Revealing the Effect of Electronic Configuration in Cux Species on CO2 Photoreduction Characteristic Products.

As of the present time, the in-depth study of the structure-activity relationship between electronic configuration and CO2 photoreduction performance is often overlooked. Herein, a series of Cux species modified CeO2 nanodots are constructed in situ by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) to achieve an efficient photocatalytic CO2-to-C2 conversion with an electron utilization of up to 142.5 µmol g-1. Through an in-depth study of the electronic behavior and catalytic pathways, it is found that the Cu0/Cu+ species in the coexistence state of Cu0/Cu+/Cu2+ can optimize the energy band structure, photocurrent stability, and provide a kinetic basis for the active surface catalytic reaction process that requires the conversion of multiple electrons into C2 products, which ultimately enhances the CO2-to-C2H6 photoreduction by 3.8-fold and that for CO2-to-C2H4 photoreduction by 5.2-fold. Besides, the Cu2+ species in the coexistence state of Cu0/Cu+/Cu2+ are able to regulate the electronic behavior and the choice of the catalytic pathway, enabling the transitions between CO2-to-C2H6 and CO2-to-C2H4. This work indicates that electronic configuration optimization is an effective strategy to significantly enhance the CO2 photoreduction performance and provides new ideas for the design and synthesis of high-performance heterostructure photocatalysts.

Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth.

Despite extensive investigation, the nature and causes of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition remain enigmatic. In this work, we assess its linkage to asynchronous development of bipolar ice sheets by synthesizing Pleistocene mid- to high-latitude proxy records linked to hemispheric ice sheet evolution. Our results indicate substantial growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheets (AISs) at 2.0 to 1.25 million years ago, preceding the rapid expansion of Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets after ~1.25 million years ago. Proxy-model comparisons suggest that AIS and associated Southern Ocean sea ice expansion can induce northern high-latitude cooling and enhanced moisture transport to the Northern Hemisphere, thus triggering the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. The dynamic processes involved are crucial for assessing modern global warming that is already inducing asynchronous bipolar melting of ice sheets.

Structural basis of TRPV1 inhibition by SAF312 and cholesterol.

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) plays a central role in pain sensation and is thus an attractive pharmacological drug target. SAF312 is a potent, selective, and non-competitive antagonist of TRPV1 and shows promising potential in treating ocular surface pain. However, the precise mechanism by which SAF312 inhibits TRPV1 remains poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of human TRPV1 in complex with SAF312, elucidating the structural foundation of its antagonistic effects on TRPV1. SAF312 binds to the vanilloid binding pocket, preventing conformational changes in S4 and S5 helices, which are essential for channel gating. Unexpectedly, a putative cholesterol was found to contribute to SAF312's inhibition. Complemented by mutagenesis experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, our research offers substantial mechanistic insights into the regulation of TRPV1 by SAF312, highlighting the interplay between the antagonist and cholesterol in modulating TRPV1 function. This work not only expands our understanding of TRPV1 inhibition by SAF312 but also lays the groundwork for further developments in the design and optimization of TRPV1-related therapies.

Efficient analysis of adverse drug events and toxicological mechanisms of newly marketed drugs by integrating pharmacovigilance and network toxicology: selumetinib as an example.

Objective: To integrate pharmacovigilance and network toxicology methods to explore the potential adverse drug events (ADEs) and toxic mechanisms of selumetinib, and to provide a reference for quickly understanding the safety and toxicological mechanisms of newly marketed drugs. Methods: Taking selumetinib as an example, this study integrated pharmacovigilance methods based on real-world data and network toxicology methods to analyze its ADE and its potential toxicological mechanism. First, the ADE reports of selumetinib were extracted from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event reporting system (FAERS), and the ADE signals were detected by reporting odds ratio (ROR) and UK medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (MHRA) methods. The ADE signals were classified and described according to the preferred terms (PTs) and system organ class (SOC) derived from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). The network toxicology method was used to analyze the toxicological mechanism of the interested SOCs. The specific steps included predicting the potential targets of selumetinib using TOXRIC, STITCH, ChEMBL, CTD, SwissTargetPreditcion, and Super-PRED databases, collecting the targets of SOC using GeneCards database, conducting protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis through STRING database, conducting gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis through DAVID database, and testing the molecular affinity using AutoDock software. Results: A total of 1388 ADE reports related to selumetinib were extracted, and 53 positive signals were detected by ROR and MHRA methods, of which 20 signals were not mentioned in the package insert, including ingrowing nail, hyperphosphatemia, cardiac valve disease, hematuria, neutropenia, etc. Analysis of the toxicological mechanism of six SOCs involved in positive ADE signals revealed that the key targets included EGFR, STAT3, AKT1, IL6, BCL2, etc., and the key pathways included PI3K/Akt pathway, apoptosis, ErbB signaling pathway, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, etc. Molecular docking assays showed spontaneous binding of selumetinib to key targets in these pathways. Conclusion: The pharmacovigilance analysis identified some new potential ADEs of selumetinib, and the network toxicology analysis showed that the toxic effects of selumetinib may be related to PI3K/Akt pathway, apoptosis, ErbB signaling pathway, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and other pathways.

Developing a mouse model of human coronavirus NL63 infection: comparison with rhinovirus-A1B and effects of prior rhinovirus infection.

Human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63 causes respiratory tract infections in humans and employs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor. We sought to establish a mouse model of HCoV-NL63 and determine if prior RV-A1B infection affected HCoV-NL63 replication. HCoV-NL63 was propagated in LLC-MK2 cells expressing human ACE2. RV-A1B was grown in HeLa-H1 cells. C57BL6/J or transgenic mice expressing human ACE2 were infected intranasally with sham LLC-MK2 cell supernatant or 1 x 105 TCID50 units HCoV-NL63. Wild-type mice were infected with 1 x 106 PFU RV-A1B. Lungs were assessed for vRNA, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, histology, HCoV-NL63 non-structural protein 3 (nsp3), and host gene expression by next generation sequencing and qPCR. To evaluate sequential infections, mice were infected with RV-A1B followed by HCoV-NL63 infection four days later. We report that hACE2 mice infected with HCoV-NL63 showed evidence of replicative infection with increased levels of vRNA, BAL neutrophils and lymphocytes, peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates, and expression of nsp3. Viral replication peaked three days after infection and inflammation persisted six days after infection. HCoV-NL63-infected hACE2 mice showed increased mRNA expression of IFNs, IFN-stimulated proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Infection with RV-A1B four days before HCoV-NL63 significantly decreased both HCoV-NL63 vRNA levels and airway inflammation. Mice infected with RV-A1B prior to HCoV-NL63 showed increased expression of antiviral proteins compared to sham-treated mice. In conclusion, we established a mouse model of HCoV-NL63 replicative infection characterized by relatively persistent viral replication and inflammation. Prior infection with RV-A1B reduced HCoV-NL63 replication and airway inflammation, indicative of viral interference.

Effects of HOX family regulator-mediated modification patterns and immunity characteristics on tumor-associated cell type in endometrial cancer.

Endometrial cancer (UCEC) is one of three major malignant tumors in women. The HOX gene regulates tumor development. However, the potential roles of HOX in the expression mechanism of multiple cell types and in the development and progression of tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration in UCEC remain unknown. In this study, we utilized both the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database to analyze transcriptome data of 529 patients with UCEC based on 39 HOX genes, combing clinical information, we discovered HOX gene were a pivotal factor in the development and progression of UCEC and in the formation of TME diversity and complexity. Here, a new scoring system was developed to quantify individual HOX patterns in UCEC. Our study found that patients in the low HOX score group had abundant anti-tumor immune cell infiltration, good tumor differentiation, and better prognoses. In contrast, a high HOX score was associated with blockade of immune checkpoints, which enhances the response to immunotherapy. The Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) exhibited a higher expression of the HOX gene in the tumor patients. We revealed that the significant upregulation of the HOX gene in the epithelial cells can activate signaling pathway associated with tumour invasion and metastasis through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), such as nucleotide metabolic proce and so on. Finally, a risk prognostic model established by the positive relationship between HOX scores and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can predict the prognosis of individual patients by scRNA-seq and transcriptome data sets. In sum, HOX gene may serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prediction of UCEC and to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.

Itaconate suppresses house dust mite-induced allergic airways disease and Th2 cell differentiation.

Itaconate was initially identified as an antimicrobial compound produced by myeloid cells. Beyond its antimicrobial role, itaconate may also serve as a crucial metabolic and immune modulator. We therefore examined the roles of aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1) and itaconate in house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized and -challenged mice, a model of T helper 2 (Th2)-driven allergic airways disease. HDM treatment induced lung Acod1 mRNA expression and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) itaconate levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Acod1 knockout mice (Acod1-KO) with negligible BAL itaconate showed heightened HDM-induced type 2 cytokine expression, increased serum IgE, and enhanced recruitment of Th2 cells in the lung, indicating a shift towards a more pronounced Th2 immune response. Acod1-KO mice also showed increased eosinophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Experiments in chimeric mice demonstrated that bone marrow from Acod1-KO mice is sufficient to increase type 2 cytokine expression in wild-type mice, and that restitution of bone marrow from wild type mice attenuates mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines in Acod1-KO mice. Specific deletion of Acod1 in lysozyme-secreting macrophages (LysM-cre+Acod1flox/flox) recapitulated the exaggerated phenotype observed in whole-body Acod1-KO mice. Adoptive transfer of Acod1-KO bone marrow-derived macrophages also increased lung mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines. In addition, treatment of Th2-polarized CD4 cells with itaconate impeded Th2 cell differentiation, as shown by reduced expression of Gata3 and decreased release of IL-5 and IL-13. Finally, public datasets of human samples show lower Acod1 expression in subjects with allergic asthma, consistent with a protective role of itaconate in asthma pathogenesis. Together, these data suggest that itaconate plays a protective, immunomodulatory role in limiting airway type 2 inflammation after allergen challenge by attenuating T cell responses.

Relationship between neonatal respiratory distress syndrome pulmonary ultrasonography and respiratory distress score, oxygenation index, and chest radiography grading.

BACKGROUND: Accurate condition assessment is critical for improving the prognosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), but current assessment methods for RDS pose a cumulative risk of harm to neonates. Thus, a less harmful method for assessing the health of neonates with RDS is needed. AIM: To analyze the relationships between pulmonary ultrasonography and respiratory distress scores, oxygenation index, and chest X-ray grade of neonatal RDS to identify predictors of neonatal RDS severity. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the medical information of 73 neonates with RDS admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Liupanshui Maternal and Child Care Service Center between April and December 2022. The pulmonary ultrasonography score, respiratory distress score, oxygenation index, and chest X-ray grade of each newborn before and after treatment were collected. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationships among these values and neonatal RDS severity. RESULTS: The pulmonary ultrasonography score, respiratory distress score, oxygenation index, and chest X-ray RDS grade of the neonates were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that before and after treatment, the pulmonary ultrasonography score of neonates with RDS was positively correlated with the respiratory distress score, oxygenation index, and chest X-ray grade (ρ = 0.429-0.859, P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that pulmonary ultrasonography screening effectively predicted the severity of neonatal RDS (area under the curve = 0.805-1.000, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The pulmonary ultrasonography score was significantly associated with the neonatal RDS score, oxygenation index, and chest X-ray grade. The pulmonary ultrasonography score was an effective predictor of neonatal RDS severity.

Cold sub-mucosal injection versus traditional cold snare polypectomy for diminutive and small colorectal polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines recommend conventional cold snare polypectomy (C-CSP) for diminutive and small colorectal polyps (≤ 10 mm). However, it remains unclear whether CSP with sub-mucosal injection (SI-CSP) achieves comparable efficacy to C-CSP for managing these lesions. This study compares SI-CSP with C-CSP for patients with diminutive and small colorectal polyps. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted to retrieve articles comparing resection outcomes between SI-CSP and C-CSP in diminutive and small colorectal polyps (registration number INPLASY2023100096). Our primary outcomes of interest were the complete resection rate (CRR), complications (namely immediate bleeding, delayed bleeding and perforation) and polypectomy time. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were employed for continuous variables, while odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI were calculated for categorical variables. Data was analyzed using a random effects model and the I2 test was utilized to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS: Eight studies involving 1470 patients with 2223 polyps were included in our analysis. The CRR was not significantly higher in the SI-CSP group, with an OR of 95% CI 0.50 (0.22, 1.15). The incidences of immediate bleeding (OR 95% CI 0.60 [0.26-1.40]) and delayed bleeding (OR 95% CI 0.88 [0.32-2.42]) did not differ significantly between the two groups. On average, the mean polypectomy time was 64.75 seconds shorter in the C-CSP group (95% CI, - 102.96 to - 26.53). Notably, no perforation events were reported in the included studies. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SI-CSP was not superior to C-CSP in managing diminutive and small colorectal polyps and the procedure required significantly more time.

Involvement of TRPV4 in temperature-dependent perspiration in mice.

Reports indicate that an interaction between TRPV4 and anoctamin 1 (ANO1) could be widely involved in water efflux of exocrine glands, suggesting that the interaction could play a role in perspiration. In secretory cells of sweat glands present in mouse foot pads, TRPV4 clearly colocalized with cytokeratin 8, ANO1, and aquaporin-5 (AQP5). Mouse sweat glands showed TRPV4-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ increases that were inhibited by menthol. Acetylcholine-stimulated sweating in foot pads was temperature-dependent in wild-type, but not in TRPV4-deficient mice and was inhibited by menthol both in wild-type and TRPM8KO mice. The basal sweating without acetylcholine stimulation was inhibited by an ANO1 inhibitor. Sweating could be important for maintaining friction forces in mouse foot pads, and this possibility is supported by the finding that wild-type mice climbed up a slippery slope more easily than TRPV4-deficient mice. Furthermore, TRPV4 expression was significantly higher in controls and normohidrotic skin from patients with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA) compared to anhidrotic skin from patients with AIGA. Collectively, TRPV4 is likely involved in temperature-dependent perspiration via interactions with ANO1, and TRPV4 itself or the TRPV4/ANO 1 complex would be targeted to develop agents that regulate perspiration.

Stress, spicy foods and elevated temperatures can all trigger specialized gland cells to move water to the skin ­ in other words, they can make us sweat. This process is one of the most important ways by which our bodies regulate their temperature and avoid life-threatening conditions such as heatstroke. Disorders in which this function is impaired, such as AIGA (acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis), pose significant health risks. Finding treatments for sweat-related diseases requires a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind sweating, which has yet to be achieved. Recent research has highlighted the role of two ion channels, TRPV4 and ANO1, in regulating fluid secretion in glands that produce tears and saliva. These gate-like proteins control how certain ions move in or out of cells, which also influences water movement. Once activated by external stimuli, TRPV4 allows calcium ions to enter the cell, causing ANO1 to open and chloride ions to leave. This results in water also exiting the cell through dedicated channels, before being collected in ducts connected to the outside of the body. TRPV4, which is activated by heat, is also present in human sweat gland cells. This prompted Kashio et al. to examine the role of these channels in sweat production, focusing on mice as well as AIGA patients. Probing TRPV4, ANO1 and AQP5 (a type of water channel) levels using fluorescent antibodies confirmed that these channels are all found in the same sweat gland cells in the foot pads of mice. Further experiments highlighted that TRPV4 mediates sweat production in these animals via ANO1 activation. As rodents do not regulate their body temperature by sweating, Kashio et al. explored the biological benefits of having sweaty paws. Mice lacking TRPV4 had reduced sweating and were less able to climb a slippery slope, suggesting that a layer of sweat helps improve traction. Finally, Kashio et al. compared samples obtained from healthy volunteers with those from AIGA patients and found that TRPV4 levels are lower in individuals affected by the disease. Overall, these findings reveal new insights into the underlying mechanisms of sweating, with TRPV4 a potential therapeutic target for conditions like AIGA. The results also suggest that sweating could be controlled by local changes in temperature detected by heat-sensing channels such as TRPV4. This would depart from our current understanding that sweating is solely controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as saliva and tear production.

Evaluation of the FPMC respiratory panel for detection of respiratory tract pathogens in nasopharyngeal swab and sputum specimens.

OBJECTIVES: The performance of the new Respiratory Pathogen panel (fluorescent probe melting curve, FPMC) for the qualitative detection of 12 organisms (chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, adenovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, etc.) was assessed. METHODS: Prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and sputum specimens (n = 635) were detected by using the FPMC panel, with the Sanger sequencing method as the comparative method. RESULTS: The overall percent concordance between the FPMC analysis method and the Sanger sequencing method was 100% and 99.66% for NPS and sputum specimens, respectively. The FPMC testified an overall positive percent concordance of 100% for both NPS and sputum specimens. The FPMC analysis method also testified an overall negative percent concordance of 100% and 99.38% for NPS and sputum specimens, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The FPMC analysis method is a stable and accurate assay for rapid, comprehensive detecting for respiratory pathogens.

The correlation between serum levels of laminin, type IV collagen, type III procollagen N-terminal peptide and hyaluronic acid with the progression of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.

COVID-19 patients often suffer from post-COVID-19 acute sequelae (PASC). Pulmonary fibrosis has the most significant long-term impact on the respiratory health of patients, known as post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PC19-PF). PC19-PF can be caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or COVID-19-induced pneumonia. Individuals who experience COVID-19 pneumonia symptoms (including cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, and desaturation) for at least 12 weeks after diagnosis, almost all develop PC19-PF. Extracellular matrix molecules: laminin (LN), type IV collagen (IV Col), procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), and hyaluronic acid (HA) are involved in the development and progression of PC19-PF. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the progression of PC19-PF and serum levels of laminin, IV COL, PIIINP, and hyaluronic acid. This retrospective study included 162 PC19-PF patients treated and 160 healthy controls who received treatment at Shenzhen Longgang District Third People's Hospital, Hebei PetroChina Central Hospital and Changzhi People's Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. Serum levels of LN, IV COL, PIIINP, and HA were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay using commercial kits. Predicted forced vital capacity percentage (FVC% pred), predicted carbon monoxide lung diffusion capacity percentage (DLCO% pred), high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scores were assessed, and patient mortality was compared with healthy controls. Serum levels of LN, IV Col, PIIINP, and HA were significantly higher in PC19-PF or CTD-ILD patients than in healthy controls (all p < 0.05), and they were further elevated in acute exacerbation cases (all p < 0.01). In patients, HA was positively associated with HRCT scores and negatively associated with FVC% pred and DLCO% pred (all p < 0.05). Serum levels of LN, IV COL, PIIINP, and HA were significantly lower in surviving patients than in those who deceased (all p > 0.05). Serum levels of LN, IV C, PIIINP, and HA may affect the progression of PC19-PF and may serve as indicators of PC19-PF severity.

Toxicological evaluation of porcine bile powder in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Background: Porcine bile powder (PBP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries in various therapeutic applications. However, PBP has not previously undergone comprehensive component analysis and not been evaluated for safety through standard in vivo toxicological studies. Methods: In our study, we characterized the component of PBP by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acute and subchronic oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity studies of PBP were designed and conducted in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Results: The chemical analysis of PBP showed that the main components of PBP were bile acids (BAs), especially glycochenodeoxycholic acid. There were no signs of toxicity observed in the acute oral test and the subchronic test. In the genotoxicity tests, no positive results were observed in the bacterial reverse mutation test. Additionally, in the mammalian micronucleus test and mouse spermatocyte chromosomal aberration test, no abnormal chromosomes were observed. In the teratogenicity test, no abnormal fetal development was observed. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that PBP, composed mainly of BAs, is non-toxic and safe based on the conditions tested in this study.

Antinociceptive role of the thalamic dopamine D3 receptor in descending modulation of intramuscular formalin-induced muscle nociception in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Pain in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been validated as one of the major non-motor dysfunctions affecting the quality of life and subsequent rehabilitation. In the present study, we investigated the role of the dopamine D3 receptor in the thalamic mediodorsal (MD) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei mediated descending control of nociception and intramuscular (i.m.) 2.5% formalin-induced persistent muscle nociception. Paw withdrawal reflexes were measured in naive rats and rats subjected to PD induced by unilateral microinjection of 6 µg 6-OHDA into the rat striatum. Formalin-induced muscle nociception in phase 1, inter-phase, and phase 2 was significantly greater in PD rats compared to naive and vehicle-treated rats (P < 0.001). PD rats exhibited bilaterally mechanical hyperalgesia and heat hypoalgesia in formalin-induced muscle nociception. Microinjection of SK609, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist, at various doses (2.5-7.5 nmol/0.5 µl) into the thalamic VM nucleus dose-dependently prolonged heat-evoked paw withdrawal latencies in both naive and PD rats. Administration of SK609 to either the MD or VM nuclei had no effect on noxious mechanically evoked paw withdrawal reflexes. Pre-treatment of the thalamic MD nucleus with SK609 significantly attenuated formalin-induced nociception, and reversed mechanical hyperalgesia, but not heat hypoalgesia. Pre-treatment of the thalamic VM nucleus with SK609 inhibited formalin-induced nociception in the late phase of phase 2 (30-75 min) and heat hypoalgesia, but not mechanical hyperalgesia (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the dopamine D3 receptors in the thalamus play an antinociceptive role in the descending modulation of nociception. Activation of D3 receptors within the thalamic MD and VM nuclei attenuates descending facilitation and enhances descending inhibition in rats during PD.

Effect of Different Yeasts on the Higher Alcohol Content of Mulberry Wine.

Healthy, nutritious, and delicious mulberry wine is loved by everyone, but there is no specific yeast for mulberry wine. To screen for yeasts with low-yield higher alcohols for the fermentation of mulberry wine, we tested five commonly used commercial yeasts available on the market to ferment mulberry wine. All five yeasts were able to meet the requirements in terms of yeast fermentation capacity, speed, and physical and chemical markers of mulberry wine. The national standards were met by the fermentation requirements and the fermented mulberry wine. We identified yeast DV10 as a yeast with low-yield higher alcohols suitable for mulberry wine fermentation. The total higher alcohol content in fermented mulberry wine was 298 mg/L, which was 41.9% lower than that of fermented mulberry wine with yeast EC118. The contents of 17 free amino acids and five sugars in mulberry juice and five yeast-fermented mulberry wines were tested. The results showed that the higher the amino acid and sugar content in yeast-fermented mulberry wine, the higher the content of higher alcohols produced by fermentation. A correlation analysis performed on each higher alcohol produced when yeast DV10 fermented the mulberry wine indicated decreased sugar and related amino acids. The findings demonstrated a substantial negative correlation among the levels of increased alcohol, decreased sugar, and matching amino acid content. Considering the correlation values among increased alcohol, decreased sugar, and related amino acids, the very slight difference suggests that both sugar anabolism and amino acid catabolism pathways have an equivalent impact on the synthesis of higher alcohols during the fermentation of mulberry wine. These results provide a theoretical basis for reducing the content of higher alcohols in mulberry wines, given the history and foundation for producing mulberry wine.

Development and validation of matrix metalloproteinase for predicting prognosis and tumour microenvironment immune profiles in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma.

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in many processes of tumour progression and invasion. However, few studies have analysed the effects of MMP expression patterns on endometrial cancer (EC) development from the perspective of the tumour microenvironment (TME). we quantified MMP expression in individual by constructing an MMP score and found MMP score effectively predict the prognosis of EC patients. Methods: MMPs expression profiles were determined based on the differential expression of 12 MMP-related regulators. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to construct an MMP scoring system which can quantify the MMPs expression patterns individually of EC patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis, the log-rank test, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to evaluate the value of MMPs expression in predicting prognosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset was used to verify correlation between MMPs and progression of EC. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was used to investigate the pathways and functions underlying MMPs expression. Tumour immune dysfunction, exclusion prediction, and pharmacotherapy response analyses were performed to assess the potential response to pharmacotherapy based on MMPs patterns. Results: We downloaded the MMPs expression data, somatic mutation data and corresponding clinical information of EC patients from the TCGA website and ICGC portal. Based on the MMP-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the MMP score was constructed, and EC patients were divided into high and low MMP score groups. There was a positive correlation between MMP score and prognosis of EC patients. Patients with high MMP scores had better prognosis, more abundant immune cell infiltration and stronger antitumoor immunity. Although prognosis is worse with the lower group than the high, patients with low MMP score had better response to immunotherapy, which means they could prolong the survival time through Immunological checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. scRNA-seq analysis identified significant heterogeneity between MMP score and classical pathways in EC. Conclusion: Our work indicates that the MMP score could be a potential tool to evaluate MMP expression patterns, immune cell infiltration, response to pharmacotherapy, clinicopathological features, and survival outcomes in EC. This will provide the more effective guide to select immunotherapeutic strategies of EC in the future.

Repurposing lipid-lowering drugs as potential treatment for acne vulgaris: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin condition predominantly seen in teenagers, impacts more than 640 million people worldwide. The potential use of lipid-lowering medications as a treatment for acne vulgaris remains underexplored. This study seeks to investigate the impact of lipid-lowering therapies on the risk of developing acne vulgaris using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Method: The two-sample MR method was employed for analysis, and information on lipid-lowering drugs was obtained from the DrugBank and ChEMBL databases. The summary data for blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides were sourced from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, while genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data for acne vulgaris were obtained from the FinnGen database. Heterogeneity was examined using the Q-test, horizontal pleiotropy was assessed using MR-Presso, and the robustness of analysis results was evaluated using leave-one-out analysis. Results: The MR analysis provided robust evidence for an association between lowering LDL cholesterol through two drug targets and acne vulgaris, with PCSK9 showing an odds ratio (OR) of 1.782 (95%CI: 1.129-2.812, p = 0.013) and LDL receptor (LDLR) with an OR of 1.581 (95%CI: 1.071-2.334, p = 0.021). Similarly, targeting the lowering of triglycerides through lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was significantly associated with an increased risk of acne vulgaris, indicated by an OR of 1.607 (95%CI: 1.124-2.299, p = 0.009). Conclusion: The current MR study presented suggestive evidence of a positive association between drugs targeting three genes (PCSK9, LDLR, and LPL) to lower lipids and a reduced risk of acne vulgaris.

Impacts of ultrasound-assisted Fenton degradation and alkaline de-esterification on structural properties and biological effects of pectic polysaccharides from Tartary buckwheat leaves.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) leaf has abundant rhamnogalacturonan-I enriched pectic polysaccharides, which exert various health-promoting effects. Nevertheless, the potential relationship between the chemical structure and the biological function of pectic polysaccharides from Tartary buckwheat leaves (TBP) remains unclear. Therefore, to bridge the gap between the chemical structure and the biological function of TBP, the impacts of ultrasound-assisted Fenton degradation (UFD) and mild alkaline de-esterification (MAD) on structural properties and biological effects of TBP were systematically studied. Compared with the native TBP (molecular mass, 9.537 × 104 Da), the molecular masses of degraded TBPs (TBP-MMW, 4.811 × 104 Da; TBP-LMW, 2.101 × 104 Da) were significantly reduced by the UFD modification, while their primary chemical structures were overall stable. Besides, compared with the native TBP (esterification degree, 22.73 %), the esterification degrees of de-esterified TBPs (TBP-MDE, 14.27 %; TBP-LDE, 6.59 %) were notably reduced by the MAD modification, while their primary chemical structures were also overall stable. Furthermore, the results revealed that both UFD and MAD modifications could significantly improve the antioxidant, antiglycation, and immunostimulatory effects of TBP. Indeed, TBP's biological effects were negatively correlated to its molecular mass and esterification degree, while positively linked to its free uronic acids. The findings demonstrate that both UFD and MAD modifications are promising techniques for the structural modification of TBP, which can remarkedly promote its biological effects. Besides, the present results are conducive to better understanding TBP's structure-bioactivity relationship.

Carbon monoxide poisoning with hippocampi lesions on MRI: cases report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is now one of the leading causes of poisoning-related mortality worldwide. The central nervous system is the most vulnerable structure in acute CO poisoning. MRI is of great significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of CO toxic encephalopathy. The imaging features of CO poisoning are diverse. We report atypical hippocampal lesions observed on MRI in four patients after acute CO exposure. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We report four patients who presented to the emergency department with loss of consciousness. The diagnosis of CO poisoning was confirmed on the basis of their detailed history, physical examination and laboratory tests. Brain MRI in all of these patients revealed abnormal signal intensity in hippocampi bilaterally. They all received hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The prognosis of all four patients was poor. CONCLUSION: Hippocampi, as a relatively rare lesion on MRI of CO poisoning, is of important significance both in the early and delayed stages of acute CO poisoning. In this article, we summarize the case reports of hippocampal lesions on MRI in patients with CO poisoning in recent years, in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and prognosis of CO poisoning.

Non-targeted mass spectrometry and feature-based molecular networking for determination of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in milk.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent trace lipids with significant natural biological functions. While exogenous FAHFAs have been extensively studied, research on FAHFAs in milk remains limited, constraining our grasp of their nutritional roles. This study introduces a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach combined with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns to uncover FAHFAs. Through meticulous sample handling and comparisons of various data acquisition and processing modes, we validate the method's superiority, identifying twice as many FAHFAs compared to alternative techniques. This validated method was then applied to different milk samples, revealing 45 chemical signals associated with known and potential FAHFAs, alongside findings of 66 ceramide/hexosylceramide (Cer/HexCer), 48 phosphatidyl ethanolamine/lyso phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE/LPE), 21 phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine (PC/LPC), 16 phosphatidylinositol (PI), 7 phosphatidylserine (PS), and 11 sphingomyelin (SM) compounds. This study expands our understanding of the FAHFA family in milk and provides a fast and convenient method for identifying FAHFAs.