Understanding the multi-functionality and tissue-specificity of decellularized dental pulp matrix hydrogels for endodontic regeneration.

Dental pulp is the only soft tissue in the tooth which plays a crucial role in maintaining intrinsic multi-functional behaviors of the dentin-pulp complex. Nevertheless, the restoration of fully functional pulps after pulpitis or pulp necrosis, termed endodontic regeneration, remained a major challenge for decades. Therefore, a bioactive and in-situ injectable biomaterial is highly desired for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration. Herein, a decellularized matrix hydrogel derived from porcine dental pulps (pDDPM-G) was prepared and characterized through systematic comparison against the porcine decellularized nerve matrix hydrogel (pDNM-G). The pDDPM-G not only exhibited superior capabilities in facilitating multi-directional differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) during 3D culture, but also promoted regeneration of pulp-like tissues after DPSCs encapsulation and transplantation. Further comparative proteomic and transcriptome analyses revealed the differential compositions and potential mechanisms that endow the pDDPM-G with highly tissue-specific properties. Finally, it was realized that the abundant tenascin C (TNC) in pDDPM served as key factor responsible for the activation of Notch signaling cascades and promoted DPSCs odontoblastic differentiation. Overall, it is believed that pDDPM-G is a sort of multi-functional and tissue-specific hydrogel-based material that holds great promise in endodontic regeneration and clinical translation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Functional hydrogel-based biomaterials are highly desirable for endodontic regeneration treatments. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) preserves most extracellular matrix components of its native tissue, exhibiting unique advantages in promoting tissue regeneration and functional restoration. In this study, we prepared a porcine dental pulp-derived dECM hydrogel (pDDPM-G), which exhibited superior performance in promoting odontogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis of the regenerating pulp-like tissue, further showed its tissue-specificity compared to the peripheral nerve-derived dECM hydrogel. In-depth proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the activation of tenascin C-Notch axis played an important role in facilitating odontogenic regeneration. This biomaterial-based study validated the great potential of the dental pulp-specific pDDPM-G for clinical applications, and provides a springboard for research strategies in ECM-related regenerative medicine.

Real-Time 3D Tracking of Multi-Particle in the Wide-Field Illumination Based on Deep Learning.

In diverse realms of research, such as holographic optical tweezer mechanical measurements, colloidal particle motion state examinations, cell tracking, and drug delivery, the localization and analysis of particle motion command paramount significance. Algorithms ranging from conventional numerical methods to advanced deep-learning networks mark substantial strides in the sphere of particle orientation analysis. However, the need for datasets has hindered the application of deep learning in particle tracking. In this work, we elucidated an efficacious methodology pivoted toward generating synthetic datasets conducive to this domain that resonates with robustness and precision when applied to real-world data of tracking 3D particles. We developed a 3D real-time particle positioning network based on the CenterNet network. After conducting experiments, our network has achieved a horizontal positioning error of 0.0478 µm and a z-axis positioning error of 0.1990 µm. It shows the capability to handle real-time tracking of particles, diverse in dimensions, near the focal plane with high precision. In addition, we have rendered all datasets cultivated during this investigation accessible.

Ultralow Glassy Thermal Conductivity and Controllable, Promising Thermoelectric Properties in Crystalline o-CsCu5S3.

We thoroughly investigated the anharmonic lattice dynamics and microscopic mechanisms of the thermal and electronic transport characteristics in orthorhombic o-CsCu5S3 at the atomic level. Taking into account the phonon energy shifts and the wave-like tunneling phonon channel, we predict an ultralow κL of 0.42 w/mK at 300 K with an extremely weak temperature dependence following ∼T-0.33. These findings agree well with experimental values along with the parallel to the Bridgman growth direction. The κL in o-CsCu5S3 is suppressed down to the amorphous limit, primarily due to the unconventional Cu-S bonding induced by the p-d hybridization antibonding state coupled with the stochastic oscillation of Cs atoms. The nonstandard temperature dependence of κL can be traced back to the critical or dominant role of wave-like tunneling of phonon contributions in thermal transport. Moreover, the p-d hybridization of Cu(3)-S bonding results in the formation of a valence band with "pudding-mold" and high-degeneracy valleys, ensuring highly efficient electron transport characteristics. By properly adjusting the carrier concentration, excellent thermoelectric performance is achieved with a maximum thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 18.4% observed at 800 K in p-type o-CsCu5S3. Our work not only elucidates the anomalous electronic and thermal transport behavior in the copper-based chalcogenide o-CsCu5S3 but also provides insights for manipulating its thermal and electronic properties for potential thermoelectric applications.

Involvement of nucleus accumbens SERCA2b in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psycho-stimulant that induces addictive behaviour by stimulating increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport ATPases (SERCA or ATP2A) is a calcium ion (Ca2+) pump in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. SERCA2b is a SERCA subtype mainly distributed in the central nervous system. This study used conditioned place preference (CPP), a translational drug reward model, to observe the effects of SERCA and SERCA2b on METH-CPP in mice. Result suggested that the activity of SERCA was significantly decreased in NAc after METH-CPP. Intraperitoneal SERCA agonist CDN1163 injection or bilateral CDN1163 microinjection in the NAc inhibited METH-CPP formation. SERCA2b overexpression by the Adeno-associated virus can reduce the DA release of NAc and inhibit METH-CPP formation. Although microinjection of SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin in the bilateral NAc did not significantly aggravate METH-CPP, interference with SERCA2b expression in NAc by adeno-associated virus increased DA release and promoted METH-CPP formation. METH reduced the SERCA ability to transport Ca2+ into the ER in SHSY5Y cells in vitro, which was reversed by CDN1163. This study revealed that METH dysregulates intracellular calcium balance by downregulating SERCA2b function, increasing DA release in NAc and inducing METH-CPP formation. Drugs that target SERCA2b may have the potential to treat METH addiction.

Novel room-temperature full-Heusler thermoelectric material Li2TlSb.

High lattice thermal conductivity stemming from the intrinsically ordered crystal and strong interatomic bonds tends to be seen as the bottleneck for achieving excellent thermoelectric properties in full-Heusler (FH) semiconductors. In this work, we propose a novel Li-based FH compound Li2TlSb by substituting one Li atom with a Tl atom in Li3Sb. Then we systematically investigated its transport and thermoelectric properties based on self-consistent phonon (SCP) theory, electron-phonon scattering, and the Boltzmann transport equation. The theoretical calculation confirms that it exhibits outstanding mechanical properties and extreme environment adaptability. Surprisingly, the combination of an unexpectedly high spatial degeneracy and light electron dispersion at valence bands results in a high power factor in p-type systems. Additionally, the rattling behavior governed by the Tl atom and resonant bonding is responsible for ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity with 0.79 W m-1 K-1 at room temperature. Finally, a maximum p-type ZT value of 1.77 at 300 K has been achieved, which surpasses those of most of the traditional thermoelectric (TE) materials. Our results demonstrate that Li2TlSb serves as a potential candidate for room-temperature thermoelectric materials and simultaneously provides new insights for rationally designing novel FH materials in the future.

A multi-omic assessment of the mechanisms of intestinal microbes used to treat diarrhea in early-weaned lambs.

Transplant of donor microbiota can significantly alter the structure of the host's intestinal microbiota and alleviate early weaning stress. Screening for alternative-resistant products by transplanting fecal bacteria from healthy lambs is a current research trend in the livestock industry. In the present study, fecal microbiota transplantation was performed in lambs with diarrhea during early weaning. The transplanted fecal microbiota greatly reduced the diarrhea and serum inflammatory factor levels caused by early weaning. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that fecal microbiota transplantation alleviated colonic inflammation and increased the expression of colonic ion transport proteins. In addition, the levels of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia Shigella decreased in the jejunum, cecum, and colon of the lambs; meanwhile, the levels of Bifidobacterium and multiple secondary bile acids, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, increased in the colon. Furthermore, the abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly negatively correlated with the diarrhea index. The fecal microbiota transplantation reshaped the intestinal microbiota of early-weaned lambs, protected the intestinal physiology and immune barrier, and reduced weaning stress. In addition to making available bacteriological products for controlling intestinal inflammation in young lambs, this study offers a theoretical framework and technical system for the mechanisms by which microbiota transplantation regulates intestinal health in young lambs.IMPORTANCEBefore weaning, the digestive system of lambs is not well developed; hence, its resistance to infectious diseases is weak. Under intensive feeding systems, lambs can easily be stressed and the risk of bacterial infection is high, which causes diarrhea, which in turn may cause mortality and significant economic losses to the livestock industry. With the elimination of antibiotics in animal feed, the incidence of mortality due to intestinal illnesses in lambs has gradually increased. There are several types of probiotics routinely used in young animals, but the effects and processes of their usage have only been assessed in monogastric animals. The lack of data on ruminants, particularly sheep, has severely hampered the process of efficient and healthy sheep breeding. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe functional supplements for lambs.

TFAP2C Activates CST1 Transcription to Facilitate Breast Cancer Progression and Suppress Ferroptosis.

Cystatin SN (CST1) appears to have pro-tumor effects in breast cancer (BC) and is involved in ferroptosis; however, there is no report on the regulation of ferroptosis by CST1 for BC development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functions and mechanisms operated by CST1 in BC development and ferroptosis. Transcription Factor Activator Protein 2γ (TFAP2C) and CST1 levels in BC tissues and estrogen receptor (ER)+ cells were quantified by RT-qPCR and western blotting. After knocking down TFAP2C and CST1 expression in MCF7 and T47D cells, the proliferation, colony formation ability, apoptosis, and cell cycle were assessed. Ferroptosis was verified by detecting glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) levels. The kits were used to test Fe2+, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, and ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed through transmission electron microscope. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation test were carried out to investigate the interaction of TFAP2C and CST1. A transplanted tumor model was established to explore the function of TFAP2C in tumorigenesis by quantifying TFAP2C, CST1, Ki67, and GPX4 levels through western blotting and immunochemistry after silencing TFAP2C. TFAP2C and CST1 were predominantly expressed in BC cells. Silencing of TFAP2C or CST1 expression suppressed ER+ BC cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis and ferroptosis, and blocked cell cycle transition from G1 phase to S phase. TFAP2C knockdown in transplanted tumors inhibited tumor growth and GPX4 level. Upregulating CST1 nullified the anti-tumor effects of TFAP2C knockdown and TFAP2C promoted CST1 expression through transcription activation. TFAP2C activates CST1 transcription to facilitate BC development and block ferroptosis.

Edwardsiella tarda Causing Septicemia in a Wild Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon).

An adult Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) was found moribund in the Qinling area of China. Postmortem examination and histopathological analysis revealed lung inflammation and multi-organ hemorrhage. Bacterial isolation and whole-genome sequencing confirmed Edwardsiella tarda infection.

Humification levels of dissolved organic matter in the eastern plain lakes of China based on long-term satellite observations.

Under the influence of intensive human activities and global climate change, the sources and compositions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the eastern plain lake (EPL) region in China have fluctuated sharply. It has been successfully proven that the humification index (HIX), which can be derived from three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, can be an effective proxy for the sources and compositions of DOM. Therefore, combined with remote sensing technology, the sources and compositions of DOM can be tracked on a large scale by associating the HIX with optically active components. Here, we proposed a novel HIX remote sensing retrieval (IRHIX) model suitable for Landsat series sensors based on the comprehensive analysis of the covariation mechanism between HIX and optically active components in different water types. The validation results showed that the model runs well on the independent validation dataset and the satellite-ground synchronous sampling dataset, with an uncertainty ranging from 30.85 % to 36.92 % (average ± standard deviation = 33.6 % ± 3.07 %). The image-derived HIX revealed substantial spatiotemporal variations in the sources and compositions of DOM in 474 lakes in the EPL during 1986-2021. Subsequently, we obtained three long-term change modes of the HIX trend, namely, significant decline, gentle change, and significant rise, accounting for 74.68 %, 17.09 %, and 8.23 % of the lake number, respectively. The driving factor analysis showed that human activities had the most extensive influence on the DOM humification level. In addition, we also found that the HIX increased slightly with increasing lake area (R2 = 0.07, P < 0.05) or significantly with decreasing trophic state (R2 = 0.83, P < 0.05). Our results provide a new exploration for the effective acquisition of long-term dynamic information about the sources and compositions of DOM in inland lakes and provide important support for lake water quality management and restoration.

Predictive role of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression in the efficacy of intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation modalities for treating methamphetamine use disorder: A randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) can cause impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in MUD patients by intermittent theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS-rTMS) is effective in reducing cravings, impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this study was to explore whether these psychological factors helped to predict MUD patients' responses to iTBS-rTMS treatment. METHODS: Fifty MUD patients and sixty healthy subjects matched for general conditions were used as study subjects. The study randomly divided MUD patients into iTBS-rTMS and sham stimulation groups and received 20 sessions of real or sham iTBS-rTMS treatment, and the study collected cue-related evoked craving data before and after treatment. All subjects completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). RESULTS: The MUD patients showed significantly higher levels of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression than the healthy subjects. The MUD patients who received the real treatment had significantly lower impulsivity, anxiety, and depression scores, and better treatment effects on cravings than the sham stimulation group. The Spearman rank correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the baseline BIS-11 and the reduction rate (RR) of BIS-11 and RR of SDS were positively correlated with the decrease in cravings in the iTBS-rTMS group. ROC curve analysis showed that RR of SDS (AUC = 91.6 %; 95 % CI = 0.804-1.000) had predictive power to iTBS- rTMS therapeutic efficacy, the cutoff value is 15.102 %. CONCLUSIONS: iTBS-rTMS had a good therapeutic effect in MUD patients and the baseline impulsivity, the improved depression and impulsivity were associated with therapeutic effect of iTBS-rTMS. The improved depression had the potential to predict the efficacy of the iTBS-rTMS modality for MUD treatment.

Effects of different interventions on internet addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Globally, Internet is a recognized form of leisure, but there are growing apprehensions about the increasing number of individuals developing an addiction to it. Recent research has focused on social issues associated with internet addiction (IA). However, the treatment of IA is currently unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between IA treatment outcomes and different intervention strategies through systematic review and data analysis of patients who received different intervention modes. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14.2 on 57 literature research data from five Chinese and English databases, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang and CNKI. RESULT: A total of 57 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this network meta-analysis involving 3538 IA patients and 13 different interventions. The network meta-analysis results demonstrated that the top four interventions were: rTMS + CBT, drug + others, rTMS, and electro-acupuncture + CBT. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that comprehensive therapy had an optimal therapeutic effect on IA patients and rTMS + CBT ranked first among all therapeutic indicators of intervention, indicating optimal clinical effectiveness.

The m6A reader YTHDF2 alleviates the inflammatory response by inhibiting IL-6R/JAK2/STAT1 pathway-mediated high-mobility group box-1 release.

Background: Sepsis is a common severe complication in major burn victims and is characterized by a dysregulated systemic response to inflammation. YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), a well-studied N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader that specifically recognizes and binds to m6A-modified transcripts to mediate their degradation, is connected to pathogenic and physiological processes in eukaryotes, but its effect on sepsis is still unknown. We aimed to discover the effects and mechanisms of YTHDF2 in sepsis. Methods: Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses were used to measure the expression of YTHDF2, the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) under different in vitro conditions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were utilized to evaluate the expression of HMGB1, IL-6, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor-α. To confirm that YTHDF2 specifically targets IL-6R mRNA, RNA immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed. Finally, we utilized a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis to verify the effects of YTHDF2 in vivo. Results: According to our findings, YTHDF2 was expressed at a low level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from septic mice and patients as well as in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Overexpression of YTHDF2 alleviated the inflammatory response by inhibiting HMGB1 release and JAK2/STAT1 signalling in LPS-stimulated cells. Mechanistically, YTHDF2 suppressed JAK2/STAT1 signalling by directly recognizing the m6A-modified site in IL-6R and decreasing the stability of IL-6R mRNA, thereby inhibiting HMGB1 release. In vivo experiments showed that YTHDF2 played a protective role in septic mice by suppressing the IL-6R/JAK2/STAT1/HMGB1 axis. Conclusions: In summary, these findings demonstrate that YTHDF2 plays an essential role as an inhibitor of inflammation to reduce the release of HMGB1 by inhibiting the IL-6R/JAK2/STAT1 pathway, indicating that YTHDF2 is a novel target for therapeutic interventions in sepsis.

Effects of Online Game and Short Video Behavior on Academic Delay of Gratification - Mediating Effects of Anxiety, Depression and Retrospective Memory.

Objective: Learner dependence on short videos has many pitfalls for learning outcomes, but the negative effects of excessive short video use have been little discussed in the learning psychology literature. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of excessive short video use on anxiety, depression, prospective memory, and academically delayed gratification (ADOG) in relation to online gaming-related behaviours, and explored the possible mechanisms by which excessive online gaming and short video use may lead to decreased ADOG, to expand our understanding of excessive short video use. Methods: Based on the whole class random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in Northern Anhui, China from May 7 to July 27, 2022. The questionnaires included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire Scale (PHQ-9), Prospective and Retrospective Memory (PRM) Questionnaire, and ADOG Scale. Results: A total of 1016 participants completed the survey. The study found that of all the internet behaviors, 20.8% of the college students mainly played online games, 43.9% mainly played short videos, and 35.3% conducted other online behaviors. When compared with other internet behaviors, online gaming and short video behaviors can cause more serious anxiety/depression and worse PRM and ADOG scores. As time spent playing online games and short videos increased, anxiety and depression became worse, and the scores for PRM and ADOG also declined. Anxiety, depression, and PRM mediate the relationship between time spent on online gaming/short videos and ADOG. Conclusion: Excessive short videos behaviour may produce the same psychological problems and learning problems as online gaming disorder. Excessive short video and online gaming behaviors may affect ADOG performance through anxiety, depression, and prospective memory. These findings could be used as a basis for future studies on the improvement of ADOG.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indanones derivatives as potent acetylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.

Aim: Based on a multitarget design strategy, a series of novel indanone-1-benzyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin hybrids were identified for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Results: These compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and moderate inhibitory activities toward monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). The optimal compound A1 possessed excellent dual AChE/MAO-B inhibition both in terms of potency (AChE: IC50 = 0.054 ± 0.004 µM; MAO-B: IC50 = 3.25 ± 0.20 µM), moderate inhibitory effects on self-mediated amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregation and antioxidant activity. In addition, compound A1 exhibited low neurotoxicity. More importantly, compound A1 showed significant cognitive and spatial memory improvements in the scopolamine-induced AD mouse model. Conclusion: All results suggest that compound A1 may become a promising lead of anti-AD drug for further development.

Mitochondrial calcium uniporter activates TFEB-driven autophagy to promote migration of breast cancer cells.

Objectives: Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer (BC) patients and is a complicated process. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), a selective channel responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, has been reported to be associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. The molecular mechanisms of MCU contributing to the migration of BC cells are partially understood. This study investigated the role of MCU in BC cell metastasis and explored the underlying mechanism of MCU-mediated autophagy in BC cell migration. Materials and Methods: The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to analyze the prognostic value of MCU mRNA expression. Western blotting was used to examine the expression level of MCU in 4 paired BC and adjacent normal tissues. The cellular migration capability of BC was measured by transwell migration assay and wound healing assay. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related markers. The effects of MCU activation or inhibition on TFEB nuclear translocation in BC cells were detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results: Expression of MCU was found to be negatively correlated with BC patient prognosis in the Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Compared with the adjacent normal tissues, MCU was markedly up-regulated in the BC tissues. MCU overexpression promoted cellular migration, activated autophagy, and increased TFEB nuclear translocation in BC cells, whereas its knockdown produced the opposite effects. Conclusion: MCU activates TFEB-driven autophagy to promote BC cell metastasis and provides a potential novel therapeutic target for BC clinical intervention.

Compound enzyme preparation supplementation improves the production performance of goats by regulating rumen microbiota.

Enzyme preparation is one of the widely used additives in ruminant production. However, a suitable method of adding compound enzyme preparation (CEP) to the feeds is still lacking. This study investigated the effect of adding CEP on the diet of goats. Twenty 4-month-old Boer goats were randomly assigned to four groups. The dietary treatments contained different CEPs (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, cellulase, xylanase, ß-glucanase amylase, and protease) at the concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/kg of feed provided for a period of 56 days. Adding CEP in goat feed significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) during the entire test period. The oxidative indices, hormones, and immune cells did not differ significantly among the different groups. CEP significantly increased the content of total volatile fatty acids measured at the end of the experiment on day 56 of the final normal feeding phase. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that CEP increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the rumen and g__norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Oscillibacter g__unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, and g__unclassified_o__Oscillospirales in fecal matter collected on day 56 of the final normal feeding phase. However, CEP decreased the abundance of unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, norank_f__UCG-010, Butyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans in the rumen. The abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the rumen and propionic acid was positively correlated with ADG. Function prediction showed that carbon fixation, carbohydrate digestion and absorption pathways were significantly enriched in rumen microbiota in the treatment group. The findings indicated that supplementation with 0.5 g CEP/kg of feed for 56 days significantly improves the production performance of goats without adverse health effects. KEY POINTS: • Feeding with compound enzyme preparation for 56 days significantly improved the productive performance but did not affect the antioxidative capacity and immunity of goats. • Supplementing compound enzyme preparation in diet could increase the relative abundance of Ruminococcus to increase the levels of short-chain fatty acids produced. • The most appropriate supplemental amount of compound enzyme preparation per kilogram of the diet was 0.5 g.

Being a morning man has causal effects on the cerebral cortex: a Mendelian randomization study.

Introduction: Numerous studies have suggested a connection between circadian rhythm and neurological disorders with cognitive and consciousness impairments in humans, yet little evidence stands for a causal relationship between circadian rhythm and the brain cortex. Methods: The top 10,000 morningness-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics were used to filter the instrumental variables. GWAS summary statistics from the ENIGMA Consortium were used to assess the causal relationship between morningness and variates like cortical thickness (TH) or surficial area (SA) on the brain cortex. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and weighted median (WM) were used as the major estimates whereas MR-Egger, MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel-plot were used for heterogeneity and pleiotropy detecting. Results: Regionally, morningness decreased SA of the rostral middle frontal gyrus with genomic control (IVW: ß = -24.916 mm, 95% CI: -47.342 mm to -2.490 mm, p = 0.029. WM: ß = -33.208 mm, 95% CI: -61.933 mm to -4.483 mm, p = 0.023. MR Egger: ß < 0) and without genomic control (IVW: ß = -24.581 mm, 95% CI: -47.552 mm to -1.609 mm, p = 0.036. WM: ß = -32.310 mm, 95% CI: -60.717 mm to -3.902 mm, p = 0.026. MR Egger: ß < 0) on a nominal significance, with no heterogeneity or no outliers. Conclusions and implications: Circadian rhythm causally affects the rostral middle frontal gyrus; this sheds new light on the potential use of MRI in disease diagnosis, revealing the significance of circadian rhythm on the progression of disease, and might also suggest a fresh therapeutic approach for disorders related to the rostral middle frontal gyrus-related.

Small-Molecule Hydrophobic Tagging: A Promising Strategy of Druglike Technology for Targeted Protein Degradation.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies have catalyzed a paradigm shift in therapeutic strategies and offer innovative avenues for drug design. Hydrophobic tags (HyTs) are bifunctional TPD molecules consisting of a ″lipophilic small-molecule tags″ group and a small-molecule ligand for the target protein. Despite the vast potential of HyTs, they have received relatively limited attention as a promising frontier. Leveraging their lower molecular weight and reduced numbers of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors (HBDs/HBAs) in comparison with proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), HyTs present a compelling approach for enhancing druglike properties. In this Perspective, we explore the diverse range of HyT structures and their corresponding degradation mechanisms, thereby illuminating their broad applicability in targeting a diverse array of proteins, including previously elusive targets. Moreover, we scrutinize the challenges and opportunities entailed in developing this technology as a viable and fruitful strategy for drug discovery.

Changes of allergic inflammation and immunological parameters after Alt a 1 and A. alternata immunotherapy in mice.

Background: The efficacy of allergen-specific subcutaneousimmunotherapy (SCIT) with Alt a 1 of the fungus A. alternata is still unknown. Yet, few studies compare the therapeutic effects and immunological mechanisms of Alt a 1 and A. alternata extracts. We aim to explore and compare the changes in allergic inflammation and immunological mechanisms of Alt a 1 and A. alternata in mice. Methods: Female BALB/c mice administrated recombinant Alt a 1 (rAlt a 1), native Alt a 1 (nAlt a 1), and A. alternata. Lung histology, airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokine levels, serum immunoglobulin responses, the expression of Bcl-6, the percentages of T follicular helper cells (Tfh), cytokine-related Tfh subtypes, regulatory B cells (Breg), and IL-10+ Breg cells were detected. Results: High-purity nAlt 1 protein was obtained. SCIT with Alt a 1 and Alternaria decreased airway and lung inflammation, including improvement of lung pathology, lower levels of AHR, reduction of total cell numbers, and IL-4 and IL-13 levels in BALF. Furthermore, Alt a 1-SCIT effectively suppressed the IgE responses, elevated IgG titers, and was superior in decreasing the expression of Bcl-6. Additionally, Alternaria-SCIT significantly decreased the expression of Tfh cells, L-4+ Tfh, and IL-5+ Tfh cells in the spleen, whereas Alt a 1 showed superior therapeutic effects in the lymph node. IL-13+ Tfh cells in these two treatment groups not being significant. IL-17A+ Tfh cells were alleviated most effectively after A. alternata-SCIT in both the spleen and lymph node. Intriguingly, IL-10+ Breg cells decreased remarkably in response to SCIT with rAlt a 1. Conclusions: Treatments with Alt a 1 and A. alternata extracts had beneficial effects on allergic inflammation. Alt a 1-SCIT resulted in prominent improvement in the immunoglobulin responses, Bcl-6, and IL-10+ Breg cells. Alternaria-SCIT was more likely to suppress the expression of Tfh and cytokine-related Tfh subtypes.

GPR35-mediated kynurenic acid sensing contributes to maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis in ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recurrent inflammatory disease related to gut microbiota disorder. Metabolites and their sensors play an important role in the communication between gut microbes and their host. Our previous study revealed that G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is a key guardian of kynurenic acid (KA) and a core element of the defense responses against gut damage. However, the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, a DSS-induced rat colitis model was established and 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to explore the influence of GPR35-mediated KA sensing on gut microbiota homeostasis. Our results demonstrated that GPR35-mediated KA sensing is a necessary component in maintaining gut barrier integrity against DSS-induced damage. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence suggesting that GPR35-mediated KA sensing plays a crucial role in maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis, which contributes to alleviation of DSS-induced colitis. In addition, five classes (Actinobacteria, Beta-/Gamma-proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichi, and Coriobacteriia) and six genera (Corynebacterium, Allobaculum, Parabacteroides, Sutterella, Shigella, and Xenorhabdus) were identified as the marked bacterial taxa that characterized the progression and outcome of colitis and are regulated by GPR35-mediated KA sensing. Our findings highlight that GPR35-mediated KA sensing is an essential defense mechanism against disorder of gut microbiota in UC. The results provide insights into the key role of specific metabolites and their monitor in maintaining gut homeostasis.