RESUMO
Spatial learning and memory deficits in the APP23 transgenic mice have mainly been studied using the Morris water maze (MWM). However learning in the MWM relies on swimming abilities and may be confounded by the stressful nature of this test. We have therefore assessed spatial learning and memory in 12-month-old APP23 using a dry-land maze test developed by Barnes. Mice were given daily learning trials for a total of 41 successive days. After a 12-day interval the mice were re-tested for 4 additional days in order to examine the spatial memory retention. Immediately following this phase, reversal learning was examined for 13 additional days by moving the escape tunnel to the opposite position. During the initial learning phase, APP23 mice showed a significantly longer latency to find the escape tunnel as well as an increased number of errors compared to non-transgenic littermates. These deficits appeared to be due to a delay in switching from a "no strategy" to a spatial strategy. Indeed, this same delay in the use of spatial strategy was observed in the reversal phase of the study. Our results suggest that impairments in APP23 mice in learning and memory maze tests may be due to a specific deficit in the use of spatial strategy.
Assuntos
Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Resolução de Problemas/fisiologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Comportamento Espacial/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Análise de Variância , Animais , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Masculino , Memória/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
In order to evaluate the resolving power of several typing methods to identify relatedness among Brazilian strains of Enterobacter cloacae, we selected twenty isolates from different patients on three wards of a University Hospital (Orthopedics, Nephrology, and Hematology). Traditional phenotyping methods applied to isolates included biotyping, antibiotic sensitivity, phage-typing, and O-serotyping. Plasmid profile analysis, ribotyping, and macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used as genotyping methods. Sero- and phage-typing were not useful since the majority of isolates could not be subtyped by these methods. Biotyping, antibiogram and plasmid profile permitted us to classify the samples into different groups depending on the method used, and consequently were not reliable. Ribotyping and PFGE were significantly correlated with the clinical epidemiological analysis. PFGE did not type strains containing nonspecific DNase. Ribotyping was the most discriminative method for typing Brazilian isolates of E. cloacae
Assuntos
Humanos , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Enterobacter cloacae/classificação , Enterobacter cloacae/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Enterobacter cloacae/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/transmissão , Genótipo , Fenótipo , SorotipagemRESUMO
In order to evaluate the resolving power of several typing methods to identify relatedness among Brazilian strains of Enterobacter cloacae, we selected twenty isolates from different patients on three wards of a University Hospital (Orthopedics, Nephrology, and Hematology). Traditional phenotyping methods applied to isolates included biotyping, antibiotic sensitivity, phage-typing, and O-serotyping. Plasmid profile analysis, ribotyping, and macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used as genotyping methods. Sero- and phage-typing were not useful since the majority of isolates could not be subtyped by these methods. Biotyping, antibiogram and plasmid profile permitted us to classify the samples into different groups depending on the method used, and consequently were not reliable. Ribotyping and PFGE were significantly correlated with the clinical epidemiological analysis. PFGE did not type strains containing nonspecific DNase. Ribotyping was the most discriminative method for typing Brazilian isolates of E. cloacae.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Enterobacter cloacae/classificação , Enterobacter cloacae/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Enterobacter cloacae/genética , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/transmissão , Genótipo , Humanos , FenótipoAssuntos
Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Prolactina/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Apomorfina/farmacologia , Clorpromazina/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Levodopa/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tireotropina/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador de Tireotropina/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
In 2 adult male patients with 49 chromosomes, an XXXXY sex chromosome constitution was confirmed by trypsin-Giemsa banding sites. Clinical findings as well as fingerprint ridge counts were typical of the syndrome. Primary hypogonadism was documented by finding low serum testosterone and raised serum LH and FSH levels. Several radiological abnormalities, not previously described in this syndrome, were seen in 1 patient.
