Citrulline facilitates the glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis of lung cancer cells by regulating RAB3C.

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the major malignant diseases threatening human health. The study aimed to identify the effect of citrulline on the malignant phenotype of LC cells and to further disclose the potential molecular mechanism of citrulline in regulating the development of LC, providing a novel molecular biological basis for the clinical treatment of LC. The effects of citrulline on the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LC cells (A549, H1299) were validated by CCK-8, colony formation, EdU, and transwell assays. The cell glycolysis was assessed via determining the glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP levels, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). RNA-seq and molecular docking were performed to screen for citrulline-binding target proteins. Western blotting experiments were conducted to examine the expression of related signaling pathway molecules. In addition, the impacts of citrulline on LC growth in vivo were investigated by constructing mouse models. Citrulline augmented the viability of LC cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The proliferation, migration, invasion, glycolysis, and EMT processes of LC cells were substantially enhanced after citrulline treatment. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that citrulline could bind to RAB3C protein. Western blotting results indicated that citrulline activated the IL-6/STAT3 pathway by binding to RAB3C. In addition, animal experiments disclosed that citrulline promoted tumor growth in mice. Citrulline accelerated the glycolysis and activated the IL6/STAT3 pathway through the RAB3C protein, consequently facilitating the development of LC.

miR-29b-3p targetedly regulates VEGF to inhibit tumor progression and cisplatin resistance through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUNDS: Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer. Prior investigations have elucidated the pivotal role of miR-29b-3p in restraining tumor growth and metastasis. Nonetheless, it remains to be determined whether miR-29b-3p can effectively suppress NSCLC progression and enhance the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin. This investigation sought to determine the mechanism by which miR-29b-3p inhibited the advancement of NSCLC and mitigated resistance to cisplatin. METHODS: We initially assessed miR-29b-3p and VEGF levels in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Next, miR-29b-3p expression was elevated in NSCLC cell lines H1975 and A549 by overexpression plasmid transfection. Following this, a sequence of molecular biology experiments was conducted to evaluate the impact of miR-29b-3p on the biological behaviors of NSCLC cells and their resistance to cisplatin. Additionally, we predicted VEGF was a target gene of miR-29b-3p by bioinformatics analysis. We next employed western blot to evaluate the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in NSCLC cells. Finally, we elucidated the effects of VEGF and Nrf2/HO-1pathway on NSCLC progression and cisplatin resistance by in vitro assays. RESULTS: In comparison to paracancerous tissues and human normal lung epithelial cells, the expression of miR-29b-3p was notably reduced and VEGF expression was clearly elevated in NSCLC tissues and cells. Moreover, miR-29b-3p upregulated obviously suppressed the biological activities of NSCLC cells and increased their sensitivity to cisplatin. Furthermore, in NSCLC cells, miR-29b-3p bound to VEGF and negatively regulate its transcription. Additionally, miR-29b-3p overexpression also inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Finally, the overexpression of VEGF and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway reversed miR-29b-3p-mediated inhibitory effect on biological behaviors of NSCLC cells and increased the cisplatin resistance. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that miR-29b-3p impedes NSCLC cells' biological behaviors and augments their sensitivity to cisplatin by targeting VEGF to modulate the Nfr2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Enhanced Carbon-Carbon Coupling at Interfaces with Abrupt Coordination Number Changes.

Cu-catalyzed electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) produces multi-carbon (C2+) chemicals with considerable selectivities and activities, yet required high overpotentials impede its practical application. Here, we design interfaces with abrupt coordination number (CN) changes that greatly reduce the applied potential for achieving high C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE). Encouraged by the mechanistic finding that the coupling between *CO and *CO(H) is the most probable C-C bond formation path, we use Cu2O- and Cu-phthalocyanine-derived Cu (OD-Cu and PD-Cu) to build the interface. Using operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we find that the Cu CN of OD-Cu is ~11, favoring CO* adsorption, while the PD-Cu has a COH*-favorable CN of ~4. Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that the interfaces with abrupt CN changes promote *OCCOH formation. As a result, the designed catalyst achieves a C2+ FE of 85±2 % at 220 mA cm-2 in a zero-gap CO2 electrolyzer. An improvement of C2+ FE by 3 times is confirmed at the low potential regime where the current density is 60-140 mA cm-2, compared to bare OD-Cu. We report a 45-h stable CO2RR operation at 220 mA cm-2, producing a C2+ product FE of ~80 %.

Cinnamaldehyde protects cardiomyocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage via activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Rapid restoration of perfusion in ischemic myocardium is the most direct and effective treatment for coronary heart disease but may cause myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Cinnamaldehyde (CA, C9H8O), a key component in the well-known Chinese medicine cinnamomum cassia, has cardioprotective effects against MIRI. This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of CA on MIRI and to elucidate its potential mechanism. H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes were pretreated with CA solution at 0, 10, and 100 µM, respectively and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Then the cell viability, the NF-κB and caspase3 gene levels, the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected. The severity of DNA damage was assessed by tail moment (TM) values using alkaline comet assay. Besides, the DNA damage-related proteins and the key proteins of the Nrf2 pathway were detected by western blot. CA treatment increased the cell viability, GHS/GSSG ratio, SOD level, PARP1, Nrf2, PPAR-γ, and HO-1 protein levels of H9C2 cardiomyocytes, while reducing NF-κB, caspase3, ROS level, 4-HNE and MDA content, γ-H2AX protein level, and TM values. Inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway reversed the effect of CA on cell viability and apoptosis of OGD/R induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Besides, 100 µM CA was more effective than 10 µM CA. In the OGD/R-induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte model, CA can protect cardiomyocytes from MIRI by attenuating lipid peroxidation and repairing DNA damage. The mechanism may be related to the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Immobilized Tetraalkylammonium Cations Enable Metal-free CO2 Electroreduction in Acid and Pure Water.

Carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) provides an efficient pathway to convert CO2 into desirable products, yet its commercialization is greatly hindered by the huge energy cost due to CO2 loss and regeneration. Performing CO2 RR under acidic conditions containing alkali cations can potentially address the issue, but still causes (bi)carbonate deposition at high current densities, compromising product Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) in present-day acid-fed membrane electrode assemblies. Herein, we present a strategy using a positively charged polyelectrolyte-poly(diallyldimethylammonium) immobilized on graphene oxide via electrostatic interactions to displace alkali cations. This enables a FE of 85 %, a carbon efficiency of 93 %, and an energy efficiency (EE) of 35 % for CO at 100 mA cm-2 on modified Ag catalysts in acid. In a pure-water-fed reactor, we obtained a 78 % CO FE with a 30 % EE at 100 mA cm-2 at 40 °C. All the performance metrics are comparable to or even exceed those attained in the presence of alkali metal cations.

Cascade Electrocatalytic and Thermocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Propionaldehyde.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction can convert CO2 to value-added chemicals, but its selectivity toward C3+ products are very limited. One possible solution is to run the reactions in hybrid processes by coupling electrocatalysis with other catalytic routes. In this contribution, we report the cascade electrocatalytic and thermocatalytic reduction of CO2 to propionaldehyde. Using Cu(OH)2 nanowires as the precatalyst, CO2 /H2 O is reduced to concentrated C2 H4 , CO, and H2 gases in a zero-gap membrane electrode assembly (MEA) reactor. The thermochemical hydroformylation reaction is separately investigated with a series of rhodium-phosphine complexes. The best candidate is identified to be the one with the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane diphosphine ligand, which exhibits a propionaldehyde turnover number of 1148 under a mild temperature and close-to-atmospheric pressure. By coupling and optimizing the upstream CO2 electroreduction and downstream hydroformylation reaction, we achieve a propionaldehyde selectivity of ~38 % and a total C3 oxygenate selectivity of 44 % based on reduced CO2 . These values represent a more than seven times improvement over the best prior electrochemical system alone or over two times improvement over other hybrid systems.

Challenges and Advances in Rechargeable Batteries for Extreme-Condition Applications.

Rechargeable batteries are widely used as power sources for portable electronics, electric vehicles and smart grids. Their practical performances are, however, largely undermined under extreme conditions, such as in high-altitude drones, ocean exploration and polar expedition. These extreme environmental conditions not only bring new challenges for batteries but also incur unique battery failure mechanisms. To fill in the gap, it is of great importance to understand the battery failure mechanisms under different extreme conditions and figure out the key parameters that limit battery performances. In this review, the authors start by investigating the key challenges from the viewpoints of ionic/charge transfer, material/interface evolution and electrolyte degradation under different extreme conditions. This is followed by different engineering approaches through electrode materials design, electrolyte modification and battery component optimization to enhance practical battery performances. Finally, a short perspective is provided about the future development of rechargeable batteries under extreme conditions.

3D π-d Conjugated Coordination Polymer Enabling Ultralong Life Magnesium-Ion Storage.

There has been increasing interests in π-d conjugated coordination polymers (CCPs) for energy storage because of their rapid charge transfer through long-range planar π-d conjugation between ligands and metal centers. Nevertheless, currently reported CCPs for energy storage are mostly based on 1D or 2D structures. There are few 3D CCPs reported to date because of the great challenge in constructing nonplanar coordination geometries, let alone their applications in multivalent ions storage. Herein, a triphenylene-catecholate-based 3D CCP (Mn-HHTP) is successfully synthesized assembled from the multidentate chelating groups of hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) ligands and their isotropic coordination with Mn2+ ions. The 3D conjugated structure of Mn-HHTP enables an exceptional cycle life of >4000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 for multivalent Mg2+ ion storage, which is far superior to most organic and inorganic electrode materials. Experimental characterizations combined with theoretical calculations indicate that the semiquinone radicals at the HHTP ligands are the electroactive centers for Mg2+ ions storage. The excellent performance of Mn-HHTP opens a new avenue towards the design of 3D CCPs for long-life rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries.

Stabilizing Metal Halide Perovskites for Solar Fuel Production: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Prospects.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are emerging photocatalyst materials that can enable sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion by virtue of their broad absorption spectra, effective separation/transport of photogenerated carriers, and solution processability. Although preliminary studies show the excellent photocatalytic activities of MHPs, their intrinsic structural instability due to the low formation energy and soft ionic nature is an open challenge for their practical applications. This review discusses the latest understanding of the stability issue and strategies to overcome this issue for MHP-based photocatalysis. First, the origin of the instability issue at atomic levels and the design rules for robust structures are analyzed and elucidated. This is then followed by presenting several different material design strategies for stability enhancement, including reaction medium modification, material surface protection, structural dimensionality engineering, and chemical composition engineering. Emphases are placed on understanding the effects of these strategies on photocatalytic stability as well as the possible structure-performance correlation. Finally, the possible future research directions for pursuing stable and efficient MHP photocatalysts in order to accelerate their technological maturity on a practical scale are outlined. With that, it is hoped to provide readers a valuable snapshot of this rapidly developing and exciting field.

[Characteristics of Organic Matter Composition and Oxidation Potential in Road Dust in Winter in Xi'an].

Roads are the main places where urban people are exposed to atmospheric particulate matter from outdoor activities, and certain oxidatively active substances contained in road particulate matter are important components that induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn endanger human health. Here, we explored the characteristics of organic matter composition in water-soluble (WSM) and methanol-soluble fractions (MSM) of road dust in Xi'an and its oxidation potential (OP). Additionally, we investigated the organic fractions and their distribution based on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and analyzed the correlation between organic matter types and OP. The results showed that the water-insoluble fraction of road dust in Xi'an contained more chromophoric organic matter with an average total concentration of (4.71±1.27)×104 R.U., which was 12 times higher than that of WSM[(3.96±1.10)×103 R.U.], of which low-oxidizing humic-like substances (HULIS) were the main organic matter (34.8%-43.7% of the total organic matter). The results of cluster analysis showed that the important sources of organic matter in road dust in Xi'an were fuel combustion and industrial production. The mean value of dust oxidative toxicity was (0.34±0.08) pmol·(min·µg)-1, with the water-insoluble fraction providing 70% of the total oxidative toxicity of dust particles, which was 2.4 times higher than the water-soluble fraction. The main precursors of oxidative toxicity of dust particles were metal elements, and special types of organic substances were also one of the important oxidative toxicity precursors, among which chromophore organic matter was the main cause of OP production in the WSM fraction (r=0.35, P<0.01), and protein-like organic matter and highly oxidized HULIS in WSM may have been the main two types of organic substances for OP production. However, there was no significant correlation between organic matter concentration in MSM and water-insoluble OP (OPTotal-OPWSM) (r=-0.04, P>0.1), so the oxidative toxicity of the water-insoluble particulate matter fraction was mainly generated from non-organic matter.

Perovskite-Derived Bismuth with I- and Cs+ Dual Modification for High-Efficiency CO2 -to-Formate Electrosynthesis and Al-CO2 Batteries.

Bi-based materials are one of the most promising candidates for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) to formate; however, the majority of them still suffer from low current density and stability that essentially constrain their potential applications at the industrial scale. Surface modification represents an effective approach to modulate the electrode microenvironment and the relative binding strength of key intermediates. Herein, it is demonstrated that the surface comodification with halides and alkali metal ions from the conversion of Bi-based halide perovskite nanocrystals is a viable strategy to boost the CO2 RR performance of Bi for formate electrosynthesis. Cs3 Bi2 I9 nanocrystals are prepared by a hot-injection method. The as-prepared products feature well-defined hexagonal shape and uniform size distribution. When used as the precatalyst, Cs3 Bi2 I9 nanocrystals are converted to Cs+ and I- comodified Bi. The resultant catalyst exhibits high formate Faradaic efficiency close to 100%, and remarkable partial current density up to 44 mA cm-2 in an H-cell and up to 276 mA cm-2 in a flow cell. Moreover, Cs3 Bi2 I9 is used as the cathode catalyst and paired with an Al anode in an Al-CO2 battery for simultaneous CO2 valorization and power generation.

Sources and health risk assessment of water-soluble and water-insoluble metals in road and foliar dust in Xi'an, Northwest China.

Road dust pollution is still an important environmental problem in the cities of northwest China. To better understand the risk exposure and sources of unhealthy metals in road dust and foliar dust, the dust samples were collected in Xi'an city, Northwest China. The sampling period was during December 2019 and 53 metals in the dust were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPA-RQ). Compared to road dust, most metals are found in relatively higher concentrations in foliar dust, especially water-soluble metals, with Mn being 3710 times more abundant in foliar dust. However, the regional characteristics of road dust are more pronounced, i.e., the concentrations of Co and Ni are six times higher in industrial manufacturing areas than in residential areas. The results of the non-negative matrix factorization and principal component analysis source analyses demonstrate this difference, the dust in Xi'an is mainly from transportation (63 %) and natural sources (35 %). From the emission characteristics of the traffic source dust, brake wear is the main cause of traffic source, accounting for 43 %. However, the metal sources in each principal component of foliar dust show a more mixed state, which is consistent with the results of regional characterization. The health risk evaluation shows that traffic sources are the main risk source and contribute 67 % to the total risk. Among them, Pb from tire wear is the main contribution to the total non-carcinogenic risk for children, which is close to the risk threshold. In addition, Cr and Mn are also worthy of attention. The above results all emphasize the contribution of traffic emissions, especially the non-tailpipe emission component, to dust emissions and health risks. Therefore, controlling vehicle wear and tear and exhaust emissions should be the main way to improve air quality, such as traffic control and improvement of vehicle component materials.

In-situ spectroscopic probe of the intrinsic structure feature of single-atom center in electrochemical CO/CO2 reduction to methanol.

While exploring the process of CO/CO2 electroreduction (COxRR) is of great significance to achieve carbon recycling, deciphering reaction mechanisms so as to further design catalytic systems able to overcome sluggish kinetics remains challenging. In this work, a model single-Co-atom catalyst with well-defined coordination structure is developed and employed as a platform to unravel the underlying reaction mechanism of COxRR. The as-prepared single-Co-atom catalyst exhibits a maximum methanol Faradaic efficiency as high as 65% at 30 mA/cm2 in a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer, while on the contrary, the reduction pathway of CO2 to methanol is strongly decreased in CO2RR. In-situ X-ray absorption and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies point to a different adsorption configuration of *CO intermediate in CORR as compared to that in CO2RR, with a weaker stretching vibration of the C-O bond in the former case. Theoretical calculations further evidence the low energy barrier for the formation of a H-CoPc-CO- species, which is a critical factor in promoting the electrochemical reduction of CO to methanol.

Association between triglyceride-glucose index trajectories and carotid atherosclerosis progression.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been recognized as being an alternative cardiometabolic biomarker for insulin resistance associated with the development and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the prospective relationship between baseline and long-term trajectories of the TyG index and carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) progression has yet to be investigated. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective cohort study included 10,380 adults with multiple general health checks at Peking University Third Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). The latent class trajectory modeling method was used to analyze the TyG index trajectories over the follow-up. Based on univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the baseline and trajectory of the TyG index. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 757 days, 1813 participants developed CAS progression. Each 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in the TyG index was associated with a 7% higher risk of CAS progression after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors (HR = 1.067, 95% CI 1.006-1.132). Similar results were observed when the TyG index was expressed as quartiles. According to different trajectory patterns, participants were categorized into low-stable, moderate-stable, and high-increasing groups. After multivariate adjustment, the moderate-stable group had a 1.139-fold (95% CI 1.021-1.272) risk of CAS progression. The high-increasing trajectory of the TyG index tended to be associated with CAS progression (HR = 1.206, 95% CI 0.961-1.513). CONCLUSIONS: Participants with higher baseline and moderate-stable trajectory of the TyG index were associated with CAS progression. Long-term trajectories of the TyG index can help to identify individuals at a higher risk of CAS progression who deserve specific preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Highly crystalline and water-wettable benzobisthiazole-based covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are promising for photocatalysis by virtue of their structural and functional diversity, but generally suffer from low activities relative to their inorganic competitors. To fulfill their full potential requires a rational tailoring of their structures at different scales as well as their surface properties. Herein, we demonstrate benzobisthiazole-based covalent organic frameworks as a superior photocatalyst for hydrogen production. The product features high crystallinity with ordered 2.5-nm-wide cylindrical mesopores and great water wettability. These structural advantages afford our polymeric photocatalyst with fast charge carrier dynamics as evidenced by a range of spectroscopic characterizations and excellent catalytic performances when suspended in solution or supported on melamine foams. Under visible-light irradiation, it enables efficient and stable hydrogen evolution with a production rate of 487 µmol h-1 (or a mass-specific rate of 48.7 mmol g-1 h-1)-far superior to the previous state of the art. We also demonstrate that hydrogen production can be stoichiometrically coupled with the oxidation conversion of biomass as exemplified by the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to 2-furaldehyde.

Self-Adaptive Re-Organization Enables Polythiophene as an Extraordinary Cathode Material for Aluminum-Ion Batteries with a Cycle Life of 100 000†Cycles.

Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) have attracted great attentions in recent years. Organic materials such as polythiophene (PT) are promising cathode for AIBs. However, the capacity and cyclic stability of conventional organic cathode such as PT are limited by the inadequate degree of reaction and the unstable nature of organic materials. To obtain high-performance organic cathode, a new PT with the ability of self-adaptive re-organization was prepared. During cycling, its molecular chain can be re-organized, and the polymerization mode will change from Cα -Cα (α-PT) to Cß -Cß (ß-PT). This change leads to smaller steric hindrance and faster kinetics during ion insertion which can lower the reaction energy barrier and stabilize the molecular structure. Benefited by this, AIBs with this cathode can deliver a specific capacity of 180 mAh g-1 (@2 A g-1 ) and a superb stability of 100 000 cycles at 10 A g-1 . High energy density and power density can also be achieved with this cathode.

The "obesity paradox" in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from the Gulf SAFE registry.

Background: The prognostic impact of obesity on patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains under-evaluated and controversial. Methods: Patients with AF from the Gulf Survey of Atrial Fibrillation Events (Gulf SAFE) registry were included, who were recruited from six countries in the Middle East Gulf region and followed for 12 months. A multivariable model was established to investigate the association of obesity with clinical outcomes, including stroke or systemic embolism (SE), bleeding, admission for heart failure (HF) or AF, all-cause mortality, and a composite outcome. Restricted cubic splines were depicted to illustrate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Results: A total of 1,804 patients with AF and recorded BMI entered the final analysis (mean age 56.2 ± 16.1 years, 47.0% female); 559 (31.0%) were obese (BMI over 30 kg/m2). In multivariable analysis, obesity was associated with reduced risks of stroke/systematic embolism [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18-0.89], bleeding [aOR 0.44, 95%CI, 0.26-0.74], HF admission (aOR 0.61, 95%CI, 0.41-0.90) and the composite outcome (aOR 0.65, 95%CI, 0.50-0.84). As a continuous variable, higher BMI was associated with lower risks for stroke/SE, bleeding, HF admission, all-cause mortality, and the composite outcome as demonstrated by the accumulated incidence of events and restricted cubic splines. This "protective effect" of obesity was more prominent in some subgroups of patients. Conclusion: Among patients with AF, obesity and higher BMI were associated with a more favorable prognosis in the Gulf SAFE registry. The underlying mechanisms for this obesity "paradox" merit further exploration.

Critical role of hydrogen sorption kinetics in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction revealed by on-chip in situ transport investigations.

Precise understanding of interfacial metal-hydrogen interactions, especially under in operando conditions, is crucial to advancing the application of metal catalysts in clean energy technologies. To this end, while Pd-based catalysts are widely utilized for electrochemical hydrogen production and hydrogenation, the interaction of Pd with hydrogen during active electrochemical processes is complex, distinct from most other metals, and yet to be clarified. In this report, the hydrogen surface adsorption and sub-surface absorption (phase transition) features of Pd and its alloy nanocatalysts are identified and quantified under operando electrocatalytic conditions via on-chip electrical transport measurements, and the competitive relationship between electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR) and hydrogen sorption kinetics is investigated. Systematic dynamic and steady-state evaluations reveal the key impacts of local electrolyte environment (such as proton donors with different pKa) on the hydrogen sorption kinetics during CO2RR, which offer additional insights into the electrochemical interfaces and optimization of the catalytic systems.