytes stabilizes the electrolytes against oxidation at the LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode while simultaneously preserving the electrochemical performance of the Li metal anode. Lithium difluoro(bisoxalato)phosphate (LiDFBP) forms a uniform cathode-electrolyte interphase that limits the generation of microcracks inside secondary particles and undesired dissolution of transition metal ions such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese from the cathode into the electrolyte. Using TFOFE and LiDFBP in ether-based electrolytes provides an excellent capacity retention of 94.5% in a Li|NCM811 cell after 100 cycles and enables the delivery of significantly increased capacity at high charge and discharge rates by manipulating the interfaces of both electrodes. This research provides insights into advancing electrolyte technologies to resolve the interfacial instability of nickel-rich cathodes in LMBs.

Scavenging Materials to Stabilize LiPF6 -Containing Carbonate-Based Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries.

In conjunction with electrolyte additives used for tuning the interfacial structures of electrodes, functional materials that eliminate or deactivate reactive substances generated by the degradation of LiPF6 -containing electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries offer a wide range of electrolyte formulation opportunities. Herein, the recent advancements in the development of: (i) scavengers with high selectivity and affinity toward unwanted species and (ii) promoters of ion-paired LiPF6 dissociation are highlighted, showing that the utilization of the above additives can effectively mitigate the problem of electrolyte instability that commonly results in battery performance degradation and lifetime shortening. A deep mechanistic understanding of LiPF6 -containing electrolyte failure and the action of currently developed additives is demonstrated to enable the rational design of effective scavenging materials and thus allow the fabrication of highly reliable batteries.

Fluoroethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolyte with 1 M Sodium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Enables High-Performance Sodium Metal Electrodes.

Sodium (Na) metal anodes with stable electrochemical cycling have attracted widespread attention because of their highest specific capacity and lowest potential among anode materials for Na batteries. The main challenges associated with Na metal anodes are dendritic formation and the low density of deposited Na during electrochemical plating. Here, we demonstrate a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)-based electrolyte with 1 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) salt for the stable and dense deposition of the Na metal during electrochemical cycling. The novel electrolyte combination developed here circumvents the dendritic Na deposition that is one of the primary concerns for battery safety and constructs the uniform ionic interlayer achieving highly reversible Na plating/stripping reactions. The FEC-NaFSI constructs the mechanically strong and ion-permeable interlayer containing NaF and ionic compounds such as Na2CO3 and sodium alkylcarbonates.

Molecular Engineered Safer Organic Battery through the Incorporation of Flame Retarding Organophosphonate Moiety.

Here, we report the first electrochemical assessment of organophosphonate-based compound as a safe electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, which highlights the reversible redox activity and inherent flame retarding property. Dinickel 1,4-benzenediphosphonate delivers a high reversible capacity of 585 mA h g-1 with stable cycle performance. It expands the scope of organic batteries, which have been mainly dominated by the organic carbonyl family to date. The redox chemistry is elucidated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and solid-state 31P NMR investigations. Differential scanning calorimetry profiles of the lithiated electrode material exhibit suppressed heat release, delayed onset temperature, and endothermic behavior in the elevated temperature zone.

Ultraconcentrated Sodium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-Based Electrolytes for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries.

We present an ultraconcentrated electrolyte composed of 5 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane for Na metal anodes coupled with high-voltage cathodes. Using this electrolyte, a very high Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% at the 120th cycle for Na plating/stripping is obtained in Na/stainless steel (SS) cells with highly reduced corrosivity toward Na metal and high oxidation durability (over 4.9 V versus Na/Na+) without corrosion of the aluminum cathode current collector. Importantly, the use of this ultraconcentrated electrolyte results in substantially improved rate capability in Na/SS cells and excellent cycling performance in Na/Na symmetric cells without the increase of polarization. Moreover, this ultraconcentrated electrolyte exhibits good compatibility with high-voltage Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) and Na0.7(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O2 cathodes charged to high voltages (>4.2 V versus Na/Na+), resulting in outstanding cycling stability (high reversible capacity of 109 mAh g-1 over 300 cycles for the Na/Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) cell) compared with the conventional dilute electrolyte, 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (5/5, v/v).

The resolution of visual noise in word recognition.

This study examined lexical processing in English by native speakers of Korean and Chinese, compared to that of native speakers of English, using normal, alternated, and inverse fonts. Sixty four adult students participated in a lexical decision task. The findings demonstrated similarities and differences in accuracy and latency among the three L1 groups. The participants, regardless of L1, had a greater advantage in nonwords than words for the normal fonts because they were able to efficiently detect the illegal letter strings. However, word advantages were observed in the visually distorted stimuli (i.e., alternated and inverse fonts). These results were explained from the perspectives of the theory of psycholinguistic grain size, L1-L2 distance, and the mechanism of familiarity discrimination. The native speakers of Chinese were more sensitive to visual distortions than the Korean counterpart, suggesting that the linguistic template established in L1 might play a role in word processing in English.

A nationwide survey of inhalant allergens sensitization and levels of indoor major allergens in Korea.

PURPOSE: The higher prevalence of respiratory allergic disease may be due to increased exposure to inhalation allergens. We conducted a survey of allergic diseases in autumn and winter with detection of major indoor allergens in major cities in Korea. METHODS: We enrolled 110 subjects from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling procedures. All participants answered a health questionnaire as well as underwent a skin prick test (SPT) and ImmunoCAP for 11 indoor major allergens. We also measured the levels of 5 major allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1, Can f 1, Bla g 1, and Asp f 1) in fine indoor dust from the houses of 60 subjects with a 2-site ELISA. RESULTS: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma were 25.5% and 7.3%, respectively. The most common sensitized allergens identified by SPT and ImmunoCAP were Dermatophagoides farinae (40.9%, 36.8%), followed by cockroach (23.6%, 19.5%), mugwort (13.6%, 22.9%), oak (9.1%, 22.9%), Japanese hop (9.1%, 8.6%), and dog dander (8.2%, 6.9%). There was a modest discrepancy between SPT and ImmunoCAP. Der f 1 and Der p 1 were detected in 91.7% and 45.0% of the enrolled houses, respectively. Der f 1 indicated high concentrations in all specific provinces in Korea; however, Der p 1 measured high only in the south. Dog dander allergens were present in 71.7% of houses; however, Bla g 1 was present in only 11.7% of houses and Asp f 1 was not detected in any houses. CONCLUSIONS: The most important inhalant allergens in Korea are house dust mites followed by cockroach, mugwort, oak, Japanese hop, and dog dander in indoor environment, in which The dominant species of house dust mites were different according to region.

Magnesium(II) bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide-based electrolytes with wide electrochemical windows for rechargeable magnesium batteries.

We present a promising electrolyte candidate, Mg(TFSI)2 dissolved in glyme/diglyme, for future design of advanced magnesium (Mg) batteries. This electrolyte shows high anodic stability on an aluminum current collector and allows Mg stripping at the Mg electrode and Mg deposition on the stainless steel or the copper electrode. It is clearly shown that nondendritic and agglomerated Mg secondary particles composed of ca. 50 nm primary particles alleviating safety concern are formed in glyme/diglyme with 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)2 at a high rate of 1C. Moreover, a Mg(TFSI)2-based electrolyte presents the compatibility toward a Chevrel phase Mo6S8, a radical polymer charged up to a high voltage of 3.4 V versus Mg/Mg(2+) and a carbon-sulfur composite as cathodes.

Animacy effect and language specificity: judgment of unaccusative verbs by Korean learners of English as a foreign language.

This study investigated the tendency of overpassivization of unaccusative verbs by Korean learners of English as a foreign language (FL). Sixty Korean native college students participated in the study, along with 17 English-speaking counterparts serving as a comparison group. Consistent with the findings of previous research, this study found Korean students' tendency to incorrectly accept passive-voice with inanimate subjects. The results of this study highlighted the role of lexical animacy, the hierarchy of agentivity, and language-specific effects on FL judgment. The findings of this study suggest a robust language-specific L1 effect on L2 acquisition and a greater involvement of cognition in FL use than language input.

Economic costs for adult asthmatics according to severity and control status in Korean tertiary hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of asthma is increasing, and asthma causes considerable socioeconomic burden worldwide. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with economic cost of asthma in Korea. This study evaluated asthma cost according to severity, control, and patient factors in Korean tertiary hospitals. METHODS: Direct and indirect costs were assessed in physician-diagnosed adult asthmatics recruited from eight tertiary hospitals in Korea. Official direct medical costs were derived from the analysis of 1-year expenditures related to hospital care utilization and asthma medication. Nonofficial medical costs, nonmedical direct costs, and indirect costs were investigated using a questionnaire designed specifically for the study. RESULTS: A total of 314 patients with persistent asthma were recruited. Both direct and indirect costs were significantly higher for patients with severe persistent asthma than for those with mild and moderate persistent asthma ($2214 vs. $871 and $978, p < .001; $2927 vs. $490 and $443, p < .001, respectively). Costs of asthma increased significantly in poorly controlled compared with somewhat controlled and well-controlled asthma ($7009.8 vs. $2725.3 vs. $1517.3, respectively; p < .001). After stratification for severity, a significant cost increase in the poorly controlled asthma group was observed only for indirect costs and not for direct costs. A multivariate analysis showed that female gender was a risk factor for increased indirect costs. CONCLUSION: The burden of asthma was higher both for patients with severe persistent asthma and for patients with poorly controlled asthma. More effective strategies are needed to improve control status, particularly targeting patients with severe asthma.

Current status of Oriental medicine in treating Korean allergy patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence, compliance, pattern of use, and economic cost of OM in Korean allergy patients. METHODS: A total of 647 allergy patients were enrolled from 10 general hospitals, and were surveyed by the questionnaire. It consisted of 12 items and regarded the prescription rates, reasons for referring, their opinions for the efficacy of OM, and economic costs. RESULTS: A total of 259 (40.5%) patients had used OM, and 35.5% of these patients experienced two or more kinds of these practices. A patients' income or education level did not affect the prescription rates of OM. Of the patients that used OM, 34.6% of them were satisfied with the effect of OM treatment, and 40.9% of them were inclined to continue with their OM treatments. The most frequent reasons for choosing OM were the patient's belief that OM can predispose 'allergic constitution to normal' (30.2%), worries about the possible adverse reactions of the long-term administration of the proven drugs (20.2%), and the safety of OM (15.6%). However, 18.9% of these patients experienced perceived adverse events to their OM treatment such as skin rashes, gastrointestinal discomfort, and hepatitis. The patients that have used OM spent on average $915 US dollars annually for OM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Many Korean allergy patients are cliental to OM. Some patients experienced a satisfactory treatment effect from OM, however, others had no treatment effect, even adverse event. Therefore, it is important to educate people to use OM appropriately to make harmony with modern medicine.

Association of PTGER gene family polymorphisms with aspirin intolerant asthma in Korean asthmatics.

Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) is characterized by severe asthmatic attack after ingestion of aspirin and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Prostaglandin E2 receptor (PTGER) gene family polymorphisms and AIA in 243 AIA patients and 919 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) controls of Korean ethnicity in two separate study cohorts. After genotyping 120 SNPs of the PTGER gene family for the 1(st) cohort study, four SNPs in PTGER1, ten in PTGER3, six in PTGER3, and a haplotype of PTGER2 showed association signals with decreased or increased risk of AIA. Among the positively associated SNPs, one in PTGER1 and four in PTGER3 were analyzed in the 2(nd) cohort study. The results show that rs7543182 and rs959 in PTGER3 retained their effect, although no statistical significance was retained in the 2(nd) cohort study. Our findings provide further evidence that polymorphisms in PTGER3 might play a significant role in aspirin hypersensitivity among Korean asthmatics.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug events by Korean regional pharmacovigilance centers.

PURPOSE: Patterns of prescriptions are markedly influenced by regional disease entities, medical education, culture, economic status, and available pharmaceutical companies. Features of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may vary in different countries. In this study, we analyzed the causative drugs and clinical manifestations of spontaneously reported ADRs in Korea. METHODS: Six Korean Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers collected 1418 cases of spontaneously reported adverse drug events (ADEs) by doctors, pharmacists, and nurses, and the clinical features and causative drugs were evaluated. The data were collected from general hospitals (76.5%), primary clinics, and pharmacies (23.5%). RESULTS: Based upon the World Health Organization (WHO)-Uppsala Monitoring Center criteria (certain-13.7%, probable-46.1%, possible-32.1%), 91.9% of the collected events were suspected to be ADRs and 15.8% of patients experienced serious ADRs. The most prevalent causative drugs were antibiotics (31.6%), followed by contrast dyes (14.0%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (11.1%), anti-psychotics (5.4%), anti-convulsants (5.2%), cardiovascular agents (4.8%), anti-neoplastics (4.6%), and opiates and non-opiate pain killers (3.5%). Among the antibiotics, cephalosporins (8.1%) were the most common, followed by anti-tuberculosis agents (5.7%), quinolones (4.0%), vancomycin (3.1%), and penicillin (2.8%). The most common side effect was skin manifestations, which were seen in 42% of the patients, followed by neurologic manifestations (14%), gastrointestinal involvements (12.9%), generalized reactions (9.4%), and respiratory involvements (4.5%). CONCLUSION: Antibiotics, contrast dyes, and NSAIDs were the most common causative drugs for ADRs, which reflects the prescription pattern and the prevalence of diseases in Korea. These data may be useful in establishing a Korean pharmacovigilance system.

Facile covalent attachment of well-defined poly(t-butyl acrylate) on carbon nanotubes via radical addition reaction.

We developed a new method to covalently attach well-defined polymers onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a radical reaction. Well-defined poly(t-butyl acrylate) [p(tBA)] was first prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization, which formed radicals at the end of the polymer chain through an atom transfer. The generated radicals at the chain ends added CNTs to generate covalently functionalized p(tBA)-grafted CNTs. The polymer-attached CNTs showed much improved solubility in organic solvents. The synthesized MWNT-g-p(tBA) and SWNT-g-p(tBA) were characterized by IR, TGA and Raman spectroscopy, clearly indicating the formation of covalent bonding between p(tBA) and CNTs.

Optimal conditions for the removal of house dust mite, dog dander, and pollen allergens using mechanical laundry.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical laundry is an effective tool for the environmental control of allergens, but the optimal conditions for removing allergens are not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the optimal conditions of mechanical laundry for the removal of house dust mite (HDM), dog dander, and pollen allergens. METHODS: The 4 washing modes of 30 degrees C (86 degrees F), 40 degrees C (104 degrees F), 60 degrees C (140 degrees F), and steam water (SW) with detergent were evaluated. Allergen removal performance was assayed using a 2-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an ELISA inhibition test. RESULTS: Using the 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C washing modes, only 6.5% and 9.6% of Dermatophagoides farinae, respectively, were killed. However, using the 60 degrees C and SW washing modes, all HDMs were killed. The amounts of Der f 1 remaining after the 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and SW washing modes were 26.8%, 2.4%, 1.3%, and 0.6%, respectively, with unmanipulated contaminated sheets. The effects of rinse on Der f 1 levels after the 30 degrees C washing were greater compared with those after the 40 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and SW modes. The amounts of Can f 1 in the extractions after washing were 0.3% to 1.3% for all modes, and all extracts, even without a rinse, did not inhibit specific IgE binding to dog allergens according to ELISA. The remaining pollen allergen levels after washing were lower in the 60 degrees C and SW modes than in the lower temperature modes. However, the levels did not differ among the various washing modes after rinsing once. CONCLUSION: Water temperature and number of rinses are critical factors for the removal of HDM, dog dander, and pollen allergens.

Application of the 16-kDa buckwheat 2 S storage albumin protein for diagnosis of clinical reactivity.

BACKGROUND: The 16-kDa protein of buckwheat (BW) has been implicated as a major allergen in BW allergy. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the 16-kDa allergen and evaluate its clinical significance as an indicator of BW allergy. METHODS: Complementary DNA from the 16-kDa allergen was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Allergenicity was confirmed with IgE immunoblotting or with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The clinical utility of the recombinant protein (r16 kDa) for diagnosis of BW reactivity was evaluated in 18 BW-allergic and in 20 asymptomatic BW-sensitized subjects. RESULTS: The 16-kDa allergen, composed of 127 amino acids, has 50% homology to the reported 8-kDa BW allergen, which belongs to the 2 S storage albumin. The r16-kDa protein can inhibit specific IgE (sIgE) antibody binding to the native BW 16-kDa allergen but minimally inhibited sIgE binding to crude BW extract. Approximately 77.8% of patients with the BW allergy produced sIgE antibodies to the r16-kDa protein, compared with a complete lack of reactivity in the 20 asymptomatic BW-sensitized subjects. The areas of the receiver operating characteristic curves for the skin prick test (mean, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to approximately 1.01; P < .001) and the rl6-kDa enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mean, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.84 to approximately 1.01; P < .001) were higher than the area of the BW IgE measurement curve determined by ImmunoCAP (a system for assaying serum IgE) (mean, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 to approximately 0.94; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The 16-kDa allergen belongs to the 2 S storage albumin. Measurement of rl6-kDa sIgE was more discriminating than measurement of ImmunoCAP sIgE in whole BW extracts for the diagnosis of clinical reactivity to BW.

Characterization of buckwheat 19-kD allergen and its application for diagnosing clinical reactivity.

BACKGROUND: The 19-kD protein of buckwheat (BW) has been suggested to be a major allergen, but its characteristics and clinical significance are poorly defined. METHODS: cDNA of the 19-kD BW allergen was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Allergenicity and cross-allergenicity were confirmed by inhibition immunoblotting or by ELISA inhibition. The recombinant (r19-kD) protein was assessed for clinical utility in the diagnosis of BW reactivity in 18 BW-allergic and 19 BW-asymptomatic sensitized subjects using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The 19-kD BW allergen, which is composed of 135 amino acids, has a weak homology to the vicilin-like allergens of cashew (Ana o 1), English walnut (Jug r 2) and 7 S globulin from Sesamum indicum. The r19-kD protein can inhibit sIgE binding to native 19-kD BW allergen. The maximum percentage inhibition of sIgE binding to crude BW extract was 56%. About 83.3% of the BW allergy patients had sIgE bound to r19-kD protein, compared to only 1 of the 19 BW-asymptomatic sensitized subjects. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the skin prick tests [0.925 (95% confidence interval: 0.839-1.012), p < 0.001] as well as r19-kD protein sIgE ELISAs [0.860 (95% confidence interval: 0.725-0.995), p <0.001] were higher than that of BW sIgE coated allergen particle test results [0.803 (95% confidence interval: 0.661-0.945), p = 0.002]. CONCLUSIONS: The 19-kD BW allergen may be the major allergen from BW. For the diagnosis of clinical reactivity to BW, the r19-kD protein sIgE ELISA test was more discriminative than the coated allergen particle sIgE measurement using whole BW extract.

Impulse oscillometry for estimation of airway obstruction and bronchodilation in adults with mild obstructive asthma.

BACKGROUND: Clinical validity of impulse oscillometry (IOS) for the evaluation of airway obstruction and bronchodilation is a controversial issue in adults with asthma. METHODS: This study enrolled 195 outpatients from October 1998 to October 2004. We performed IOS in 158 asthmatic adults, including 70 asthmatic adults with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV,) reversibility (group 1), 88 asthmatic adults with hyperresponsiveness to methacholine or sputum eosinophilia (group 2) who did not meet the FEV, criteria, and 37 nonasthmatic adults (group 3). RESULTS: Baseline respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), respiratory resistance at 10 Hz, frequency dependency of resistance (R5 to 2)), and resonance frequency were discriminative between asthmatic patients and nonasthmatic patients. The IOS parameters were decreased after bronchodilation in both asthmatic groups compared with the nonasthmatic group. Among these patients, R5 and R5 to 21 were the most discriminative parameters for evaluation of bronchodilation. Approximately one third of the patients with positive methacholine challenge test results or sputum eosinophilia manifested bronchodilation evaluated by these IOS parameters. Overall sensitivities of these parameters were comparable to FEV, for diagnosis of bronchodilation in 158 asthmatic adults. Logistic regression analysis showed that R5 to 20 was the most reliable parameter for prediction of R5 reversibility for all asthmatic adults. CONCLUSIONS: IOS may complement the estimation of obstruction and bronchodilation for asthmatic adults. Its discriminative power for airway obstruction and sensitivities for bronchodilation were comparable to FEV,.

Subglottic wound healing in a new rabbit model of acquired subglottic stenosis.

OBJECTIVES: It is difficult to develop models of subglottic stenosis in small animals that ensure reliable stenosis. We therefore sought to establish a new animal model of subglottic stenosis in rabbits and observe subglottic wound healing. METHODS: Using a diode laser under endoscopic visualization after anterior tracheal incision, we induced full-thickness injury to the subglottis in 60 rabbits: 20 on the anterior 120 degrees, 20 on the posterior 120 degrees, and 20 circumferentially. The animals were painlessly sacrificed 2 or 4 weeks later, and their gross and histologic findings were compared with those of each other and with those of 16 age-matched nonwounded controls. RESULTS: Of the 60 animals, 22 died, primarily of acute airway obstruction and mostly in the circumferential group. All of the injured rabbits showed subglottic stenosis compared with controls, ranging from 12% to 56% reduction in cross-sectional area in the 120 degrees injured groups and from 32% to 82% reduction in the 360 degrees injured group. The significant narrowing of the subglottic lumina resulted in substantial early mortality in the circumferential group. Histologic examination showed mucosal ulceration, inflammation, and formation of granulation tissues during the acute phase after wounding, and collapse of the injured cartilage and submucosal thickening and fibrosis at later times. CONCLUSIONS: Subglottic healing and stenosis depend on the extent of cartilaginous injury. This model may be useful for developing methods to treat subglottic stenosis.