[Using dissection of the internal anal sphincter with its hypertrophy in children].

Treatment of chronic constipations in children still remains an actual problem. In the period from 1996 to 2008 we made 4739 ultrasonic investigations in 3526 patients. Thickness of the internal anal sphincter was found in 1.72% of children. Operation of sphincterotomy of the internal anal sphincter was performed on 41 patients, its efficiency being studied within 1-2, 3-5 and 7-10 years. This intervention was shown to reestablish independent emptying in more than 70% of patients.

[Dissection of the anal internal sphincter in children with anal achalasia].

Since 1996till 2008 we have performed 13 864 colodynamic investigations in 3466 patients. In 136 (3.92%) of them a disturbance of the rectoanal reflex was detected and the diagnosis of anal achalasia was made. Dissection of the anal internal sphincter was performed in 93 patients and its efficiency was studied within 1-2, 3-5 and 7-10 years. This intervention was shown to allow recovery of independent emptying in more than 70% of children with anal achalasia.

[Surgical anatomy of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve: clinical-anatomical investigation].

On the basis of an anatomical (60 observations) and clinical material (160 patients with different diseases of the thyroid gland) the authors specified topography of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, proposed supplements to the classification of variants of its passage, estimated the risk of traumatizing this structure during operation, determined the zone of most probable injury. Anatomical substantiation is given to the places of most convenient ligation of the main branches of the superior thyroid vessels.

[The treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children]. / Lechenie puzyrno-mochetochnikovogo refliuksa u detei.

The authors summed up the 9 years-long experiences with treatment of 2588 children with vesicoureteral reflux. Conservative methods were successful in treatment of 74% of the patients. Of great importance were antibacterial therapy and treatment of the urinary bladder. Surgical interventions were fulfilled in 26% of the patients. Good effects were noted after Lich-Gregoir, Cowen operations, reimplantation of the ureter in 91.4%, 100% and 94.7% of the patients correspondingly.

[Autologous transfusion of UV-irradiated blood in the complex treatment of children with dysplasia of deep veins of the extremities]. / Autotransfuziia obluchennoi ul'travioletom krovi v kompleksnom lechenii detei s displaziei glubokikh ven konechnostei.

Under examination there were 12 patients aged from 5 till 14 years. An investigation of hemostatic potential of blood in the diseased extremity and peripheral blood was performed. A mosaic character of blood coagulative alterations in this category of patients was detected. Autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood is a pathogenetically grounded and accessible method of correction of hemocoagulation and may be included in the complex treatment of patients with dysplasia of the profound veins of lower extremities.

[Effect of hemodialysis on the erythrocyte sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity in children with chronic renal failure]. / Vliianie gemodializa na aktivnost' Na, K-ATPazy éritrotsitov u detei s khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu.

A study was made of the activity of Na, K-ATPase of red blood cells in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) before and after the treatment with hemodialysis. It has been discovered that in CRF children, the activity of Na, K-ATPase was significantly reduced as compared to that in the controls. Meanwhile after the dialysis therapy it rose, which may be due to the improvement of the work of Na, K-ATPase in the red blood cell membrane. It is suggested that the decline of the activity of Na, K-ATPase in CRF patients is likely to be related to the inhibition of the enzyme by digoxin-like factor. Based on an analysis of the data obtained it is recommended that, Na, K-ATPase be used as an effective criterion for estimation of the treatment adequacy or delineation of indications for hemodialysis in children suffering from CRF.

[The role of middle-weight molecules in the pathogenesis of late pregnancy toxemia]. / Rol' molekul srednei massy v patogeneze pozdnego toksikoza beremennykh.

Serum levels of plasma-derived toxic protein components, the median weight molecules (MWM), have been assayed in 206 women with third-trimester pregnancy and in their newborns. Toxemia of various severity was present in 194 women and had developed in the presence of an extragenital disease in 84.2% (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, essential hypertension, etc.). Concentrations of MWM were found to increase with deterioration of renal function and to correlate with severity of nephropathy. In every second pregnancy with toxemia, interventions included extracorporeal detoxication: ultraviolet-irradiated blood autotransfusion (UIBA) and hemosorption. The rates of intra- and postpartum complications or requirement for surgery were 1.5-2-fold lower in these patients, and their newborns has better neonatal progress. Perinatal mortality of these patients was two times as low as that in the rest of the population (31.9:1000 versus 62.6:1000). The use of UIBA is recommended for mild and moderate toxemia and in combination with hemosorption for severe nephropathy.

[Postoperative disorders of the hemostasis system in children]. / Narusheniia v sisteme gemostaza v posleoperatsionnom periode u detei.

Under examination there were 100 healthy children and 407 children operated upon for different surgical diseases. An analysis of 1585 electrocoagulograms was performed with a computer. New integral parameters of hemostasis were developed. Their quantitation is given in norm and pathology. A new classification of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and corresponding schemes of treatment of alterations in the hemostasis system are proposed.

[Nature of the organic lesions in uremic poisoning]. / Priroda organnykh porazhenii pri uremicheskoi intoksikatsii.

It was shown that a set of substances with median and low molecular weight obtained in sick children with chronic renal insufficiency by the method of ultrafiltration possessed pronounced biological activity. When injected to experimental animals they decreased the renal and hepatic arterial blood flow, caused microcirculatory alterations in vitally important organs, increased vascular permeability and activity of lysosomal enzymes.

[Autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood in the treatment of suppurative peritonitis in children]. / Autotransfuziia UFO krovi v lechenii gnoinogo peritonita u detei.

The inclusion of autotransfusions of the UV-irradiated blood in the complex of therapeutic measures for the treatment of children with peritonitis resulted in substantial shortening of the time of treatment and in a less volume of the infusion therapy. The autotransfusion of the UV-irradiated blood brings about positive dynamics of the ABC of blood, the content of immunoglobulins in plasma becomes normal within 5-6 days. The non-specific resistance factors were found to be activated.

[Transfusiologic technics for the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure in the DIC syndrome in children]. / Transfuziologicheskie metody profilaktiki i lecheniia ostroi pochechnoi nedostatochnosti pri DVS-sindrome u detei.

Experiences with the treatment of 38 children with acute renal insufficiency owing to the hemolytico-uremic syndrome suggest that the combination of hemolysis and hemosorption at early stages of the disease brings about a rapid elimination of uremic toxins, "middle" molecules included. The authors consider the content of the "middle" molecules in the plasma to be the most informative index showing the severity of the condition, hemosorption being the most effective method against endotoxicosis.

[Effect of calcium on glycogen synthetase activity in skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens]. / Vliianie kal'tsiia na glikogensintetaznuiu aktivnost'v skeletnykh i serdechnoi myshtsakh kurinykh embrionov tsypliat.

The effect of calcium on the glycogensynthetase activity was studied in the skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens. Under in vitro conditions the effect of calcium on the enzymes in the myocardium is detected from the 12th day of embryonic development and is pronounced in a significant decrease of the activity in its both forms. The same effect in the skeletal muscles is observed only from the 16th day of embryonic life. In chickens calcium also causes a significant decrease in the activity of the two forms of glycogensynthetase both in skeletal muscles and myocardium. The effects of calcium found in the in vitro experiments are reproduced under in vivo conditions as well. The coincidence is established between the time of appearance of sensitivity of the glycogensynthetase system to calcium and formation of the Ca-transport function of sarcoplasmic reticulum in these muscles. Possible participation of calcium as an intermediary in realization of the cathecholamine action on the glycogensynthetase system is discussed.

[Activity of serum sodium, potassium and calcium in vertebrates]. / Aktivnost' natriia, kaliia i kal'tsiia v syvorotke krovi pozvonochnykh

In all the animals studied (the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, teleosts Onchorhynchus nerka, O. kisutch, Limanda aspera, Salvelinus malma, frog Rana ridibunda, tortoise Agryonemys horsfieldi, hen, albino rat) and man, sodium and potassium were found in the blood serum in a free form, both before and after the addition of their salts in vitro. The initial level of active Ca varies within 20--42% of its total content in the serum. Significant interspecific differences were found with respect to the degree of Ca binding by albumin.