Cancer-associated fibroblasts subtypes and role in invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), an important cell type in the tumor microenvironment, play an important role in GC development. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of CAFs' heterogeneity and their role in GC invasion and metastasis. Currently, CAF-targeted cancer therapies are being rapidly explored and developed. However, the heterogeneity of CAFs limits the application of this therapy, so it is urgent to find specific markers and divide them into different subpopulations. With the development of single-cell RNA sequencing technology, researchers have used this technology to classify CAFs in many tumors, but whether it is applicable to GC and other tumors needs further study. And we believe that this technology will be in the near future utilized to sort CAFs on the basis of different cell markers and functions, so as to target tumor-promoting CAFs and inhibit tumor progression. Targeting CAFs by cell surface markers or normalizing the activated CAFs subsets may be an effective therapy, alone or in combination with other therapeutic approaches for GC treatment. Therefore, in the coming decades, the interaction between CAFs and GC cells will be still the focus of our research.

In vivo biocompatibility evaluation of Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1wt%)Ag implants in New Zealand rabbits.

Bio-absorbable Zn alloys have been attractive replacements for the traditionally permanent implants due to their reasonable mechanical strength and elongation, degradation rate, and biocompatibility. The hybridization addition of Mg and Ag elements could greatly improve the mechanical properties and antibacterial ability of Zn, respectively. In the present paper, in vivo biocompatibility for the Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag implants in New Zealand rabbit was qualitatively evaluated during the implantation periods of 4, 12, and 24 weeks. The blood serum biochemical parameters and in vivo integrity of the implants in the live rabbits were monitored by using clinical chemistry analyzing and X-ray radiographic imaging techniques during the implantation process, respectively. There is no great difference in the serum biochemical indicator between the implanted rabbits and the control group. Especially the levels of serum Zn and serum Mg normalize after implantation of 24 weeks. The interfacial adherence between the implants and newly formed bones, and the histopathological morphology of heart, liver, and kidney were observed morphologically under the microscope. The new bones formed and grew surrounding the implants after 12 weeks' post-operation, which were well joined with the original cortical bones after post-implantation of 24 weeks. The heart, liver and kidney were not negatively influenced as evidenced from the serum biochemical indicators and morphologies of the tissues. Zn-0.05Mg-(0, 0.5, 1 wt%) Ag alloys are proved to be in vivo biocompatible and potential candidates for the biodegradable medical implants.

Synergistically enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction by ruthenium nanoparticles dispersed on N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres.

Ultrafine Ru nanoparticles dispersed on 3D N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres were firstly prepared by a feasible templating strategy. Due to the synergistic effect of the unique composite and structure, the resulting nanocomposite as a HER catalyst shows extraordinary electrocatalytic performance, superior to that of commercial Pt-C and most previously reported electrocatalysts.

Ruthenium Nanoparticles Anchored on Graphene Hollow Nanospheres Superior to Platinum for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media.

The design and construction of highly efficient and stable Pt-free catalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is extremely desirable. Herein, a novel hybrid of ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles anchored on graphene hollow nanospheres (GHSs) is synthesized by a template-assisted strategy. The combination of ultrafine Ru nanoparticles and hollow spherical support endows the resultant Ru/GHSs an extraordinary catalytic performance with a low overpotential of 24.4 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 34.8 mV dec-1, as well as long-term stability in 1.0 M KOH solution, which is, to our knowledge, superior to commercial 20% Pt-C catalyst and most of the state-of-the-art HER electrocatalysts reported. Remarkably, this work provides a new route for the development of other metal-based HER electrocatalysts for energy-related applications.

Association between P2RY12 gene polymorphisms and adverse clinical events in coronary artery disease patients treated with clopidogrel: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the association between P2Y12 Purinoceptor (P2RY12) polymorphisms and adverse clinical events in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients treated with clopidogrel. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive database search, with a particular focus on P2RY12 polymorphisms and their effects on clopidogrel-treated CAD patients, in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, and Chinese databases from their inceptions to April 8, 2017. The primary endpoints were composite ischemic events (including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemic events), the secondary endpoints were independent cardiovascular events (mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, unstable angina, and target vessel revascularization) and the safety endpoints were bleeding events. RESULTS: Overall 10 studies and 10,810 clopidogrel-treated CAD patients were studied in the present work. Subjects of the common alleles of P2RY12 polymorphisms showed higher risk for composite ischemic events compared to non-carriers (n = 434 of 3268[13.3%] vs. n = 646 of 6133[10.5%]; RR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.14-1.69; p = 0.001). These allele carriers also showed increased risk for stent thrombosis (RR: 2.67, 95%CI: 1.03-6.91; p = 0.04), myocardial infarction (RR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.06-2.42; p = 0.03), and unstable angina (RR: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.37-2.16; p < 0.00001) (vs. non-carriers). There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of mortality risk, target vessel revascularization or bleeding (p = 0.29; p = 0.48, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: P2RY12 gene polymorphisms might associate with higher risk of composite ischemic events, stent thrombosis, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina. While we found no significant effect on mortality, target vessel revascularization or bleeding.

Genetic mutations in PEAR1 associated with cardiovascular outcomes in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between PEAR1 (platelet endothelial aggregation receptor-1) polymorphisms and cardiovascular outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. METHODS: We genotyped eight common PEAR1 SNPs (rs2768759, rs12566888, rs12041331, rs11264579, rs2644592, rs822441, rs822442, and rs4661012), also CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) and CYP2C19*3 (rs4986893) in 196 Chinese patients with ACS. We assessed the association between PEAR1 polymorphisms and platelet inhibition rate (PIR) measured by thromboelastography (TEG). The ischemic events over 12 months were recorded, and the relationship between PEAR1 polymorphisms and ischemic events was analyzed. RESULTS: Genetic mutations in rs822441, rs822442, and CYP2C19⁎2/⁎3 alleles were significantly associated with a decrease in PIR induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Carriers of the T allele in rs11264579 were less likely to have ischemic events compared with non-carriers (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.30-0.94, P = .031). By contrast, carriers of the A allele in rs822442 had increased risk of ischemic events (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.02-3.24, P = .043). However, these significant associations disappeared after controlling family-wise error rate. CONCLUSIONS: For Chinese patients with ACS treated with aspirin and clopidogrel, genetic mutations in rs822441/rs822442 in PEAR1 correlated significantly with platelet activity after adjusting for CYP2C19 *2/*3 alleles. The rs11264579 T allele might be a protective factor for ischemic events; rs11264579, rs822441, and rs822442 might be genetic markers worthy of further research.

[Rule of Clinical Application of Auricular Acupuncture Based on Data Mining].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the rule of clinical application of auricular acupuncture therapy by data mining in order to guide clinical practice. METHODS: The data base about single auricular acupuncture therapy for different clinical diseases was established by collection, sorting, screening, recording, collation, data extraction, statistic analysis on data samples from journals, academic theses dissertations published in near 60 years. The application rules of auricular therapy including its predominant diseases, stimulus modality, therapeutic effect, and angle of needling were summarized by data mining technique. RESULTS: Auricular acupuncture therapy has been widely and mostly used in the internal medicine department, accounting for 48.56%. Of stimulus modalities, auricular point paste and pressure is applied with the highest frequency, accounting for 64%. The highest effective rate is found in the surgery department diseases(81.41%). Pressure is the most effective stimulus in the internal medi-cine department, and bloodletting combined with paste and pressure in the surgery department, auricular point injection in the gynecology and pediatrics departments, bloodletting in the ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology department, and auricular point incision in the dermatology department. Auricular point injection has remarkable effect. Bloodletting combined with paste and pressure has nearly the same effect as bloodletting in the same medical department except dematology department. Otherwise, angle of needling is rarely studied. CONCLUSIONS: Auricular therapy is widely used and has remarkable effect in treating diseases by using different stimulus modalities. Whereas the angle of needling is rarely studied and future investigation is needed.

[Research of Characteristics of Stimulation Methods and Application of Acupoint in Auricular Needle Therapy Based on Data Mining].

In the present paper, using data mining technology,the authors downloaded information from databases on auricular needle therapy, and obtained data samples from journals and academic dissertations involving the application of auricular needle therapy to treat diseases, and then screened, audited, and extracted the data and performed a statistical analysis. The authors extracted data on the application of auricular needle therapy in the stimulation methods of medicine (needling instrument), selection of the side of ear to treat disease and the number of times the ear was pressed per day and the compression time. In the stimulation methods, the needling instrument varied, the seeds of cowherb Semen Vaccariae were applied in 60.89% of the total stimulation methods. The number of times the ear was pressed per day and the compression time in the clinic were optional. The main points in auricular needle therapy were the contralateral side; there was no significant difference in the effect of a single side or both sides of the ear to treat disease.

Haplotype of platelet receptor P2RY12 gene is associated with residual clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible association between common variations of the P2RY12 and the residual clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity after adjusting for the influence of CYP2C19 tested by thromboelastography (TEG). METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with clopidogrel and aspirin were included and platelet function was assessed by TEG. Five selected P2RY12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs6798347, rs6787801, rs6801273, rs6785930, and rs2046934), which cover the common variations in the P2RY12 gene and its regulatory regions, and three CYP2C19 SNPs (*2,*3,*17) were genotyped and possible haplotypes were analyzed. RESULTS: The high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) prevalence defined by a platelet inhibition rate <30% by TEG in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-channel was 69 (38.33%). Six common haplotypes were inferred from four of the selected P2RY12 SNPs (denoted H0 to H5) according to the linkage disequilibrium R square (except for rs2046934). Haplotype H1 showed a significantly lower incidence of HTPR than the reference haplotype (H0) in the total study population while haplotypes H1 and H2 showed significantly lower incidences of HTPR than H0 in the nonsmoker subgroup after adjusting for CYP2C19 effects and demographic characteristics. rs2046934 (T744C) did not show any significant association with HTPR. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of common P2RY12 variations including regulatory regions rather than rs2046934 (T744C) that related to pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in patients with ACS was independently associated with residual on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity. This is apart from the established association of the CYP2C19. This association seemed more important in the subgroup defined by smoking.

[Basic Regularities and Characteristics of Compound Reinforcing--reducing Manipulation of Acu- puncture Revealed by Data Mining].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the regularities and features of compound reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture filiform needles in the treatment of clinical conditions or diseases by using data mining technique, so as to guide clinical practice. METHODS: At first, the data base about the reinforcing-reducing manipulation (CRRM) of filiform needles for different clinical problems was established by collection, sorting, screening, recording, collation, data extraction of the related original papers published in journals and conferences and related academic dissertations from Jan. 1 of 1950 to Jan. 31 of 2015 by using key words of "acupuncture" "moxibustion" "needling" "filiform needle", and according to the included and excluded standards. RESULTS: A total of 130 835 papers met the included standards were collected. Outcomes of data mining in the present study showed that (1) the ORRM is most frequently applied in the internal medicine, followed by surgery, gynecology, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, dermatology, and pediatrics, successively, mostly for lumbago and leg pain; (2) the heat-producing needling manipulation is the most frequently applied technique, followed by cool-producing needling, dragon-tiger warring, yang occluding in yin, yin occluding in yang techniques; (3) the highest effective rate of CRRM is for problems of the pediatrics, followed by those of the internal medicine, surgery, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, dermatology, and gynecology; (4) the most fre- quently used acupoints are Zusanli (ST 36), then Sanyinjiao (SP 6), stimulated by heat-producing needling, and Zusanli (ST 36), then Quchi (LI 11), stimulated by cool-producing needling, and Huantiao (GB 30), stimulated by dragon-tiger warring needling. CONCLUSION: The compound reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture is most frequently applied to problems in the inter- nal medicine, predominately for lumbago and leg pain, and the best effectiveness is for pediatric conditions. The heat-producing needling and cool-producing needling are most frequently applied at Zusanli (ST 36) and the dragon-tiger warring manipulation is most frequently applied at Huantiao (GB 30).

Establishment and application of Chinese Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory norms in Chongqing, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the Chinese Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) norms in Chongqing, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PEDI (English version) was translated into Chinese and proof read by back-translation. A total of 1 140 children stratified by age were randomly selected from Chongqing and evaluated by the Chinese version of the PEDI. The obtained data were statistically analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 1 140 questionnaires, 1 075 (94.3%) were valid. The data showed that the raw and scale scores of PEDI increased with age, but the standard scores did not increase with age. The raw, scale, and standard scores on self-care and social function scales were significantly lower than American PEDI norms in some age periods (P<0.05), but the raw, scale, and standard scores on mobility scale were not significantly different from American norms (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The PEDI norms in Chongqing have been successfully established, and can be used to assess the daily function in children, judge the degree of daily function impairment, evaluate the effect of rehabilitation training, and make the rehabilitation plan for disabled children.</p>