Hemoadsorption and Coagulation Systemic Rebalance in Patients Undergoing Nonelective Cardiac Surgery and Treated with Antithrombotics.

INTRODUCTION: Insufficient withdrawal duration of antithrombotics leads to excessive bleeding after major surgery. We hypothesize that intraoperative hemoadsorption (HA) can reduce postoperative allogeneic transfusion requirements and excessive bleeding events (EBE), without an increase in ischemic/thromboembolic events (ITE) in patients who have taken antithrombotics and undergone nonelective cardiac surgery. METHODS: A total of 460 patients admitted to our hospital from 2018 to 2022 were included in this study and divided into two groups: HA and non-HA. Because of the risk of bias due to differences in antithrombotic type, withdrawal duration, or basic coagulation function, propensity score matching was used for analyses. RESULTS: Out of 154 cases in the HA group, 144 pairs were successfully matched. No HA safety events such as hemolysis, hypotension, or device failure occurred. After matching, the two groups were found to be comparable in preoperative antithrombotic type, withdrawal duration, platelets and coagulation function, and demographic and perioperative characteristics. Although the HA group did not have a reduced incidence of EBE, this group exhibited significant decreases in the transfusion rate and volume, the incidence of ITE, acute kidney injury, and central nervous system injury. CONCLUSIONS: For patients who have undergone nonelective cardiac surgery and taken antithrombotics, HA can simply and safely rebalance the postoperative coagulation system and have associations with reduced transfusion and postoperative ITE.

[Clinical characteristics of plastic bronchitis and risk factors for recurrence in children]. / å„¿ç«¥å¡‘åž‹æ€§æ”¯æ°”ç®¡ç‚Žä¸´åºŠç‰¹å¾åŠå¤å‘å±é™©å› ç´ åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical characteristics of plastic bronchitis (PB) in children and investigate the the risk factors for recurrence of PB. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of medical data of children with PB who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2012 to July 2022. The children were divided into a single occurrence of PB group and a recurrent PB group and the risk factors for recurrence of PB were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 107 children with PB were included, including 61 males (57.0%) and 46 females (43.0%), with a median age of 5.0 years, and 78 cases (72.9%) were over 3 years old. All the children had cough, 96 children (89.7%) had fever, with high fever in 90 children. Seventy-three children (68.2%) had shortness of breath, and 64 children (59.8%) had respiratory failure. Sixty-six children (61.7%) had atelectasis and 52 children (48.6%) had pleural effusion. Forty-seven children (43.9%) had Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 28 children (26.2%) had adenovirus infection, and 17 children (15.9%) had influenza virus infection. Seventy-one children (66.4%) had a single occurrence of PB, and 36 cases (33.6%) had recurrent occurrence of PB (≥2 times). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that involvement of ≥2 lung lobes (OR=3.376) under bronchoscopy, continued need for invasive ventilation after initial removal of plastic casts (OR=3.275), and concomitant multi-organ dysfunction outside the lungs (OR=2.906) were independent risk factors for recurrent occurrence of PB (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children with pneumonia accompanied by persistent high fever, shortness of breath, respiratory failure, atelectasis or pleural effusion should be highly suspected with PB. Involvement of ≥2 lung lobes under bronchoscopy, continued need for invasive ventilation after initial removal of plastic casts, and concomitant multi-organ dysfunction outside the lungs may be risk factors for recurrent occurrence of PB.

N-Succinyltransferase Encoded by a Cryptic Siderophore Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Streptomyces Modifies Structurally Distinct Antibiotics.

The antibiotic desertomycin A and its previously undescribed inactive N-succinylated analogue, desertomycin X, were isolated from Streptomyces sp. strain YIM 121038. Genome sequencing and analysis readily identified the desertomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), which lacked genes encoding acyltransferases that would account for desertomycin X formation. Scouting the genome for putative N-acyltransferase genes led to the identification of a candidate within a cryptic siderophore BGC (csb) encoding a putative homologue of the N6'-hydroxylysine acetyltransferase IucB. Expression of the codon-optimized gene designated csbC in Escherichia coli yielded the recombinant protein that was able to N-succinylate desertomycin A as well as several other structurally distinct antibiotics harboring amino groups. Some antibiotics were rendered antibiotically inactive due to the CsbC-catalyzed succinylation in vitro. Unlike many known N-acyltransferases involved in antibiotic resistance, CsbC could not efficiently acetylate the same antibiotics. When expressed in E. coli, CsbC provided low-level resistance to kanamycin and ampicillin, suggesting that it may play a role in antibiotic resistance in natural habitats, where the concentration of antibiotics is usually low. IMPORTANCE In their natural habitats, bacteria encounter a plethora of organic compounds, some of which may be represented by antibiotics produced by certain members of the microbial community. A number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been described, including those specified by distinct genes encoding proteins that degrade, modify, or expel antibiotics. In this study, we report identification and characterization of an enzyme apparently involved in the biosynthesis of a siderophore, but also having the ability of modify and thereby inactivate a wide variety of structurally diverse antibiotics. This discovery sheds light on additional capabilities of bacteria to withstand antibiotic treatment and suggests that enzymes involved in secondary metabolism may have an additional function in the natural environment.

Baoshanmycin and a New Furanone Derivative from a Soil-Derived Actinomycete, Amycolatopsis sp. YNNP 00208.

Actinomycetes have being regarded as a treasure reservoir of various bioactive secondary metabolites and devoted many antibiotics in clinicals. Amycolatopsis sp. YNNP 00208 was isolated from a soil sample collected in Gaoligong Mountain area, Yunnan Province, China. Chemical investigation of its fermentation broth led to a new amide, baoshanmycin (1), and a new furanone derivative, 3-(1,3-dihydroxybutyl)-4-methylfuran-2(H)-one (2), together with eight known compounds, including two amides (3-4), four cyclic dipeptides (5-8), and two deoxyribonucleosides (9-10). Their structures were established on basis of the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, along with the HR-ESI-MS experiments. Baoshanmycin (1) showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans, and weak activities against Staphylococcus aureus, multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Baoshanmycin (1) presented strong antioxidant activity and moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. The other compound 3-(1,3-dihydroxybutyl)-4-methylfuran-2(H)-one (2) and the known compounds (3-10) showed moderate antioxidant activity.

Resveratrol (RV): A pharmacological review and call for further research.

Resveratrol (RV) is a well-known polyphenolic compound in various plants, including grape, peanut, and berry fruits, which is quite famous for its association with several health benefits such as anti-obesity, cardioprotective neuroprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidants, anti-age effects, and glucose metabolism. Significantly, promising therapeutic properties have been reported in various cancer, neurodegeneration, and atherosclerosis and are regulated by several synergistic pathways that control oxidative stress, cell death, and inflammation. Similarly, RV possesses a strong anti-adipogenic effect by inhibiting fat accumulation processes and activating oxidative and lipolytic pathways, exhibiting their cardioprotective effects by inhibiting platelet aggregation. The RV also shows significant antibacterial effects against various food-borne pathogens (Listeria, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli) by inhibiting an electron transport chain (ETC) and F0F1-ATPase, which decreases the production of cellular energy that leads to the spread of pathogens. After collecting and analyzing scientific literature, it may be concluded that RV is well tolerated and favorably affects cardiovascular, neurological, and diabetic disorders. As such, it is possible that RV can be considered the best nutritional additive and a complementary drug, especially a therapeutic candidate. Therefore, this review would increase knowledge about the blend of RV as well as inspire researchers around the world to consider RV as a pharmaceutical drug to combat future health crises against various inhumane diseases. In the future, this article will be aware of discoveries about the potential of this promising natural compound as the best nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs in medicine.

Paracoccus lichenicola sp. nov., Isolated from Lichen.

Strain YIM 132242T, isolated from lichen collected from Pu'er, Yunnan Province, China, was short-rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Growth of the strain was occurred at 10-39 °C (optimum, 28-35 °C), at pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and at salinities of 0-8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-2%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YIM 132242T belonged to the genus Paracoccus and had the highest levels of sequence similarity to Paracoccus aerius KCTC 42845T (97.0% similarity), Paracoccus sediminis CMB17T (96.8% similarity), and Paracoccus fontiphilus MVW-1T (96.4% similarity). The major fatty acid was identified as C18:1 ω7c (77.6%). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). Polar lipid analysis indicated the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), an unidentified lipid (L), and three unidentified phospholipids (PL1-PL3). Based on the draft genome sequence, the DNA G + C content of the strain was 67.1 mol%, and the values of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) of strain YIM 132242T with Paracoccus aerius KCTC 42845T were 85.4% and 29.1%, respectively. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic characterization, strain YIM 132242T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus lichenicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 132242T (= KCTC 72463T = CGMCC1.17191T).

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (Bitter Apple Fruit): Promising Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Effects, Aspects, and Potential Applications.

Health consciousness and increased knowledge about the side effects of synthetic drugs have enhanced interest in traditional medicines. Medicinal plants offer cures for various diseases, leading to improved living standards. This has brought ethnomedicinal studies into the spotlight and increased demand for herb-based medicines. Citrullus colocynthis is an herbaceous plant containing an abundance of nutrients that play a key role in the improvement of wellbeing. C. colocynthis has many biological properties, such as antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastrointestinal tract, reproduction, protection, anti-microbial, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antineoplastic, profibrinolytic, anti-allergic, pesticidal, and immune-stimulatory. There are numerous bioactive compounds like cucurbitacin, flavonoids, and polyphenols in C. colocynthis that give it medicinal properties. Herein, we have extensively compiled, reviewed, and analyzed significant information on C. colocynthhis from the best published available evidence in PubMed, Scopus (Embase), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, etc. Scientific literature evidenced that owing to the bioactive constituents, including cucurbitacin, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other potent molecules, C. colocynthis has many pharmacological and physiological functions. It possesses multi-beneficial applications in treating various disorders of humans and animals. So, the primary purpose of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the findings of positive impacts and risks of C. colocynthis consumption on human health, especially in poultry and veterinary fields. In the future, this narrative article will be aware of discoveries about the potential of this promising natural fruit and its bioactive compounds as the best nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs in veterinary and human medicine.

Nocardioides flavescens sp. nov., isolated from soil of Gaoligong Mountain, PR China.

A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped, golden yellow-pigmented actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 123512T, was isolated from soil sampled at Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan Province, PR China. The strain grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), with 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1.0 %) and at pH 5.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4) and the major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1 ω8c. Strain YIM 123512T had ll-2, 6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown phospholipids and one unknown lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM 123512T was 72.7 mol% based on its draft genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 123512T appeared to be most closely related to Nocardioides halotolerans KCTC 19274T (97.7 % sequence similarity) and to belong to the genus Nocardioides. The sequence similarity values of strain YIM 123512T to other currently described type strains of the genus Nocardioides were less than 97.0 %. Based on the draft genome sequence, the novel strain showed an average nucleotide identity value of 80.2 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 23.1 % with the reference strain N. halotolerans KCTC 19274T. The results of the polyphasic taxonomic study including phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses show that strain YIM 123512T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides flavescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 123512T (=KCTC 49303T=CGMCC 4.7628T).

Aureimonas leprariae sp. nov., Isolated from a Lepraria sp. Lichen.

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and coccoid rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain YIM132180T, was isolated from a Lepraria sp. lichen collected from Pu'er, Yunnan Province, China. The strain grew at 15-35 °C (optimum, 25-28 °C), at 0-2% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1%) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YIM132180T had highest similarity (96.4%) with Aureimonas endophytica 2T4P-2-4T, followed by Aureimonas ureilytica NBRC 106430T (95.7%) and Aureimonas rubiginis CC-CFT034T (95.6%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain grouped with species of the genus Aureimonas. The genomic sequence was 4,779,519 bp and contained 4584 coding sequences (CDSs), 54 RNA genes, 3 complete rRNA genes and 47 tRNA genes. The major fatty acids (>10%) of strain YIM132180T were C18:1ω7c, C-16:0 and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The predominant menaquinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The polar lipid profile comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipid, amino lipid, lipid and most importantly sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Based on the draft genome sequence, the G +C content of strain YIM132180T was 68.4 mol%. The results of the polyphasic taxonomic study, including phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, showed that strain YIM132180T represents a novel species of the genus Aureimonas, for which the name Aureimonas leprariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 132180T (=KCTC 72462T = CGMCC 1.17389T).

Naasia lichenicola sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from lichen.

A Gram-stain-positive, yellow-pigmented, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, strictly aerobic actinobacterium, designated strain YIM 131853T, was isolated from lichen collected from the South Bank of the Baltic Sea. The novel strain was non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped and motile with a single polar flagellum. The strain could grow at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 4.0-12.0 (pH 6.0) and at 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl (1 %). The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 131853T based on the draft genome sequence was 68.3 mol%. Predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile included diphosphatidylglycerol, dimannosyldiacylglycerol, three unknown glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids and one unknown lipid. Strain YIM 131853T had 2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid, galactose and glucose as whole-cell sugars, and MK-10, MK-14, MK-13 and MK-12 as the major menaquinones. Although strain YIM 131853T exhibited a highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.6 %) to Amnibacterium kyonggiense NBRC 109360T, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a tight lineage with Naasia aerilata NBRC 108725T (96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), which was the only species of genus Naasia. Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain YIM 131853T should belong to the genus Naasia and represents a novel species of the genus Naasia, for which the name Naasia lichenicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 131853T (=CGMCC 4.7565T=NBRC 113605T).

Rubellimicrobium rubrum sp. nov., a novel bright reddish bacterium isolated from a lichen sample.

A novel strain, YIM 131921T, was isolated from a Physcia sp. lichen collected from the South Bank Forest of the Baltic Sea. The strain is Gram-negative, catalase positive and oxidase negative, strictly aerobic, asporogenous, non-motile and reddish brown in colour. The temperature and pH for growth were found to be 20-30 °C (optimum 28 °C) and pH 6.5-12.0 (optimum pH 7.0 ± 0.5). No growth was observed in the presence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain YIM 131921T shares high similarities with Rubellimicrobium roseum YIM 48858T (98.3%), followed by Rubellimicrobium mesophilum MSL-20T (96.8%), Rubellimicrobium aerolatum 5715S-9T (96.1%) and Rubellimicrobium thermophilum DSM 16684T (96.0%). Phylogenetic trees showed YIM 131921T forms a cluster with type strains of the genus Rubellimicrobium. The predominant cellular fatty acids (> 20%) were identified as summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c) and C16:0. Q-10 was found to be the predominant respiratory ubiquinone. The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, glycolipid, phospholipids and an unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G + C content of the draft genome sequence is 66.6 mol%. Strain YIM 131921T showed an average nucleotide identity value of 80.3% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridizations value of 26.1% with the reference strain R. roseum YIM 48858T based on draft genome sequences. Based on comparative analyses of phenotypic, molecular, chemotaxonomic data and genomic comparisons, strain YIM 131921T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Rubellimicrobium, for which the name Rubellimicrobium rubrum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 131921T (= CGMCC 1.13958T = NBRC 114054T = KCTC 72461T).

Ottowia flava sp. nov., isolated from fish intestines.

A novel Gram-negative bacterium, non-motile and short rod-shaped, designated strain GY511T, was isolated from the intestines of fish collected from Maowei Sea, China. Growth occurred at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum 7.0), 4-37 °C (optimum 28 °C) and at 0-2.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0%). The result of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GY511T is closely related to O. oryzae NBRC 113109T (97.6%), O. konkukae DSM 105395T (97.4%), Ottowia beijingensis CGMCC 1.12324T (95.9%), Ottowia pentelensis DSM 21699T (95.2%) and Ottowia thiooxydans DSM 14619T (95.0%). The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain GY511T with O. oryzae NBRC 113109T and O. konkukae DSM 105395T were 35.4 ± 3.1% and 26.3 ± 1.8%, respectively. The major fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C16:0 and summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c) and the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.9 mol%. Thiosulfate could be utilized as co-substrate for aerobic growth and was oxidised to sulfate. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain GY511T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ottowia, for which the name Ottowia flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GY511T (= NBRC 113500T = DSM 107425T = CGMCC 1.13650T).

[Current status of antibiotic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of empirical antibiotic therapy for children with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the effect of therapeutic paradigm on prognosis based on a retrospective analysis. METHODS: A total of 78 children with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis who were admitted from January 2014 to August 2017 were enrolled. According to the preferred empirical antibiotics before the detection of Staphylococcus aureus by blood culture, these children were divided into a carbapenem group with 16 children, a ß-lactam group with 37 children, a vancomycin group with 15 children and a vancomycin+ß-lactam group with 10 children. A retrospective analysis was performed for related clinical data including general status, underlying diseases, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, history of use of immunosuppressant, drug resistance to methicillin and prognosis. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of empirical antibiotic therapy on the clinical outcome and prognosis of children with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among these groups in general status, underlying diseases, history of use of immunosuppressant, APACHE II score, nosocomial infection and detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the incidence rate of septic shock and in-hospital mortality among these four groups (P<0.05). The carbapenem group had the highest incidence rate of septic shock and in-hospital mortality (69% and 50% respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that empirical antibiotic therapy with different antibiotics had different risks for septic shock and in-hospital death in children with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis (P<0.05), and that an APACHE II score of ≥15 was an independent risk factor for septic shock in these children (P<0.05). The carbapenem group had significantly higher risks of septic shock and in-hospital death than the vancomycin group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate empirical use of antibiotics may lead to a poor prognosis in children with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Empirical use of carbapenems is not recommended for children suspected of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis.

The Distal Gut Bacterial Community of Some Primates and Carnivora.

Huge numbers of bacteria reside in the digestive tract of host and these microorganisms play a vital role in the host health, especially in the digestion of food and the development of immune system. Host phylogeny and diet, especially long-term diet, both have great influence on the gut bacterial community. Other aspects of host, such as gender, age, and the geography and weather they lived, are also correlated to their gut bacterial community. Feces are usually used for gut bacteria study and fecal bacteria can represent the distal gut bacteria. In order to determine the influence of the host phylogeny and diet on the composition of distal gut bacterial community and to interpret bacterial population and diversity in the intestinal of animals, the distal gut bacterial community of four kinds of primates and five kinds of carnivora (including herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous) were investigated using high-throughput sequencing and the isolation of the Actinobacteria from fresh feces of several primates was processed. The results showed the host phylogeny had a greater influence on the distal gut bacterial community of the primates and carnivora than the host diet. A total of 44 bacteria phyla and two archaea phyla were detected, which indicated that the distal gut bacteria of these animals were abundant. The distal gut bacteria were relatively stable and wildly shared in primates and carnivora. The difference in distal gut bacteria of the two animal orders is mainly determined by relative abundance of most distal gut bacteria rather than by the taxa of these bacteria.

Kineococcus terrestris sp. nov. and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov., isolated from saline sediment.

Two novel actinobacteria, designated YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T, were isolated from alkaline sediment in Yuanjiang, China. The cells of the novel strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped. The two strains both contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipid profile of both strains comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unknown phosphoglycolipid and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids of both strains were anteiso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T were 74.7 and 75.2 %, respectively. Strain YIM 121936T was closely related to Kineococcus aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.19 %), Kineococcus gypseus YIM 121300T (97.00 %) and Kineococcus mangrovi NBRC 110933T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121940T was closely related to K. aurantiacus IFO 15268T (97.41 %), Kineococcus endophytica KLBMP 1274T (97.18 %), Kineococcus rhizosphaerae RP-B16T (97.09 %), Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS 30216T (97.09 %), K. gypseus YIM 121300T (97.00 %) and K. mangrovi NBRC 110933T (97.00 %). Strain YIM 121936T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99 %) with YIM 121940T. Similarities of two strains with other species of the genus Kineococcus were <97 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization values were below 70 % among all the strains studied. YIM 121936T and YIM 121940T are representatives of two new species in the genus Kineococcus, for which names Kineococcus terreus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121936T=KCTC 39738T=DSM 102155T) and Kineococcus aureolus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 121940T=KCTC 39739T=DSM 102158T) are proposed, respectively.

Mobilicoccus caccae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the primate Rhinopithecus roxellanae.

A novel actinobacterium, designated YIM 101593T, was isolated from the faeces of a primate (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) living in Yunnan Wild Animal Park in Yunnan province, south-west China. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccus-shaped, oxidase-negative and motile. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as its diagnostic diamino acid, and mannose, ribose, glucose, galactose and arabinose were detected as the main whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H2). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two glycolipids, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were C17 : 1ω8c, C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I). The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YIM 101593T and Mobilicoccus pelagius was 97.9 %, and the two strains formed a distinct lineage stably on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. In addition, DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 49.0±5.1 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomical and physiological characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis, strain YIM 101593T should be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mobilicoccus, for which we propose the name Mobilicoccus caccae sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 101593T (=DSM 27611T=CCTCC AB 2013229T).

Enterovirga rhinocerotis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from Rhinoceros unicornis faeces.

A novel strain, YIM 100770T, was isolated from Rhinoceros unicornis faeces collected from Yunnan Wild Animal Park, China. The taxonomic status was determined based on the physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic characteristics. Strain YIM 100770T was observed to be rod-shaped, non-motile, Gram-stain negative and aerobic. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 68.5 mol%. The cells of strain YIM 100770T contain ubiquinone Q-10 as the respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>1%) were identified as Summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c; 78.1%), Summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1-I and/or anteiso-C17:1-B; 12.9%), C19:0 cyclo ω8c (2.8%), C16:0 (2.2%) and C18:0 (2.2%). Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed the strain show high similarities with the members of the genera Psychroglaciecola (94.5%), Methylobacterium (90.5-94.1%) and Microvirga (92.0-93.3%) in the family Methylobacteriaceae. In addition, the strain also showed high similarities with the members of the genera Chelatococcus (93.7-94.0%) and Pseudochelatococcus (93.1-93.7%) in the family Beijerinckiacea, and the genus Bosea (93.1-93.8%) in the family Bradyrhizobiaceae. The phylogenetic analysis, combined with the chemical characteristics, suggest that the strain represents a novel genus in the order Rhizobiales of the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Enterovirga rhinocerotis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. rhinocerotis is YIM 100770T (=DSM 25903T = CCTCC AB 2012048T).

Microbacterium faecale sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of Columba livia.

A novel, yellow, aerobic strain, YIM 101168T, isolated from the faeces of a dove (Columba livia), was studied to determine its taxonomic position. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and non-motile. The strain could grow at 7-37 °C, at pH 6-10 and in the presence of 0-13 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness value with Microbacteriumgubbeenense NCIMB 30129T of 97.8 % and 41.5±8.7 %, respectively. Ornithine was detected as the diagnostic amino acid in the hydrolysate of the cell wall. Whole-cell sugars were found to be galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose and ribose. Major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Major menaquinones were identified as MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids and four unidentified lipids. The phylogenetic analyses as well as the chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics indicate that strain YIM 101168T represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium; the name Microbacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species and the type strain is YIM 101168T (=DSM 27232T=KCTC 39554T=CGMCC 1.15152T).

Microbacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from civet faeces.

A novel aerobic, non-motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped actinobacterium, designated YIM 100951(T), was isolated from the faeces of civets (Viverra zibetha) living in the National Nature Protect Region in Selangor, Malaysia. Strain YIM 100951(T) shows high similarities with Microbacterium barkeri DSM 20145(T) (97.6 %), Microbacterium oryzae MB10(T) (97.3 %), Microbacterium lemovicicum ViU22(T) (97.1 %) and Microbacterium indicum BBH6(T) (97.0 %) based on their 16S rRNA genes. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that strain YIM 100951(T) formed a clade with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130(T) (96.7 %), Microbacterium populi 10-107-8(T) (96.7 %) and Microbacterium sediminis YLB-01(T) (96.9 %). DNA-DNA hybridization was carried out between strains YIM 100951(T) and M. barkeri DSM 20145(T), the result showed a value of 23.2 ± 4.5 %. In addition, some of the physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain YIM 100951(T) are different from the closely related strains. Thus, we suggest that strain YIM 100951(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium gilvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 100951(T) (=DSM 26235(T) = CCTCC AB 2012971(T)).

Corynebacterium faecale sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of Assamese macaque.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, short rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and non-motile novel strain, designated YIM 101505T, was isolated from the faeces of a primate, Assamese macaque, and was studied to determine its taxonomic position. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and short-chain mycolic acids. Whole cell sugars were mannose, galactose and arabinose as major components. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C18 : 1ω9c, C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c and the major menaquinone was MK-9(H2). The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, glycolipid and six unidentified lipids. The new isolate shared most of the typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of members of the genus Corynebacterium. The closest related species was Corynebacterium efficiens based on 16S rRNA gene (98.1 % similarity) and partial rpoB gene (91.4 % similarity) sequences. Similarities with other species of this genus were below 97 % based on the 16S rRNA gene. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between YIM 101505T and C. efficiens DSM 44549T was 47.7±3.6 %. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of YIM 101505T and C. efficiens DSM 44549T were different. Thus, strain YIM 101505T is considered to represent a novel member of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the name Corynebacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 101505T (=DSM 45971T=CCTCC AB 2013226T).