Million-year lag times in a post-orogenic sediment conveyor.

Understanding how sediment transport and storage will delay, attenuate, and even erase the erosional signal of tectonic and climatic forcings has bearing on our ability to read and interpret the geologic record effectively. Here, we estimate sediment transit times in Australia's largest river system, the Murray-Darling basin, by measuring downstream changes in cosmogenic 26Al/10Be/14C ratios in modern river sediment. Results show that the sediments have experienced multiple episodes of burial and reexposure, with cumulative lag times exceeding 1 Ma in the downstream reaches of the Murray and Darling rivers. Combined with low sediment supply rates and old sediment blanketing the landscape, we posit that sediment recycling in the Murray-Darling is an important and ongoing process that will substantially delay and alter signals of external environmental forcing transmitted from the sediment's hinterland.

Timelines of the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" models of stone-formation: theoretical and experimental investigations.

Two major theories on renal stone formation will be reviewed, the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" mechanisms. These theories combine data on intrinsic factors (inborn metabolic errors), extrinsic factors (diet), renal cell responses and the physico-chemistry and biochemistry of urine into mechanisms of stone formation. This paper describes the specific role of time in both mechanisms. The timeline of crystal- and stone formation was deducted from literature data and was measured for two stones using radioisotope decay analysis. The stones of similar size and composition showed, respectively, a timeline of a few years and a development that took decades. In combination with data on stone architecture and patient characteristics these timelines are explained using the free-particle and fixed-particle mechanisms. Consideration of the timeline of stone formation has clinical implications. We conclude that the fixed-particle mechanism can be a slow process where decades pass between the first formation of a precipitate in the renal interstitium and the clinical presentation of the stone. Added to the fact that the mechanism of this initial precipitation is still ill defined, the conditions that started fixed-particle stone formation in an individual patient can be obscure. Blood and urine analysis in such patients does not necessarily reveal the individual's risk for recurrence as lifestyle may have changed over time. This is in fact what defines the so-called idiopathic stoneformers. For these patients, prevention of outgrowth of previously formed precipitates, papillary plaques, may be more relevant than prevention of new plaque formation. In contrast, a patient who has formed a stone in a relatively short time through the free-particle mechanism is more likely to show abnormal values in blood and urine that explain the starting event of stone formation. In these patients, measurement of such values provides useful information to guide preventive measures.

[Regulatory effect of complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides on murine macrophages infected with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

AIM: To study the effect of complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (CNCAP) included in preparation Superlymph on growth of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CN-37 on the modem of murine peritoneal macrophages (MPh) cultivated in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effect of CNCAP on peritoneal MPh of tuberculosis-susceptible mice C57BL/6 infected by M. tuberculosis CN-37 was studied using ex vivo model. Macrophages were preliminary incubated with CNCAP during one day. M. tuberculosis growth was assessed on 7th day by PCR. RESULTS: Preliminary incubation of infected MPh with CNCAP resulted in inhibition of M. tuberculosis CN-37 growth. CONCLUSION: Superlymph activates macrophages which lead to enhanced bactericidal action of MPh on M. tuberculosis CN-37.

[The cardiac activity in patients with liver cirrhosis based on the data from 24-hour ECG monitoring]. / Sostoianie serdechnoi deiatel'nosti u bol'nykh tsirrozom pecheni po dannym sutochnogo EKG-monitorirovaniia.

24-h ECG monitoring was performed in healthy subjects and patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Abnormalities rare in healthy individuals and frequent in the patients were registered. Cirrhosis patients presented marked changes in time parameters of cardiac performance.

[The use of finoptin and alpha-tocopherol in patients with stable exertional stenocardia]. / Primenenie finoptina i al'fa-tokoferola ubol'nykh stabil'noi stenokardiei napriazheniia.

A study of 59 patients of stable exertion stenocardia (functional class III) revealed an increased content of lipid hydroperoxide in lipoproteids of low and very low density that was associated with an increased level of malonic dialdehyde in of their functional activity, in particular, during physical loads. Finoptin monotherapy did not effect essentially the level of hydroperoxides in lipoproteids of low density, malonic dialdehyde in thrombocytes. Combination of finoptin and alpha-tocopherol reduced essentially the processes of lipid peroxidation, reducing, thus, the functional activity of thrombocytes at rest and loads.

[Effect of antisynaptosome antibodies on the metabolism of synaptosomal proteins]. / Izuchenie vliianiia antisinaptosomal'nykh antitel na obmen sinaptosomal'nykh belkov.

The authors studied the effect of intraventricular injection of antisynaptosomal gamma-globulin on the protein of synaptosomal proteins in the rat brain cortex. The effect was assesed according to the protein specific radioactivity 2 and 3 hours after injection into animals of 14C-protein hydrolysate of Chlorella. Injection of antisynaptosomal gamma-globulin provoked an increase and reduction in the specific radioactivity of the proteins under study 2 and 3 hours, respectively, after labeled precursor injection. It is assumed that interaction of synaptosomal antibodies with protein synaptosomal antigens produces intense decay of antigens, leading to activation of their synthesis.

[Protein metabolism by rat brain synaptosomes during learning]. / Izuchenie obmena belkov sinaptosom golovnogo mozga krys pri obuchenii.

The synthesis and degradation of rat brain synaptosomal proteins were studied in three groups of animals: trained the behaviour pattern in the maze, "pseudo-trained" and control. These processes were assessed from protein specific radioactivity after 1, 3 days and after 1, 3, 6 and 9 weeks following intraventricular injection of 14C-lysine. The experiments showed three fractions differing in overall values of half-life (T50). An increase in specific radioactivity of brain proteins of trained animals was revealed as compared to that in "pseudo-trained" and control rats. T50 was recorded to rise for slow-metabolizing fractions of synaptosomal proteins of trained rats. Participation of synaptosomal proteins in the mechanisms of long-term memory is discussed.

[Metabolism of rat brain nonhistone proteins following alteration of nervous system function and training]. / Obmen negistonovykh belkov golovnogo mozga krys pri izmenenii funktsii nervnoi sistemy i obuchenii.

Metabolism of total nonhistone nuclear proteins (NNP) of the rat brain was studied in three groups of animals: trained, pseudotrained and control. Protein synthesis and degradation were estimated by determining NNP specific radioactivity 1, 3, 6 and 9 weeks after the precursor, 14C-lysine, injection. The experimental results indicate that there are two fractions of NNP which differ in their metabolic rates. The half-life of the first "short-living" group of proteins is 5-10 days and that of the second "long-living" one is 18-21 days. It is shown that there is a significant difference in specific radioactivity and metabolic rate between the "short-living" fractions of NNP isolated from the brains of trained or pseudotrained rats, on the one hand, and control rats, on the other hand. Possible participation of the brain total nonhistone nuclear proteins in the mechanisms of alterations of the central nervous system function and learning is discussed.