A Case of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis During Dinutuximab Therapy for Neuroblastoma.

Dinutuximab is a monoclonal antibody administered to patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, usually after an autologous stem cell transplant. Dinutuximab is associated with immune mediated and neurologic toxicities, but fatal adverse events are rare. A case is presented of high-risk neuroblastoma with development of encephalopathy shortly after the first course of dinutuximab. The patient had extensive evaluation for etiology of the symptoms and received aggressive interventions, but ultimately expired. Postmortem diagnosis of anti-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, an autoimmune phenomenon often triggered by infection or malignancy, was made. The potential association of autoimmune encephalitis with dinutuximab and with previous autologous transplant is discussed.

Syndrome of progressive bone marrow failure and pancreatic insufficiency remains cryptic despite whole exome sequencing: variant of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome or new condition?

This case underscores the difficulty in diagnosis of bone marrow failure disorders, as the presentation of disease can be inconsistent, complicated by complex and ever-expanding genetic etiologies. A patient who presents with bone marrow failure and pancreatic insufficiency raises the question of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) or a new condition which resembles SDS.

Progress and opportunities for immune therapeutics in osteosarcoma.

Survival outcomes for osteosarcoma have plateaued since the 1980s, and patients with relapsed or refractory disease have a particularly dismal outcome. Treatment options for these patients are limited primarily due to the paucity of effective therapeutics. Immune therapies such as tumor vaccines and traditional antigen-targeted monoclonal antibodies have had limited success in solid tumors. The recent discovery of novel immune checkpoint blockade strategies and their success in adult cancers has revitalized the use of immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of solid tumors. This paper summarizes existing data supporting the use of immune therapies in osteosarcoma and the progress of this class of drugs in osteosarcoma therapy.

Incidence and outcomes of desmoplastic small round cell tumor: results from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database.

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare but highly fatal malignancy. Due to the rarity of this neoplasm, no large population based studies exist. Procedure. This is a retrospective cohort analysis. Incidence rates were calculated based on sex and ethnicity and compared statistically. Gender-, ethnicity-, and treatment- based survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. A total of 192 cases of DSRCT were identified. Peak incidence age was between 20 and 24 years. Age-adjusted incidence rate for blacks was 0.5 cases/million and for whites was 0.2 cases/million (P = 0.037). There was no statistically significant difference in survival based on gender or ethnicity. When adjusted for age, there was no statistically significant difference in survival amongst patients who received radiation therapy compared to those who did not (HRadj = 0.73; 95% CI 0.49, 1.11). There was a statistically significant survival advantage for patients who received radiation after surgery compared to those who did not (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30, 0.79). Conclusion. DSRCT is more common in males and in people of African-American descent. Although overall survival remains poor, radiation therapy following surgery seems to improve outcome in these patients.

Progress of oncolytic viruses in sarcomas.

Oncolytic virotherapy has shown exciting promise for the treatment of many types of solid tumors. Pediatric sarcomas are an aggressive type of pediatric malignancy known to show limited responsiveness to current therapies, leading to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses have only recently been used for the treatment of this challenging cancer, and results have been encouraging. Five clinical trials are currently open evaluating the use of oncolytic viruses in pediatric malignancies. Advances in genetic engineering of the viruses include improving the ability of the virus to infect tumor cells, engineering the virus with transgenes which improve the virus' ability to kill tumor cells and manipulating the virus to enhance concomitantly administered therapies. Further understanding of the antiviral immune response and a viral induced anti-tumor immune response will permit a maximization of oncolytic virotherapy.