How is smoking distributed in relation to socioeconomic status? Evidence from Brazil in the years 2013 and 2019.

The present study aimed to analyze income-related inequality in tobacco consumption in Brazil using data from the National Health Survey at two points in time (2013 and 2019). This study contributes to the growing literature analyzing socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use by investigating income-related inequalities in the consumption of different tobacco products in Brazil. The inequality measure is the concentration index with an Erreygers correction (EI), and the analysis of its decomposition allows the identification of the factors that determine such inequality. There is inequality in smoking concentrated in the poorest persons, and this pattern also occurs for manufactured cigarettes and roll-your-own cigarettes (RYO), while inequality in smoking cessation is concentrated among the wealthiest. Smoking inequalities were greater in men, older age groups, and RYO. In terms of evolution, the overall results indicated a small decline in smoking inequality. For the decomposition analysis, the results show that the main factors that affect tobacco inequality in terms of concentration in the poorest are education, income, and having private health insurance. The region variable, by contrast, has a positive contribution, since the wealthiest regions have individuals who are more likely to smoke. These results have important implications that serve as a basis for formulating public health policies. For example, greater inequalities for men and older individuals can be targeted by public policies with a special focus on these cases.

Associating socioeconomic position and maternal depression with the health of children: an evaluation of the 2008 Brazilian household survey. / Associação da posição socioeconômica e da depressão materna com a saúde das crianças: avaliação da PNAD 2008, Brasil.

The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.

O estudo analisou a associação entre posição socioeconômica (renda), depressão materna e saúde da criança no Brasil, utilizando informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 (PNAD/IBGE). A análise considerou o delineamento amostral da pesquisa e incluiu 46.874 indivíduos com idade até 9 anos. Modelos Poisson foram estimados para três desfechos de saúde da criança: saúde reportada pelos pais ou responsáveis, restrição das atividades habituais por motivo de saúde e episódios de acamamento nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista. Os resultados apontaram associação entre a depressão da mãe e os três desfechos, mesmo após o ajuste para posição socioeconômica, características maternas (saúde autorreferida, idade, escolaridade e tabagismo), idade, sexo e cor da pele da criança, além de região geográfica, situação censitária e número de moradores do domicílio. Constatou-se ainda que a associação entre depressão materna e saúde da criança independe da posição socioeconômica. Assim, políticas de saúde pública que objetivem atenuar os efeitos adversos da depressão materna sobre a saúde da criança, precisam considerar também os estratos mais elevados de renda da sociedade.

Associação da posição socioeconômica e da depressão materna com a saúde das crianças: avaliação da PNAD 2008, Brasil / Associating socioeconomic position and maternal depression with the health of children: an evaluation of the 2008 Brazilian household survey

Resumo O estudo analisou a associação entre posição socioeconômica (renda), depressão materna e saúde da criança no Brasil, utilizando informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 (PNAD/IBGE). A análise considerou o delineamento amostral da pesquisa e incluiu 46.874 indivíduos com idade até 9 anos. Modelos Poisson foram estimados para três desfechos de saúde da criança: saúde reportada pelos pais ou responsáveis, restrição das atividades habituais por motivo de saúde e episódios de acamamento nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista. Os resultados apontaram associação entre a depressão da mãe e os três desfechos, mesmo após o ajuste para posição socioeconômica, características maternas (saúde autorreferida, idade, escolaridade e tabagismo), idade, sexo e cor da pele da criança, além de região geográfica, situação censitária e número de moradores do domicílio. Constatou-se ainda que a associação entre depressão materna e saúde da criança independe da posição socioeconômica. Assim, políticas de saúde pública que objetivem atenuar os efeitos adversos da depressão materna sobre a saúde da criança, precisam considerar também os estratos mais elevados de renda da sociedade.

Abstract The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.