RESUMO
In order to reveal the chemical composition characteristics and pollution sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in autumn and winter in Yuncheng, PM2.5 samples were continuously collected using a four-channel small-flow particulate sampler from October 15, 2018 to March 15, 2019. The study prediminantly analyzed the chemical components of water-soluble ions, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and metal elements. Additionally, the chemical mass reconstruction method of particulate matter and the positive matrix factorization model (PMF) were combined for an in-depth discussion. During the sample period, the PM2.5 mass concentrations range was 29.37-370.11 µg·m-3, and 101 days during the sampling period exhibited concentrations that were higher than the secondary standard in China's Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012), with an exceeding rate of 70.63%. These results indicate that the air pollution in Yuncheng in autumn and winter is serious. According to the air quality index (AQI), the collected samples are classified as clean, light-moderate pollution, and heavy-severe pollution. Water-soluble ions, OC, EC and metal elements account for 40%, 19%, 5%, and 7% on clean days, 46%, 18%, 4%, and 5% on days with light-moderate pollution, and 46%, 21%, 4%, and 4% on days with heavy-severe pollution, respectively. Secondary ions NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ are the primary components of water-soluble ions, accounting for 81% (clean days), 87% (light-moderate pollution), and 87% (heavy-severe pollution) of the total ion concentration, respectively. The OC/EC ratios during the sampling period were 3.78 (clean days), 4.02 (light-moderate pollution), and 5.37 (heavy-severe pollution). With the intensification of pollution, the pollution of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere becomes increasingly serious. In addition, as the air pollution increased, the concentration of Fe and Cr elements gradually decreased, while the concentration of other metal elements showed an overall upward trend. The results of the chemical mass reconstruction demonstrate that among the different pollution levels of atmospheric PM2.5 in Yuncheng, the mass percentages of secondary inorganic salt, sea salt, heavy metals, mineral dust, construction dust, organic matter, and elemental carbon were 36%, 2%, 2%, 8%, 1%, 33%, and 5% (clean days), 41%, 1%, 1%, 5%, 0.01%, 31%, and 5% (light-moderate pollution), and 41%, 1%, 1%, 4%, 0.004%, 34%, and 4% (heavy-severe pollution). The proportion of secondary inorganic ions increased and mineral dust decreased with the deterioration of air quality. The PMF analysis results suggest that secondary related sources, coal combustion sources, vehicle exhaust sources, biomass burning, and secondary organic matter are the predominant sources of PM2.5 during serious air pollution in Yuncheng.
RESUMO
To reveal the pollution characteristics and the health risks of the trace heavy metals in the atmospheric particles in Baoding, Hebei province, PM2.5 samples were collected using a middle volume sampler, and the mass concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the samples were determined by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the PM2.5 concentration in Baoding ranged from 16.84-476.2 µg·m-3. During sampling, 65 samples were above the second-level standard of the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012) by 54.2%. The most heavy metal elements showed higher levels in nighttime than during the daytime, except for except for Ni, Mn, and Co. Obvious seasonal variation was found with the trend of winter > autumn > spring > summer. The enrichment factors for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were more than 1.5, indicating that those metals mainly came from anthropogenic emissions, such as traffic sources. Health risk assessment results indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Baoding was small, and the carcinogenic risk resulting form As, Cr, Cd, and Co was greater for adults than for children.
