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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the malignant probability of thyroid nodules diagnosed as indeterminate cytology, including atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), and investigate the diagnostic value of combining BRAF V600E gene testing within this classification. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 126 patients who underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) examination of thyroid nodules and subsequent surgical treatment at Beijing Haidian Hospital between October 2021 and November 2022. Among them, there were 22 male and 104 female patients, aged between 18 and 75 years old. Surgical pathology results were considered the gold standard for diagnosing the nature of thyroid nodules, evaluating the malignant incidence of cytological results categorized as AUS/FLUS. Fisher's exact test and diagnostic test evaluation methods were used to analyze the discriminatory diagnostic efficacy of preoperative FNA combined with BRAF V600E gene testing for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS: In PTC patients, the BRAF V600E gene mutation rate was 87.93% (102/116). Within the category of FNA results as AUS/FLUS, the proportion of PTC was 60.00% (15/25). The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the BRAF V600E gene mutation in diagnosing PTC within the AUS/FLUS category were 10/10, 6/15, 6/6, and 10/19, respectively. The BRAF V600E gene mutation significantly increased the detection rate of PTC in patients classified under this cytology (P = 0.028, <0.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative FNA combined with BRAF V600E gene mutation testing significantly enhances the malignant detection rate of thyroid nodules diagnosed cytologically as AUS/FLUS. This combined approach provides a potent tool to improve diagnostic accuracy in this indeterminate classification.
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Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) plays a crucial role in altering radiative forcing and impacting human health. However, our understanding of the seasonal variations of WSOA in Chinese megacities after the three-year clean air action plan is limited. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 filter samples collected over one year (2020-2021) in Beijing to characterize the seasonal changes in the chemical and optical properties of WSOA using an offline aerosol mass spectrometer along with spectroscopy techniques. The mean mass concentration of WSOA during the observation period was 8.84 ± 7.12 µg m-3, constituting approximately 64-67 % of OA. Our results indicate the contribution of secondary OA (SOA) increased by 13-28 % due to a substantial reduction in primary emissions after the clean air action plan. The composition of WSOA exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with a predominant contribution from less oxidized SOA in summer (61 %) and primary OA originating from coal combustion and biomass burning during the heating season (34 %). The mass absorption efficiency of WSOA at 365 nm in winter was nearly twice that in summer, suggesting that WSOA from primary emissions possesses a stronger light-absorbing capability than SOA. On average, water-soluble brown carbon accounted for 33-48 % of total brown carbon absorption. Fluorescence analysis revealed humic-like substances as the most significant fluorescence component of WSOA, constituting 82 %. Furthermore, both absorption and fluorescence chromophores were associated with nitrogen-containing compounds, highlighting the role of nitrogen-containing species in influencing the optical properties of WSOA. The results are important for chemical transport models to accurately simulate the WSOA and its climate effects.
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Objective To explore the effect of 10-F pig tail drainage tube on postoperative incision pain and drainage effect in patients undergoing single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy.Methods A total of 120 patients with lung cancer who underwent single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy admitted to First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected and divided into the control group and the observation group,with 60 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were placed a 28-F silicone drainage tube in the posterior mediastinum from the side that deviated from the surgical incision after surgery;and patients in the observation group were placed a 10-F pig tail drainage tube horizontally in the posterior mediastinum at the 7th intercostal space of the posterior axillary line(besides,a 10-F pig tail drainage tube should be placed in the 2nd intercostal space of the midclavicular line if the upper or middle lobes were resected).The pain scores 1,3 and 5 days after operation,healing of surgical incision,extubation time of drainage tube,total drainage volume after opera-tion of patients in the two groups were compared.The incidences of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema,atelectasis and re-intubation of patients in the two groups were recorded.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the total drainage volume,extubation time,incidences of subcutaneous emphysema,atelectasis or re-intubation after operation of patients between the two groups(P>0.05).The postoperative healing of surgical incision of patients in the observation group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05),and the score of postoperative incision pain was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The application of 10-F pig tail drainage tube after single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy can reduce postoperative incision pain,and ensure the drainage effect of postopera-tive hydrothorax and pneumatosis,without the increase of pulmonary complications.
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Air quality in China has continuously improved during the Three-Year Action Plan (2018-2020); however, the changes in aerosol composition, properties, and sources in Beijing summer remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted real-time measurements of aerosol composition in five summers from 2018 to 2022 along with WRF-Community Multiscale Air Quality simulations to characterize the changes in aerosol chemistry and the roles of meteorology and emission reductions. Largely different from winter, secondary inorganic aerosol and photochemical-related secondary organic aerosol (SOA) showed significant decreases by 55-67% in summer, and the most decreases occurred in 2021. Comparatively, the decreases in the primary aerosol species and gaseous precursors were comparably small. While decreased atmospheric oxidation capacity as indicated by ozone changes played an important role in changing SOA composition, the large decrease in aerosol liquid water and small increase in particle acidity were critical for nitrate changes by decreasing gas-particle partitioning substantially (â¼28%). Analysis of meteorological influences demonstrated clear and similar transitions in aerosol composition and formation mechanisms at a relative humidity of 50-60% in five summers. Model simulations revealed that emission controls played the decisive role in reducing sulfate, primary OA, and anthropogenic SOA during the Three-Year Action Plan, while meteorology affected more nitrate and biogenic SOA.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Pequim , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Nitratos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Aerossóis/análiseRESUMO
Black carbon (BC) aerosols in the atmosphere play a significant role in climate systems due to their strong ability to absorb solar radiation. The lifetime of BC depends on atmospheric transport, aging and consequently on wet scavenging processes (in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging). In this study, sequential rainwater samples in eight rainfall events collected in 2 mm interval were measured by a tandem system including a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a nebulizer. The results showed that the volume-weighted average (VWA) mass concentrations of refractory black carbon (rBC) in each rainfall event varied, ranging from 10.8 to 78.9 µg/L. The highest rBC concentrations in the rainwater samples typically occurred in the first fraction from individual rainfall events. The geometric mean median mass-equivalent diameter (MMD) decreased under precipitation, indicating that rBC with larger sizes was relatively aged and preferentially removed by wet scavenging. A positive correlation (R2 = 0.73) between the VWA mass concentrations of rBC in rainwater and that in ambient air suggested the important contribution of scavenging process. Additionally, the contributions of in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging were distinguished and accounted for 74% and 26% to wet scavenging, respectively. The scavenging ratio of rBC particles was estimated to be 0.06 on average. This study provides helpful information for better understanding the mechanism of rBC wet scavenging and reducing the uncertainty of numerical simulations of the climate effects of rBC.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Pequim , Fuligem/análise , Aerossóis/análise , Carbono , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodosAssuntos
Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Respiração Artificial , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , PulmãoRESUMO
Background: Posterior incision with 270° spinal canal decompression and reconstruction surgery is a treatment option for thoracolumbar burst fractures (TLBF), but the large diameter titanium mesh placement is difficult. This study evaluated the characteristics and clinical effects of limited posterior decompression and 13-mm titanium mesh implantation to treat TLBF. Hypothesis: 13-mm titanium meshes could be used to fix thoracolumbar burst fractures. Patients and methods: This case series included patients who underwent limited posterior decompression and 13-mm titanium mesh implantation at China Medical University Shaoxing Hospital (01/2015-12/2019). The Cobb angle, injury vertebral anterior edge height loss percentage, and spinal canal occupancy rate were analyzed. The degree of spinal cord injury was evaluated according to the ASIA grade. Results: Fifteen patients were included (eight males and seven females). The patients were 32.2 ± 4.6 years of age. The American Association of Spinal Injury improved after surgery (A/B/C/D/E: from 2/6/5/2/0 to 0/0/2/8/5, P < 0.001). The Cobb angle decreased after surgery (from 20.1 ± 4.8° to 7.1 ± 1.4°, P < 0.001) but increased to 8.2 ± 0.9° at 1 year (P = 0.003). The percentage of loss of the anterior edge height of the injured vertebrae decreased after surgery (from 40.9% ± 6.1% to 7.5% ± 1.8%, P < 0.001) and decreased at 1 year (7.0% ± 1.5%, P = 0.044). The spinal canal occupancy rate decreased after surgery (from 64.8% ± 7.8% to 20.1% ± 4.2%, P < 0.001) but did not decrease further at 1 year (19.4% ± 3.4%, P = 0.166). Discussion: Spinal canal limited posterior decompression, and 13-mm titanium mesh implantation in the treatment of TLBF can achieve one-stage spinal canal decompression and three-column reconstruction. The curative effect was satisfying. Level of evidence: Level IV; case series.
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A N-iodosuccinimide (NIS)-mediated divergent and efficient tandem reaction between fluorinated propargyl amidines and aromatic o-diamines without any metal catalyst and additive under mild reaction conditions was developed for the synthesis of benzo-fused bisimidazoles in moderate to excellent yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that this reaction proceeded by an intermediate of secondary amine derived from 5-iodomethyl imidazole, and NIS played another role of oxidation reagent to promote the formation of a benzimidazole motif.
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A variety of tetrahydro-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolines were prepared in 40-97% yields through a copper(II)-catalyzed cascade reaction of aza-o-quinone methides generated in situ from 2-(chloromethyl)anilines and indoles. Experimental results showed that the reaction underwent double 1,4-additions and sequential intramolecular cyclization. The present method features broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and easy gram scalable preparation of indolo[2,3-b]quinolines.
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Indóis , Quinolinas , Indóis/química , Estrutura Molecular , Cobre/química , Quinolinas/química , CatáliseRESUMO
Objective:To investigate the application effects of non-invasive ultrasound cardiac output monitoring (USCOM) in fluid resuscitation guidance and hemodynamic evaluation of patients with sepsis.Methods:A total of 80 patients with sepsis who were treated in The Second Hospital of Jiaxing from January 2021 to December 2022 were included in this single-blind randomized controlled study. These patients were randomly divided into a control group ( n = 40) and an observation group ( n = 40). In the control group, continuous cardiac output indicated by pulse waveform monitoring was used to guide fluid resuscitation and monitor hemodynamic status, while in the observation group, USCOM was used to guide fluid resuscitation and monitor hemodynamic status. The fluid intake and outflow at 24, 48, and 72 hours after admission to the ICU were compared between the two groups. The changes in arterial blood lactate and oxygenation index at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after admission to the ICU were compared between the two groups. The time of admission to ICU, the length of ICU stay, and changes in hemodynamic indicators were compared between the two groups. The incidence of death within 28 days after admission to the ICU was compared between the two groups. Results:The liquid intake and output in the observation group at 24, 48 , and 72 hours after admission to the ICU were (4 178.13 ± 327.19) mL, (7 763.63 ± 324.08) mL, and (10 501.38 ± 376.74) mL, respectively, which were significantly lower than (4 527.35 ± 276.84) mL, (8 778.15 ± 361.42) mL, and (11 589.12 ± 413.27) mL in the control group ( t = 5.15, 13.22, 12.30, all P < 0.001). The arterial blood lactate levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days ( t = 5.73, 6.73, 9.98, 12.25, 14.47, all P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in oxygenation index between the two groups on the 1 st day ( P > 0.05). The oxygenation index in the observation group at 2, 3, 5 and 7 days was significantly higher than that in the control group ( t = -4.31, -8.19, -5.28, -9.44, all P < 0.05). The time of admission to ICU and the length of ICU stay in the observation group were (10.15 ± 2.43) days and (16.51 ± 1.36) days, respectively, which were significantly shorter than (12.75 ± 2.87) days and (17.68 ± 1.59) days in the control group ( t = 4.37, 3.54, both P < 0.05). After 24 hours of resuscitation, cardiac output, stroke output, and cardiac index in the observation group were (5.89 ± 0.51) L/min, (57.71 ± 3.82) mL, and (3.31 ± 0.35) L·min -1·m -2, respectively, which were significantly higher than (5.30 ± 0.37) L/min, (50.06 ± 3.25) mL, and (2.85 ± 0.34) L·min -1·m -2 in the control group ( t = -5.92, -9.65, -5.96, all P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the 28-day mortality rate between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:The guidance of USCOM on fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic status assessment in sepsis patients has an obvious effect, which can promote the improvement of patient oxygenation index, and shorten the time of admission to the ICU and the length of hospital stay.
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Air quality in Beijing has been improved significantly in recent years; however, our knowledge of the vertically resolved aerosol chemistry in summer remains poor. Here, we carried out comprehensive measurements of aerosol composition, gaseous species, and aerosol optical properties on a meteorological tower in Beijing in summer and compared with those measured in winter. Our results showed that aerosol liquid water (ALW) contributing approximately 50% of the total mass with higher values aloft played a crucial role in aerosol formation. Particularly, the higher nitrate concentration in city aloft than at the ground level during daytime was mainly due to the enhanced gas-particle partitioning driven by ALW and particle acidity. The vertical profiles of organic aerosol (OA) factors varied more differently in the urban boundary layer. Although the ubiquitous decreases in primary OA with the increase in height were mainly due to the influences of local emissions and vertical convection, the vertical differences in oxygenated OA between summer and winter may be related to the photochemical processing of different biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. The single-scattering albedo, brown carbon, and absorption Ångstrom exponent of aerosol particles also presented different vertical profiles between day and night due to the vertical changes in aerosol chemistry.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Aerossóis/química , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Pequim , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gases , Material Particulado/análise , Estações do AnoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) contributes to the process of autophagy. Huangqi-Honghua combination (HQ-HH) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combination that has been widely used in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in China. The role of autophagy in HQ-HH-mediated treatment of CI/RI is unclear. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with QDBS syndrome model and evaluate the function of HQ-HH in protecting against CI/RI. RESULTS: HQ-HH significantly improved the neuronal pathology and reduced infarct volume, neurological deficits, and whole blood viscosity in rats with CI/RI. Western blot results showed that the expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1 in the HQ-HH group was significantly lower than that in the model group, while the expression of p62 was significantly higher in the HQ-HH group as compared with the model group. There were no significant differences in PI3K, Akt, and mTOR levels between the HQ-HH group and the model group; however, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were significantly upregulated. In addition, HQ-HH also changed the composition and function of intestinal flora in MCAO + QDBS model rats. CONCLUSION: HQ-HH protects from CI/RI, and its underlying mechanism may involve the activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, relating to the changes in the composition of intestinal flora.
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We describe a P-containing palladacycle-catalyzed regioselective Heck reaction of 2,3-dihydrofuran with diaryliodonium salts and aryl iodides to afford 2-aryl-2,5-dihydrofurans and 2-aryl-2,3-dihydrofurans, respectively, in good yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the oxidative addition of diaryliodonium salts to palladacycles to form Pd(IV) species showed high chemoselectivity and that electron-rich aryl moieties were preferentially transferred to the Heck product. DFT calculations indicated that the regioselectivity-determining step is the reductive elimination reaction rather than the isomerization and reinsertion of Pd(IV)-hydride intermediates into the double bond.
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Objective:To compare the fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMS) and multiple plastic stents (MPS) in the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness for benign bile duct strictures.Methods:A single-center retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 107 patients with benign biliary strictures who underwent FCSEMS or MPS implantation through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Hangzhou First People's Hospital from January 2013 to June 2019.There were 54 cases in group FCSEMS and 53 cases in group MPS. Benign biliary stricture was confirmed by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography. The primary index was the rate of stricture remission, and the secondary indices were the incidence of stricture recurrence, ERCP-related complications, the rate of stent migration, hospital stay and charges.Results:The median follow-up times were 10.0 (6.5, 18.0) months and 12.0 (9.0, 20.0) months in group FCSEMS and in group MPS respectively ( P>0.05). The rates of stricture remission in the two groups were 87.0% (47/54) and 83.0% (44/53), the incidences of stricture recurrence were 14.6% (6/41) and 23.5% (8/34), and the incidences of ERCP-related complications were 14.8% (8/54) and 11.9% (13/109), respectively. And the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). But the stent migration rates of the two groups were 22.9% (11/54) and 2.8% (3/109) with significant difference ( P<0.001). Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the median numbers of ERCP intervention in the two groups were 2 (2,2) times and 3 (2,4) times ( P<0.001), and the median hospital stays were 6.0 (4.0,11.0) days and 9.0 (6.5,16.0) days respectively ( P=0.009). The median hospitalization expenses of the two groups were 44 646 yuan and 51 355 yuan without significant difference ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The effectiveness, safety and cost of FCSEMS for benign bile duct stenosis are similar to those of MPS, but it reduces ERCP intervention and treatment cycles. Even with a certain migration rate, it can still be a first-line treatment approach.
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Structural engineering is an effective methodology for the tailoring of the quantities of active sites in nanostructured materials for fuel cell applications. In the present study, Co nanoparticles were incorporated into the network of 3D nitrogen-doped carbon tubes (Co@NCNTs) that were obtained via the molten-salt synthetic approach at 800 °C. Morphological representation reveals that the Co@NCNTs are encompassed with Co nanoparticles on the surface of the mesoporous walls of the carbon nanotubes, which offers a significant active surface area for electrochemical reactions. The CoNPs/NCNTs-1 (treated with CaCl2) nanomaterial was used as a potential candidate for the electro-oxidation of hydrazine, which improved the response of hydrazine (~8.5 mA) in 1.0 M NaOH, as compared with CoNPs/NCNTs-2 (treated without CaCl2), NCNTs, and the unmodified GCE. Furthermore, the integration of Co helps to improve the conductivity and promote the lower onset electro-oxidation potential (-0.58 V) toward the hydrazine electro-oxidation reaction. In particular, the CoNPs/NCNTs-1 catalysts showed significant catalytic activity and stability performances i.e., the i-t curves showed notable stability when compared with their initial current responses, even after 10 days, which indicates the significant durability of the catalyst materials. This work could present a new approach for the design of efficient electrode materials, which can be used as a favorable candidate for the electro-oxidation of liquid fuels in fuel cell applications.
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Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is used to promote blood circulation and is widely used in Chinese clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of ischemic cerebral vascular diseases. However, the mechanism and active compounds of BYHWD used to treat ischemic stroke are not well understood. The current study aimed to identify the potential active components of BYHWD and explore its mechanism using network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses. The compounds of BYHWD were obtained from public databases. Oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were screened using the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) criteria. Components of BYHWD, alongside the candidate targets of each component and the known therapeutic targets of ischemic stroke were collected. A network of target gene compounds and cerebral ischemia compounds was established using network pharmacology data sources. The enrichment of key targets and pathways was analyzed using STRING and DAVID databases. Moreover, three of key targets [IL6, VEGFA and hypoxia-inducible-factor-1α (HIF-1α)] were verified using western blot analysis. Network analysis determined 102 compounds in seven herbal medicines that were subjected to ADME screening. A total of 42 compounds as well as 79 genes formed the principal pathways associated with ischemic stroke. The 16 key compounds identified were baicalein, beta-carotene, baicalin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, isorhamnetin, bifendate, formononetin, calycosin, astragaloside IV, stigmasterol, sitosterol, Z-ligustilide, and dihydrocapsaicin. The core genes in this network were IL6, TNF, VEGFA, HIF-1α, MAPK1, MAPK3, JUN, STAT3, IL1B and IL10. Furthermore, the TNF, IL17, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt, toll-like receptor, MAPK, NF-κB and HIF-1 signaling pathways were identified to be associated with ischemic stroke. Compared with the control group (no treatment), BYHWD significantly inhibited the expression of IL6 and increase the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA. Network pharmacology analyses can help to reveal close interactions between multi-components and multi-targets and enhance understanding of the potential effects of BYHWD on ischemic stroke.
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Wheat is a major staple food crop worldwide, due to its total yield and unique processing quality. Its grain yield and quality are threatened by Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Salicylic acid (SA) has a strong and toxic effect on F. graminearum and is a hopeful target for sustainable control of FHB. F. graminearum is capable of efficientdealing with SA stress. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we characterized FgMFS1 (FGSG_03725), a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene in F. graminearum. FgMFS1 was highly expressed during infection and was upregulated by SA. The predicted three-dimensional structure of the FgMFS1 protein was consistent with the schematic for the antiporter. The subcellular localization experiment indicated that FgMFS1 was usually expressed in the vacuole of hyphae, but was alternatively distributed in the cell membrane under SA treatment, indicating an element of F. graminearum in response to SA. ΔFgMFS1 (loss of function mutant of FgMFS1) showed enhanced sensitivity to SA, less pathogenicity towards wheat, and reduced DON production under SA stress. Re-introduction of a functional FgMFS1 gene into ∆FgMFS1 recovered the mutant phenotypes. Wheat spikes inoculated with ΔFgMFS1 accumulated more SA when compared to those inoculated with the wild-type strain. Ecotopic expression of FgMFS1 in yeast enhanced its tolerance to SA as expected, further demonstrating that FgMFS1 functions as an SA exporter. In conclusion, FgMFS1 encodes an SA exporter in F. graminearum, which is critical for its response to wheat endogenous SA and pathogenicity towards wheat.
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Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Fusarium/metabolismo , Genes Fúngicos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologia , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Triticum/microbiologia , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Fusarium/genéticaRESUMO
Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Material Particulado , Aerossóis/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , China , Cidades , Monitoramento Ambiental , Material Particulado/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Huangqi-Honghua herb pair is known for its medicinal value to treat Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome with a long history in clinical practice. To understand its possible mechanism in a systematic study, a network pharmacological method was addressed. METHODS: Detailed information on the HH compounds was obtained from two public databases, and oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-like (DL) of the compounds were evaluated. A correlation between HH compounds, its potential targets, and known targets was extrapolated, and the herb-compound-target-disease (H-C-T-D) network was established. Next, the pathway enrichment and essential genes were analyzed. Then, three key genes (VEGFA, VEGFR2, and eNOS), highly associated with angiogenesis, were screened and verified through western blot assay. RESULTS: Out of 276 compounds, 21 HH compounds and 78 target genes regulating the major pathways associated with CI in the network are analyzed. The bioactive compounds in HH were active in various signal transduction pathways such as the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway are important pathways that may regulate anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immune correlation, and antioxidative effects. The core genes are PTGS2, TNF, NOS2, IL6, BCL2, IL1B, SOD2, NOS3, SOD1, MMP9, and VEGFA. The in vitro results suggested that HH treatment could significantly elevate the expression of proangiogenic genes such as VEGFA, VEGFR2, and eNOS compared with OGD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results predict that HH may regulate the expression of VEGFA, VEGFR2, and eNOS via the VEGF and HIF-1 signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis and alleviate cerebral ischemia injury.