[Eradication of schistosomiasis: a new target and a new task for the National Schistosomiasis Control Porgramme in the People's Republic of China].

The achievements for the national schistosomiasis control programme in the People's Republic of China over the last 6 decades were reviewed, with an emphasis on the status and challenges to accomplish the tasks of "Workplan for the Mid- and Long-term of National Schistosomiasis Control Programme from 2004 to 2015". Four features of current national schistosomiasis control programme were identified in the new stage. First, the high prevalence areas have been shrunk, but few regions are still at the risks of schitosomiasis rebounding. Second, large areas with low prevalence of schistosomiasis will remain for a long time, so that the disease surveillance will be a long-term task. Third, more notable places will be in the high risk areas where more activities of human and livestock occurred, so that it is essential to implement the integrated control measures in those high risk areas. Fourth, the technologies using in the schistosomiasis eradication programme are delayed as expected, and more needs to accelerate the R&D programmes. It was recommended that sustained implementation of integrated control strategy with more emphasis on control of infectious sources has to be strengthened through enhanced regulation performance in addition to the aforementioned notifications, in order to eradicate schistosomiasis in a response to the newly formulated target of "making the 'God of Plague' to be sweep away from the history, and retuning the clear land/water and happy/healthy life to the people".

[The Endemic Situation and Challenges of Major Parasitic Diseases in China].

During the twelfth "Five-year Plan" period, the Chinese government further strengthened the implementation of several medium and long-term plans on disease control, which resulted in the acceleration of the control of schistosomiasis, malaria and echinococcosis. To further elucidate the endemic status and control experience during the stage, this article described current situation on the major parasitic diseases and put forward the challenges and consequent countermeasures for planning the control programs in the next five years and laying a foundation for the next Five-year Planning.

[Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China in 2014].

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2014, and analyzed the data captured from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and 81 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China, 5 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) of Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi had achieved transmission interruption, 4 provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangsu and Hubei had achieved transmission control, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces were still at infection control until 2014. There were 453 counties (city, district) endemic for schistosomiasis, with 251 million residents, and 30,048 villages endemic for schistosomiasis, with 68 million 507 thousand and 3 hundred residents. Among the 453 endemic counties (city, district), 69.09% (313/453) and 29.80% (135/ 453) endemic counties (city, district) reached the transmission interruption and transmission control respectively while the number of counties (city, district) at the stage of infection control reduced from 34 in 2013 to 5 in 2014 (accounted for 1.10% of the total number of endemic counties, 5/53). Till 2014, 115,614 people were estimated to have schistosomiasis and only 2 acute schistosomiasis cases were reported. In addition, there were 30,880 advanced schistosomiasis cases documented in 2014. In 2014, a total of 9,461,348 individuals received schistosomiasis examinations and 8,270 persons were found stool positives with the reduction rate of 50.96% as compared to that (16,865 cases) in 2013. The Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 20 123 endemic villages in 2014, and the snails were detected in 5,653 villages, which accounted for 28.09% of total villages, with 13 newly detected villages with snails. The snail survey covered an area of 576,506.37 hm² and snails were found in an area of 364 324.42 hm², including an area of 531.13 hm² detected snails for the first time. No schistosome infected snails were found in 2014. A total of 919,579 head of cattle were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China. In 2014, 494,620 head of cattle received examinations and only 666 were determined as stool positives. Based on the data from the 81 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China, the mean Schistosomajaponicum infection rate was 0.11% and 0.05% in humans and cattle respectively, and no infected snails were detected in 2014. There were 280,855 schistosomiasis cases receiving treatments, with 2,565,555 cases undergoing expanded chemotherapy; there were 798 head of cattle with schistosomiasis receiving treatments, with 408,690 head of cattle undergoing expanded chemotherapy; there was a total 138,923.90 hm² area with snail control by using molluscicides , with actual mollusciciding of 74,538.17 hm²; and there was an environmental modification of 5,331.42 hm². These data demonstrate a decline in the endemic city of schistosomiasis in China in 2014. However, the risk of schistosomiasis transmission remains high in some regions. Further control and effective surveillance should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements and reduce the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in China.

[Progress and challenges of the National Schistosomiasis Control Program during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan].

The achievements of the national schistosomiasis control program during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan were reviewed, in particular, the reduction of the prevalence and progress in control activities were evalucated among different regions of China. Moreover, current difficulties of schistosomiasis control and gaps to achieve the transmission interruption of the disease in China were analyzed, which provide more evidences to formulate the future efforts and work-plan to eliminate the disease in the country.

[Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China in 2013].

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2013. By the end of 2013, there are 184 943 schistosomiasis japonica cases. Meanwhile, nine acute cases were reported, and 4 cases reduced compared with that of 2012. A total of 29 796 advanced cases were reported; while 911 cases were determined as advanced cases and 1 700 cases were dead in 2013. Nationally, there were around 365 467.99 hm2 Oncomelania snail infested areas in total and 9.25 hm2 of them habituated infected snails in 2013. There were 287.28 hm2 of snail infested areas found in non-endemic areas historically. Moreover, 962 065 cattle were estimated to be raised in endemic regions and 633 cattle were determined as positive by stool examinations. The data showed that the endemicity of schistosomiasis in China decreased further. However, challenges exist to reach the aims of the medium and long-term national program. Further control and effective surveillance need to be strengthened as the endemicity of schistosomiasis is unstable in the areas after schistosomiasis transmission under control or interruption.

[Control situation and primary task of key parasitic diseases in China].

In the "11th Five-year Plan" period, China unveiled a mid-term planning on the control of the key parasitic diseases, including schistosomiasis, malaria, echinococcosis (hydatid disease), as well as some other parasitic diseases. It clarifies the goals on the control of the major parasitic diseases in the national control program during the "12th Five-year' Plan" period (2011-2015) , formulates current main tasks based on analyzing the progress of the national control program on key parasitic diseases, in order to meet the challenges appearing in the future implementation.

[The current situation of blood pressure control and the influencing factors on hypertensive patients in residential communities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the situation of blood pressure control and the major factors influencing the programs among those hypertensive patients living in the communities from different parts of China. METHODS: A protocol of community-based standardized blood pressure management was developed based on the current Chinese guideline for prevention, treatment of hypertension. Grass-roots caretakers from community health service centers across China were trained under the requirement of this protocol to manage the hypertensive patients. In this study, the hypertensive patients who had been registered in the project centers from Beijing, Hebei, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong provinces, were selected as the study subjects, and the baseline data for these patients was analyzed. RESULTS: By the end of 2010, a total of 242 182 patients were registered. The mean age was 61.0 ± 10.5, with 48.5% of them being males. The overall control rate of blood pressure was 27.4%. The control rate was significant lower among patients who were in lower age group, being male, with higher BMI, smoking, drinking or with more salt consumption. However, the control rate was significant higher among those patients who had family history of hypertension, always undertook physical exercise or receiving medical treatment. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure control rate for community hypertensive patients in China was still in a relatively low level. Standardization management measures should be strengthened so as to improve the rate of control on high blood pressure.

[Schistosomiasis status in People's Republic of China in 2010].

This annual report overviewed the national endemic status of schistosomiasis japonica in People's Republic of China in 2010. By the end of 2010, a total of 325 824 cases of schistosomiasis japonica were estimated with a decrease rate of 10.92% compared to those in 2009. A total of 43 acute cases were reported, decreased by 44.16% compared to those in 2009. A total of 25 115 advanced cases were treated in 2010, increased by 3.43% compared to that in 2009. About 373 596.18 hm2 of areas infested with Oncomelania snail were found in 2010, and about 1 081.80 hm2 newly detected areas were reported. A total of 1 476 606 cattle were raised in schistosomiasis transmission regions in 2010. The infection rate of cattle infected with Schistosoma japonicum was 1.04% in 2010, with a little increase comparing to that in 2009 (1.03%).