RESUMO
In our study we dealt with the frequently occurring influenza virus that infects humans regardless of age or sex. The flu is not of importance only in health problems but also in the economic ones, such as the treatment costs and patients' ability to work. We focused particularly on the most effective preventive measure against the virus, which is vaccination and the risk groups that are the most vulnerable ones to the virus. One of the objectives of this research was to identify the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination against influenza and available risks of vaccination within a group of 390 patients. We studied a group of 195 vaccinated patients and we tried to determine the effect of the vaccines used in these patients, and to compare this group with the same number of unvaccinated patients. The goal of the research was to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the vaccination against influenza, and the potential risks resulting from the vaccination. Based on our results, we found out that out of 195 vaccinated patients, only 4% returned to the doctor with the flu. Unvaccinated patients, however, visited the doctor four times more frequently, regardless of age. The resulting morbidity ratios clearly showed the importance, effectiveness and safety of the vaccination not only in high-risk groups, but also in people that are "out-of-danger", because the current flu virus spreads by droplet infection very quickly. Appropriate education and increased awareness among the population in Slovakia could improve the general attitude towards the vaccination against influenza and the vaccination rate (Slovakia 12%) could raise to a percentage comparable to that of the EU countries (France 30%, England 32%, the Netherlands 28% and Germany 26%).
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Eslováquia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the corelation between hyperviscosity and physical-morphological and biochemical parameters of the ejaculate and potential influence of local infections on spermatic plasma viscosity and observed parameters. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Associated Tissue Bank of P. J. Safárik University of Faculty of Medicine and L. Pasteur Faculty Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic. METHODS: The study was based on semen samples showing increased viscosity obtained from 100 consecutive men undergoing fertility assessment (median 35 years, range 27-49 years) in Associated Tissue Bank between years 1996 and 2006. The ejaculates were obtained by masturbation after 2-7 days of sexual abstinence (median 5 days). RESULTS: Increased viscosity correlated with lower motility and increased pathology (95% and 91%, respectively). Within the diagnosis of asthenozoospermia there was a correlation between PMN (polymorphonuclear granulocytes) (95%), higher seminal fluid pH (94%), decreased sperm vitality (100%), decreased total seminal plasma fructose (100%) and positive microbiology (95%). There was significant positive correlation between high visco-elasticity and positive microbiology (85%), although a leukocytospermia (>1 x 106/mL) was present just in 10% of the semen samples. CONCLUSION: Hyper-visco-elasticity is simple but important parameter of men fertility assessment and is associated with the diagnosis of asthenoteratozoospermia. It is suggested from our patient data that decrease of the leukocytospermia cutoff criteria could detect a chronic and/or latent infection of the urogenital tract. Furthermore, combination of the diagnoses of viscopathy and asthenoteratozoospermia seems as potential marker and indication, respectively, for microbiology examination.