Engineered Luminescent Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Activation of Photodynamic-Immune Combination Therapy for Colorectal Cancer.

Oncolytic virus therapy is currently regarded as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. It has greater therapeutic advantages for colorectal cancer that is prone to distant metastasis. However, the therapeutic efficacy and clinical application of viral agents alone for colorectal cancer remain suboptimal. In this study, an engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV-Luc) that expresses the firefly luciferase gene is developed and loaded Chlorin e6 (Ce6) onto the virus surface through covalent coupling, resulting in OVV-Luc@Ce6 (OV@C). The OV@C infiltrates tumor tissue and induces endogenous luminescence through substrate catalysis, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. This unique system eliminates the need for an external light source, making it suitable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in deep tissues. Moreover, this synergistic effect between PDT and viral immunotherapy enhances dendritic cell maturation, macrophage polarization, and reversal of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This synergistic effect has the potential to convert a "cold" into a "hot" tumor, it offers valuable insights for clinical translation and application.

Tumor-targeted delivery of copper-manganese biomineralized oncolytic adenovirus for colorectal cancer immunotherapy.

Oncolytic viral therapy (OVT) is a novel anti-tumor immunotherapy approach, specifically replicating within tumor cells. Currently, oncolytic viruses are mainly administered by intratumoral injection. However, achieving good results for distant metastatic tumors is challenging. In this study, a multifunctional oncolytic adenovirus, OA@CuMnCs, was developed using bimetallic ions copper and manganese. These metal cations form a biomineralized coating on the virus's surface, reducing immune clearance. It is known that viruses upregulate the expression of PD-L1. Copper ions in OA@CuMnCs can decrease the PD-L1 expression of tumor cells, thereby promoting immune cell-related factor release. This process involves antigen presentation and the combination of immature dendritic cells, transforming them into mature dendritic cells. It changes "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors, further inducing immunogenic cell death. While oncolytic virus replication requires oxygen, manganese ions in OA@CuMnCs can react with endogenous hydrogen peroxide. This reaction produces oxygen, enhancing the virus's replication ability and the tumor lysis effect. Thus, this multifunctionally coated OA@CuMnCs demonstrates potent amplification in immunotherapy efficacy, and shows great potential for further clinical OVT. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Oncolytic virus therapy (OVs) is a new anti-tumor immunotherapy method that can specifically replicate in tumor cells. Although the oncolytic virus can achieve a therapeutic effect on some non-metastatic tumors through direct intratumoral injection, there are still three major defects in the treatment of metastatic tumors: immune response, hypoxia effect, and administration route. Various studies have shown that the immune response in vivo can be overcome by modifying or wrapping the surface protein of the oncolytic virus. In this paper, a multifunctional coating of copper and manganese was prepared by combining the advantages of copper and manganese ions. The coating has a simple preparation method and mild conditions, and can effectively enhance tumor immunotherapy.

Whole genome analyses reveal novel genes associated with chicken adaptation to tropical and frigid environments.

INTRODUCTION: Investigating the genetic footprints of historical temperature selection can get insights to the local adaptation and feasible influences of climate change on long-term population dynamics. OBJECT: Chicken is a significative species to study genetic adaptation on account of its similar domestication track related to human activity with the most diversified varieties. Yet, few studies have demonstrated the genetic signatures of its adaptation to naturally tropical and frigid environments. METHOD: Here, we generated whole genome resequencing of 119 domesticated chickens in China including the following breeds which are in order of breeding environmental temperature from more tropical to more frigid: Wenchang chicken (WCC), green-shell chicken (GSC), Tibetan chicken (TBC), and Lindian chicken (LDC). RESULTS: Our results showed WCC branched off earlier than LDC with an evident genetic admixture between WCC and LDC, suggesting their closer genetic relationship. Further comparative genomic analyses solute carrier family 33 member 1 (SLC33A1) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) genes exhibited stronger signatures for positive selection in the genome of the more tropical WCC. Furthermore, genotype data from about 3,000 African local ecotypes confirmed that allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these 2 genes appeared strongly associated with tropical environment adaptation. In addition, the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (NDUFS4) gene exhibited a strong signature for positive selection in the LDC genome, and SNPs with marked allele frequency differences indicated a significant relationship with frigid environment adaptation. CONCLUSION: Our findings partially clarify how selection footprints from environmental temperature stress can lead to advantageous genomic adaptions to tropical and frigid environments in poultry and provide a valuable resource for selective breeding of chickens.

The effects of biogenic amines in Chinese Huangjiu on the behavior of mice and hangover headache-related indices.

Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) is a popular and traditional alcoholic beverage in China; however, the consumption of Huangjiu readily results in hangover symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify the main components associated with behavioral inhibition, headache, and the relevant mechanisms by using a mice hangover model. The results of an open-field experiment revealed that the key biogenic amine associated with mice behavior was histamine, which inhibited the behavior activity of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, histamine treatment decreased the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. In addition, the levels of dopamine and nitric oxide, which are associated with migraine, increased in the brain tissue of mice. In addition, the expression of receptor genes of 5-HT, including Htr1a, Htr1f, and Htr2c, is essential in regulating various behaviors and mental activities. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that histamine is a key component in Huangjiu, and it is related to hangover symptoms by affecting the level of 5-HT and its receptors.

Proliferation of bovine myoblast by LncPRRX1 via regulation of the miR-137/CDC42 axis.

Noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are abundant in livestock. Many lncRNAs that affect the growth rate of livestock have been identified in muscles. However, some of their physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identified a new lncRNA (lncPRRX1) and investigated its effect on the proliferation of bovine myoblasts. LncPRRX1 was highly expressed in muscle tissue, and interference with lncPRRX1 inhibited the proliferation of bovine myoblasts in vitro. The RNA molecules of lncPRRX1 act on miR-137 as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). Overexpression of miR-137 suppressed the proliferation of myoblasts, while inhibition of miR-137 had the opposite effect. In addition, the predicted target genes of miR-137 were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, in which Cell Division Cycle 42 (CDC42) was shown to be the direct target gene of miR-137, and interference with CDC42 inhibited myoblast proliferation. Furthermore, interference with lncPRRX1 repaired the defects in CDC42 protein levels and cell proliferation caused by miR-137 inhibitors. Our results suggested that lncPRRX1 promoted bovine myoblast proliferation by regulating the miRNA-137/CDC42 axis.

A retrospective cohort study on the treatment outcomes and genotyping of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis patients in Eastern China.

OBJECTIVES: Isoniazid resistance might be overlooked because of the priority of detection of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. It was urgent to reveal the current situation of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis (HR-TB), including unfavorable outcomes and bacterial factors. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken including 120 patients with HR-TB and 193 patients with drug-sensitive tuberculosis (DS-TB). 24-loci MIRU-VNTR and Spoligotyping were adopted for genotyping. RESULTS: We found 106 cases (88.3%) of HR-TB and 165 cases (85.5%) of DS-TB were treated with the first-line drugs. Meanwhile, 12 (10.0%) patients of the HR-TB group and 7 (3.63%) patients of the DS-TB group involved adverse treatment outcomes (χ2 = 5.271, P = 0.028). Seventy-eight DNA from HR Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 114 DNA from DS M. tuberculosis were available for MIRU-VNTR and Spoligotyping. The clustering rate was 17.9% (14/78) for HR-TB and 16.7% (19/114) for DS-TB, and reached no significant difference (χ2 = 0.05, P = 0.8171). The Beijing family strains accounted for 83.7% (65/78) of HR-TB and 80.0% (91/114) of DS-TB (χ2 = 0.37, P = 0.5407). The adverse treatment outcomes for HR-TB all occurred in patients infected with Beijing family strains (13.8%), but no difference was found between Beijing and non-Beijing genotypes (P = 0.342). CONCLUSION: Adverse outcomes were significantly more frequent in patients with HR-TB than in those with DS-TB, and most of the patients with HR-TB were receiving a standard first-line regimen. Although the clustering rate and Beijing genotype distribution amongst HR-TB and DS-TB showed no significant difference, the Beijing genotype was the dominant genotype and its proportion was slightly higher amongst HR-TB than amongst DS-TB.

Characterization of Bimanual Cyclical Tasks From Single-Trial EEG-fNIRS Measurements.

Robot-assisted bimanual training is promising to improve motor function and cortical reorganization for hemiparetic stroke patients. Closing the rehabilitation training loop with neurofeedback can help refine training protocols in time for better engagements and outcomes. However, due to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and non-stationary properties of neural signals, reliable characterization of bimanual training-induced neural activities from single-trial measurement is challenging. In this study, ten human participants were recruited conducting robot-assisted bimanual cyclical tasks (in-phase, 90° out-of-phase, and anti-phase) when concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded. A unified EEG-fNIRS bimodal signal processing framework was proposed to characterize neural activities induced by three types of bimanual cyclical tasks. In this framework, novel artifact removal methods were used to improve the SNR and the task-related component analysis (TRCA) was introduced to increase the reproducibility of EEG-fNIRS bimodal features. The optimized features were transformed into low-dimensional indicators to reliably characterize bimanual training-induced neural activation. The SVM classification results of three bimanual cyclical tasks revealed a good discrimination ability of EEG-fNIRS bimodal indicators (90.1%), which was higher than that using EEG (74.8%) or fNIRS (82.2%) alone, supporting the proposed method as a feasible technique to characterize neural activities during robot-assisted bimanual training.

Relapse or Re-Infection, the Situation of Recurrent Tuberculosis in Eastern China.

Purpose: Recurrent tuberculosis (TB) is defined by more than one TB episode per patient and is caused by re-infection with a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain or relapse with the previous strain. Recurrence of TB is one important obstacle for End TB strategy in the world and elucidating the triggers of recurrence is important for the current TB control strategy in China. This study aimed to analyze the sources of recurrent TB by the molecular genotyping method. Method: A population-based surveillance was undertaking on all culture-positive TB cases in Jiangsu province, China from 2013 to 2019. Phenotypic drug susceptibility test (DST) by proportion method and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) were adopted for drug resistance and genotype detection. Results: A total of 1451 culture-positive TB patients were collected and 30 (2.06%, 30/1451) TB cases had recurrent TB episodes. Except 7 isolates were failed during subculture, 23 paired isolates were assessed. After genotyping by MIRU-VNTR, 12 (52.17%, 12/23) paired recurrence TB were demonstrated as relapse and 11 (47.83%,11/23) paired cases were identified as re-infection. The average interval time for recurrence was 24.04 (95%CI: 19.37-28.71) months, and there was no significant difference between relapse and re-infection. For the relapsed cases, two paired isolates exhibited drug resistance shifting, while four paired isolates revealed inconsistent drug resistance among the re-infection group including two multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at the second episode. Conclusion: Relapse and re-infection contributed equally to the current situation of recurrence TB in Jiangsu, China. Besides, more efficient treatment assessment, specific and vigorous interventions are urgently needed for MDR-TB patients, considering obvious performance among re-infection cases.

Deformation and Fracture Failure of a High-Speed Long Rod Intercepted by Linear Explosively Formed Penetrators Sequence.

The fracture failure of a high-speed long rod has historically been a challenge. Since the flying plate and flying rod have a relatively low velocity, it is challenging to achieve a multi-stage fracture of the high-speed long rod within the range of existing technology. In this paper, the linear explosively formed penetrators (LEFPs) sequence with a stable flight velocity of 850 m/s were used to cut a high-speed long rod. We investigated the deformation and fracture of Φ10 mm tungsten alloy long rods having different length-diameter ratios (20, 26, 35) and different speeds (1200, 1400, 1600 m/s) by employing the LEFPs sequence with different spacings (0-40 mm) and different interception angles (30°, 60°). In the meantime, the fractured rods movement pattern was recorded with a high-speed camera to elucidate the change law of the length, speed, linear momentum, and angular momentum of fractured rods. It was found that the length loss rate of the fractured rods is as high as 27%. The fractured rods rotated around the center of mass, and the vertical speed change could reach up to 18% of the muzzle velocity of the long rod, and the greatest reduction of horizontal speed and momentum could reach 37%. The longer the interaction time between LEFPs sequence and the long rod, the more beneficial the failure of the long rod. The application of LEFPs sequence solved the difficult problem of disabling the high-speed long rod, and the quantitative analysis of the fracture failure of the long rod had an important sense for studying the terminal penetration effect of the fractured rods.

Seasonal variation in notified tuberculosis cases from 2014 to 2018 in eastern China.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) incidence shows a seasonal trend. The purpose of this study was to explore seasonal trends in TB cases in Jiangsu Province. METHODS: TB case data were collected from the TB registration system from 2014 to 2018. The X12-ARIMA model was used to adjust the Jiangsu TB time series. Analysis of variance was used to compare TB seasonal amplitude (SA) between subgroups and identify factors responsible for seasonal variation. RESULTS: The TB incidence in Jiangsu showed a seasonal trend. Confirmed active TB peaked in March and reached a minimum in February. The amplitude of the peak-to-bottom difference was 38.15%. The SAs in individuals 7 to 17 years old (80.00%) and students (71.80%) were significantly different than those in other subgroups. Among bacterial culture positive individuals, the SAs among female patients, individuals aged 7 to 17 years and students were significantly different from those in the reference group. Among culture-negative patients, the SA among individuals aged 7 to 17 years was significantly different those in other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The TB incidence in Jiangsu Province displayed a seasonal trend. Factors related to seasonal variation were age and occupation. Our results highlight the importance of controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission during winter.

A retrospective cohort study of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis treatment outcomes and isoniazid resistance-associated mutations in eastern China from 2013 to 2018.

OBJECTIVES: The current situation of isoniazid-resistant, rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (Hr-TB) and associated genetic factors is not clear in China. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2013 to 2018 in Jiangsu Province, China. Phenotypic Hr-TB were identified by drug susceptibility testing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and using a Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube 960 (MGIT 960) system, and mutations in the katG 315 codon and inhA promoter nucleotides -8, -15 and -16 were determined by GenoType MTBDRplus and sequencing. All of the Hr-TB patients enrolled were followed up until June 2019. RESULTS: A total of 1416 smear-positive sputum samples were collected, of which 57 were excluded due to the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Finally, 63/1359 (4.6%) were determined as Hr-TB. After follow-up, 11 Hr-TB patients (17.5%) showed an unfavourable outcome, of whom 5 (7.9%) relapsed, 4 (6.3%) had treatment failure and 2 (3.2%) died. A total of 52 isolates (82.5%) were detected with either katG 315 or inhA promoter nucleotide -8, -15 or -16 mutations, whereas no canonical mutations were found in 8 isolates (12.7%); 3 isolates failed in mutation detection. TB history was found to be associated with unfavourable outcomes for Hr-TB (odds ratio = 6.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-35.82; P = 0.04). However, mutations in katG 315 and the inhA promoter region were not found to be associated with Hr-TB unfavourable outcomes (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION: Unfavourable outcomes for Hr-TB are serious in eastern China, especially for previously treated patients. Meanwhile, current genetic determination of Hr-TB is inadequate.

Long non-coding RNA MIR205HG function as a ceRNA to accelerate tumor growth and progression via sponging miR-122-5p in cervical cancer.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been associated with cervical cancer (CC), but molecular mechanisms behind the specific correlation with cervical carcinogenesis have not been fully understood. In this study, the expression level of lncRNA MIR205HG in CC cells was determined by qRT-PCR. In vitro functional assays (CCK-8 assay, EdU incorporation assay, apoptotic assays, Transwell assay, wound-healing assay) were performed to investigate the biological effects of MIR205HG ectopic expression on CC cells. RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pulldown, and Dual-luciferase reporter assay were employed to examine the interaction among MIR205HG, miR-122-5p, and FOXP2. Rescue experiments were performed to explore whether MIR205HG regulates tumor development via upregulating FOXP2. Conclusively, we found that MIR205HG was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues supported by GEPIA database and in cell lines through qRT-PCR, and its depletion inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of CC cells. Furthermore, MIR205HG could sponge miR-16-5p to accelerate malignant progression of CC cells via upregulating FOXP2. Conclusively, these results demonstrated that MIR205HG could serve as a ceRNA in CC progression by modulating miR-122-5p/FOXP2 axis and exert a pro-tumorigenesis function, which may be a novel therapeutic target for diagnosis and the treatment of CC.

Clinicopathological Implication of Long Non-Coding RNAs SOX2 Overlapping Transcript and Its Potential Target Gene Network in Various Cancers.

BACKGROUND: SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2-OT) produces alternatively spliced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). Previous studies of the prognostic role of SOX2-OT expression met with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to properly consider the prognostic role of SOX2-OT expression in several cancers. In addition, the regulative mechanism of SOX2-OT is explored. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were comprehensively explored to recover pertinent studies. We conducted an extensive inquiry to verify the implication of SOX2-OT expression in cancer patients by conducting a meta-analysis of 13 selected studies. Thirty-two TCGA databases were used to analyze the connection between SOX2-OT expression and both the overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics of cancer patients using R and STATA 13.0. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was adopted in order to compute the studies' power. RESULTS: Thirteen studies involving 1172 cancer patients and 32 TCGA cancer types involving 9676 cancer patients were eventually selected. Elevated SOX2-OT expression was significantly related to shorter OS (HR = 2.026, 95% CI: 1.691-2.428, P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 2.554, 95% CI: 1.261-5.174, P = 0.0092) in cancer patients. Meanwhile, TSA substantiated adequate power to demonstrate the relationship between SOX2-OT expression and OS. The cancer patients with elevated SOX2-OT expression were more likely to have advanced clinical stage (RR = 1.468, 95% CI: 1.106-1.949, P = 0.0079), earlier lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.0005), earlier distant metastasis (P < 0.0001), greater tumor size (P < 0.0001), and more extreme tumor invasion (P < 0.0001) compared to those with low SOX2-OT expression. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis revealed that follow-up time, sample type, and tumor type could significantly contribute to heterogeneity for survival outcomes. The follow-up time could significantly explain heterogeneity for tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage. Furthermore, up to 500 validated target genes were distinguished, and the gene oncology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses demonstrated that the validated targets of SOX2-OT were substantially enriched in cell adhesion, mRNA binding, and mRNA surveillance pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated expression of SOX2-OT predicted a poor OS and DFS. Overexpression of SOX2-OT was correlated with more advanced tumor stage, earlier lymphatic metastasis, earlier distant metastasis, larger tumor size, and deeper tumor invasion. SOX2-OT-mediated cell adhesion, mRNA binding, or mRNA surveillance could be intrinsic mechanisms for invasion and metastasis.

Aquincola amnicola sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river.

Strain TTM-94T, isolated from a water sample taken from the Caohu River in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain TTM-94T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by a single polar flagellum, short rod-shaped and surrounded by a thick capsule and it formed cream colored colonies. Growth occurred at 20-30 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0), and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl (optimum 0.5%). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TTM-94T belonged to the genus Aquincola in the Rubrivivax-Roseateles-Leptothrix-Ideonella-Aquabacterium branch of the class Betaproteobacteria and its most closely related neighbour was Aquincola tertiaricarbonis L10T with sequence similarity of 97.0%. Strain TTM-94T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C16:0 and C18:1ω7c as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized lipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. Genomic DNA G + C content of strain TTM-94T was 70.7 mol%. Strain TTM-94T exhibited less than 30% DNA-DNA relatedness with A. tertiaricarbonis L10T. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain TTM-94T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Aquincola, for which the name Aquincola amnicola sp. nov. is presented. The type strain is TTM-94T (= BCRC 80890T = LMG 28709T).

Paracoccus mangrovi sp. nov., isolated from a mangrove.

A bacterial strain, designated gyp-1T, was isolated from a mangrove in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of gyp-1T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, non-motile, coccoid or short-rod-shaped and formed cream-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 5.5-7.0 (optimum, pH 6.0) and with 0-4 % NaCl (optimum, 1-2 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that gyp-1T represented a member of the genus Paracoccus and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Paracoccus lutimaris HDM-25T (97.8 %) and Paracoccus aminovorans DM-82T (97.7 %). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of gyp-1T were C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 64.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for gyp-1T with P. lutimaris HDM-25T and P. aminovorans DM-82T was less than 50 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that gyp-1T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus mangrovi sp. nov. is presented. The type strain is gyp-1T (=BCRC 80920T=LMG 29172T=KCTC 42899T).

Hymenobacter pallidus sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater fish culture pond.

A bacterial strain designated LYH-12T was isolated from a freshwater fish culture pond in Taiwan, ROC and characterized by taking a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LYH-12T belonged to the genus Hymenobacter and was most closely related to Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-1gT and Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T with a sequence similarity of 96.6 % and less than 96.5 % with other members of the genus. Cells of strain LYH-12T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile rods that were covered by large capsules and formed light pink-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 20-30 °C), at pH 6.5-7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-1 % NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). Strain LYH-12T contained iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and anteiso-C17 : 1ω9c as the predominant fatty acids. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid, four uncharacterized aminolipids, two uncharacterized phospholipids and three uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.3 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain LYH-12T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter pallidus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LYH-12T (=BCRC 80919T=LMG 29171T=KCTC 42898T).

Piscinibacterium candidicorallinum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the order Burkholderiales isolated from a fish pond.

A bacterial strain designated LYH-15T was isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of LYH-15T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-containing, non-spore forming, straight rods and formed light-coral-colored colonies. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that LYH-15T forms a distinct phyletic line within the order Burkholderiales, with less than 94 % sequence similarity to its closest relatives with validly published names. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 63.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamines were 2-hydroxyputrescine and putrescine. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, LYH-15T represents a novel species of a new genus in the order Burkholderiales, for which the name Piscinibacterium candidicorallinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LYH-15T (=BCRC 80969T=LMG 29480T=KCTC 52168T).

Sphingomonas piscinae sp. nov., isolated from a fish pond.

A bacterial strain designated LYH-20T was isolated from a fish pond in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain LYH-20T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate containing, showing straight and rod shaped that were covered by large capsules and formed yellow-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), with 0-1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0-0.1 %) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0-9.0). According to a phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain LYH-20T belonged to the genus Sphingomonas and clustered with Sphingomonas fonticola TNR-2T, with which it shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.5 %). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain LYH-20T were C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 67.5 mol%. The sole isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The polyamines detected were spermidine, putrescine and homospermidine. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol and three uncharacterized phospholipids. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain LYH-20T with Sphingomonas fonticola TNR-2T was less than 35 %. Phenotypic characteristics of the novel strain also differed from those of the closest related species of the genus Sphingomonas. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain LYH-20T represents a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas piscinae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LYH-20T (=BCRC 80911T=LMG 29002T=KCTC 42741T).

Uliginosibacterium paludis sp. nov., isolated from a marsh.

A novel bacterial strain, designated KBP-13T, was isolated from a water sample taken from the Banping Lake Wetland Park in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain KBP-13T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile rods that formed light yellow colonies. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30-40 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0) and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KBP-13T belonged to the genus Uliginosibacterium within the family Rhodocyclaceae of the class Betaproteobacteria and its most closely related neighbour was Uliginosibacterium gangwonense 5YN10-9T with sequence similarity of 96.0 %. Strain KBP-13T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 as predominant fatty acids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.1 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid, one uncharacterized aminolipid, two uncharacterized phospholipids and three uncharacterized glycolipids. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain KBP-13T represents a novel species in the genus Uliginosibacterium, for which the name Uliginosibacterium paludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KBP-13T (=BCRC 80903T=LMG 28837T=KCTC 42655T).

Chitinibacter fontanus sp. nov., isolated from a spring.

A bacterial strain, designated STM-7T, was isolated from a spring in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain STM-7T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped, surrounded by a thick capsule and formed milky-white colonies. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 6-7) and with 0-2 % NaCl (optimum, 0-1 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain STM-7T belonged to the genus Chitinibacter and was most closely related to Chitinibacter tainanensis S1T with a sequence similarity of 97.3 %. Strain STM-7T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The major hydroxyl fatty acids were C12 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized glycolipid and an uncharacterized phospholipid. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain STM-7T with Chitinibacter tainanensis BCRC 17254T was less than 47 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain STM-7T should be classified as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Chitinibacter fontanus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is STM-7T (=BCRC 80923T=LMG 29289T=KCTC 42982T).